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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Intra-canopy leaf trait variation facilitates high LAI and compensatory growth in a clonal woody encroaching shrub in the tallgrass prairie

This data package contains the data for Tooley et al. (2022) Intra-canopy leaf trait variation facilitates high leaf area index and compensatory growth in a clonal woody encroaching shrub. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the leaf ecophysiological traits of Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey to better understand how C. drummondii maximizes photosynthetic rates across large gradients of light availability in its short, dense canopies. We also evaluate how C. drummondii modifies its allocation of leaf traits in response to grassland disturbance. High LAI canopies and a compensatory growth response to disturbance are two key factors contributing to the success of C. drummondii and other woody species responsible for the encroachment of grasslands.The data package contains ecophysiological measurements, including leaf morphological, physiological, and chemical traits; photosynthetic measurements, leaf carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, leaf area index, and photosynthetically active radiation. All measurements were taken vertically across canopies of the clonal woody-encroaching shrub Cornus drummondii under browsed, grazed, and control (unbrowsed and ungrazed) conditions.Files:SeasonalMeasurements_Archive.csv - Data for all seasonal measurements used in the study.LeafPhotoSeasonalRaw_Archive.zip - zip file containing raw data from an li-6400 for each sampling period in the study.LAI_Archive.xlsx - Data for LAI Measurements.ACiandLightCurveResults_Archive.xlsx - Contains parameters extracted from A-ci and Light Response curves along with the morphological and chemical traits for each leaf.ACiRaw Archive.xlsx - Raw data from Li-6400 for A-ci response curvesLightCurves_Raw.zip - zip file containing raw data for Li-6400 light response curves. Excel file format: "IslandID"-"Depth"-lc.xlsx (or .csv)DataCollectionMethods.docx - file containing the methods of data collection, processing, and QA/QC for all data files. File also contains a list of excel file headers, abbreviations, and their units.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

A micrometeorological flux perspective on brush management in a shrub-encroached Sonoran Desert grassland

Woody plant encroachment typically limits the forage productivity of managed rangelands and alters a panoply of semiarid ecosystem processes and services. Intervention strategies to reduce woody plant abundance, collectively termed “brush management”, often lack observations to quantify and interpret changes in ecosystem processes. Furthermore, comparative studies between treated and untreated areas should account for heterogeneity since plant composition, microclimate, topoedaphic factors, and historical land use can substantially vary over short distances in drylands. Here, in this work, we quantify ecosystem responses to brush management after a single aerial herbicide application on an 18 hectare shrub-encroached grassland (savanna) in southern Arizona, USA. We conducted a pre- and post-treatment comparison of a flux tower site in the treated area with that of a tower in a nearby control site. The comparison, spanning a seven year period, included: (1) ground, airborne, and satellite-based measurements of vegetation structure, and (2) eddy covariance measurements. The herbicide treatment defoliated the dominant shrub (velvet mesquite, Prosopis velutina) and led to a temporary reduction in summer greening, but full foliar recovery occurred within two years. Contrary to expectations, perennial grass cover decreased and bare soil cover increased on the treated site. Relative amounts of evapotranspiration were reduced, while carbon uptake increased during the 2 year post-treatment period at the treated site due to a higher water use efficiency in the following spring. During mesquite recovery, carbon uptake was enhanced by higher gross primary productivity and accompanied by a decrease in ecosystem respiration relative to the untreated site. Mesquite recovery was facilitated by access to deep soil water, carbohydrate reserves in rooting systems, and a lower competition from reduced perennial grass cover.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Hydraulic safety and growth rather than climate of origin influence survival in desert shrubs and trees

The species-poor woodlands and forests in arid regions are particularly vulnerable to climate change induced plant die-off. Searching for species suitable to replant in these areas is an effective way to prevent further expansion of land desertification. Good knowledge of drought resistance of species is critical for current replanting efforts, however, the related plant survival mechanisms in the process of restoration remain limited. Here, we tested the dominant drivers of plant survival in relation to climate factors, growth characteristics and functional traits including hydraulics and gas exchange across 35 multiple shrub and tree woody species in a common garden at the Tengger Desert, northwest China. We found the desert plants had a wide range of hydraulic thresholds among these desert species, with relative high hydraulic safety, and low xylem hydraulic conductivity. Pant survival was largely determined by hydraulic safety and growth status, but was not affected by the climate of the species’ site of origin. Shrubs and trees diverged in hydraulic and growth characteristics, while there was no difference between native and introduced species. In this study, our results highlight the critical roles of hydraulic safety and growth on determining the survival and drought adaptation during desert vegetation development, which provide a new insight into ecological restoration in arid regions under changing climate conditions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Disentangling the Impacts of Microtopography and Shrub Distribution on Snow Depth in a Subarctic Watershed: Toward a Predictive Understanding of Snow Spatial Variability

Snow plays a critical role in carbon cycling, vegetation dynamics, and permafrost hydrology at high latitudes by influencing surface energy exchange. Predicting snow distribution patterns is essential for understanding the evolution of Arctic ecosystems, yet scaling process-level knowledge to landscape predictions remains challenging. Here, we analyze snow depth (2019 and 2022), terrain elevation, and vegetation height from a watershed on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, to examine how topography and shrubs shape snow redistribution across spatial scales. We find that snow depth is strongly coupled to terrain at scales below ∼60 m but becomes increasingly decoupled at larger scales. The topographic model of snow depth variation, which transforms terrain data to align with these scale-dependent snow patterns, is well correlated with local snow depth variations (linear fit R 2 > 0.5 for 85% of 100-m patches). A machine learning reconstruction of shrub canopy snow trapping reveals a simple exponential relationship between canopy structure and snow accumulation ( R 2 = 0.59), highlighting the combined influence of topography and vegetation on snow distribution. Together, these empirical relationships capture much of the observed snow variability in the watershed ( R 2 = 0.49, root mean square error (RMSE) = 30 cm), though systematic limitations persist in areas of strong scour and at coarser scales where wind-terrain interactions are more complex. These findings provide a framework for more efficient snow depth prediction and offer insights to improve snow-vegetation feedback representation in Earth System Models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Root traits reveal safety and efficiency differences in grasses and shrubs exposed to different fire regimes

Plant roots are important components of terrestrial ecosystems, but little is known about how root traits differ between plant species or vary across space in natural ecosystems. In this study, we investigated how root traits vary across grasses and woody shrubs in a tallgrass prairie located in Manhattan, KS, USA. Specifically, were interested in understanding how anatomical traits vary across these different plant groups, across different depths in the soil, and also across multiple areas of tallgrass prairie that are burned at different frequencies. We compared traits that allow roots to use soil water efficiently and those that help roots persist through extended periods of drought. We found that woody roots exhibited traits that allow them to use water efficiently in shallow soils but persist through drought in deeper soil. Here, these traits may allow shrubs to transport water from shallow soils to deeper soil after large rain events and resist extended periods without rain when soils become dry, which may allow woody plants to successfully compete for water in less frequently burned, more diverse plant communities. Grasses had traits that allow them to use water efficiently but also tolerate drought in shallow soils, regardless of fire treatment. This unique trait combination likely gives grasses a competitive advantage over other tallgrass prairie plants across different fire regimes. Together, these results show that anatomical root traits can be used to enhance mechanistic understanding of plant functioning in dynamic ecosystems.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of ethanol produced via fermentation of sugars derived from shrub willow (Salix ssp.) hot water extraction in the Northeast United States

Abstract Background The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been on the rise for more than a century. Bioenergy crops are seen by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as an essential part of the solution to addressing climate change. To understand the potential impact of shrub willow ( Salix spp . ) crop in the northeast United States, effective and transparent life cycle assessment of these systems needs to occur. Results Here we show, ethanol produced from the fermentation of sugars from hot water extract of willow grown on cropland can sequester 0.012 ± 0.003 kg CO 2eq MJ −1 for a supply system incorporating summer harvest and storage. Despite decreases in soil organic carbon when willow is instead grown on grassland, the produced fuel still can provide significant climate benefits compared to gasoline. Conclusions Shrub willow converted to ethanol can be a carbon negative source of transportation fuel when the electricity and heat required for the conversion process are generated from renewable biomass. The sequestration of carbon in the belowground portion of the plants is essential for the negative GHG balance for cropland and low GHG emissions in grassland.

10 SYNTHETIC FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Plant physiology, shrub size, thaw depth and soil water content, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 2023

Stomatal response to changing irradiance measurements (m curves), CO2 response (ACi) and light response (AQ) curves on common tussock tundra shrub, graminoid and forb species. Data were collected in July 2023 from three sites on the Seward Peninsula, Kougarok Mile 64, Teller Mile 27 and Council. Measurements were made with LI-COR LI-6800 gas exchange systems on 18 species. For samples from Teller and Kougarok, thaw depth, soil moisture content and dGPS locations are also provided for most samples. Canopy height and canopy diameter are provided for shrubs measured at the Teller site. The data package files include data files, metadata files and the complete instrument output for all gas exchange measurements in .csv format, and a pdf describing the experimental protocols. See the related data package NGA508 for foliar trait data (leaf mass per area, leaf nitrogen concentration).The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a 15-year research effort (2012-2027) to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research.The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska.Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Disentangling the Impacts of Microtopography and Shrub Distribution on Snow Depth in a Subarctic Watershed: Toward a Predictive Understanding of Snow Spatial Variability: Supporting Data and Code

This repository contains R code and associated datasets for reproducing the analysis described in the manuscript titled “Disentangling the Impacts of Microtopography and Shrub Distribution on Snow Depth in a Subarctic Watershed: Toward a Predictive Understanding of Snow Spatial Variability” (DOI: 10.1029/2024JG008604). The provided scripts facilitate a comprehensive analysis of snow depth variability influenced by microtopography and vegetation distribution in a subarctic watershed. Included datasets are high-resolution spatial maps of snow depth, terrain elevation, vegetation height, and distance from shrubs taller than 1 meter, all formatted as text files (.txt). These data are fully describe in doi:10.15485/2316038. Users can adapt the provided R scripts to accommodate different data formats or larger spatial domains, noting that some output files may require modification due to their size.The code includes implementations for boosted regression tree analysis adapted from methods outlined in Elith et al. (2008). Users interested in understanding or modeling landscape-scale snow distribution patterns, particularly in Arctic or subarctic ecosystems, will find this package useful. The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research.The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska.Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

AmeriFlux US-TKs Toolik Shrub Tundra

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-TKs Toolik Shrub Tundra. Site Description - Long term site of snow fence manipulation experiment in shrub tundra ecosystem

Bret-Harte, Syndonia [University of Alaska Fairban↗
DOE OSTI2022

Growing Season Harvests of Shrub Willow (Salix spp.) Have Higher Nutrient Removals and Lower Yields Compared to Dormant-Season Harvests

The commercial establishment of shrub willow (Salix spp.) biomass crops with three- or four-year harvest cycles raises concerns about nutrient removal (NR). In addition, leaf-on harvests outside of the typical harvesting window are becoming more prevalent with a changing climate, and require a better understanding of the potential impact of these changes on biomass production and NR. This study examined the time of harvest effects for six harvest dates on the nutrient and biomass removal of four shrub willow cultivars in central New York State. There were significant differences in biomass in the first-rotation harvest; yields ranged between 77 and 85 Mg ha−1 for the time of harvest treatments during the growing season, and between 93 and 104 Mg ha−1 after dormancy. Harvest timing had significant effects on N and K removal in the combined wood and foliar biomass. Willow harvested in October removed comparatively higher amounts of N (77.1 kg ha−1 year−1) and P (11.2 kg ha−1 year−1) than other harvests. Potassium removal was greater for plants harvested in June (51.2 kg ha−1 year−1) and August (52.5 kg ha−1 year−1). Harvest timing and cultivar interactions suggest that targeted cultivar selection and deployment could maintain yields and limit excess nutrient losses.

De Souza, Daniel P. (ORCID:0000000291166000)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Protoplast-Based Transient Expression and Gene Editing in Shrub Willow ( Salix purpurea L .)

Shrub willows (Salix section Vetrix) are grown as a bioenergy crop in multiple countries and as ornamentals across the northern hemisphere. To facilitate the breeding and genetic advancement of shrub willow, there is a strong interest in the characterization and functional validation of genes involved in plant growth and biomass production. While protocols for shoot regeneration in tissue culture and production of stably transformed lines have greatly advanced this research in the closely related genus Populus, a lack of efficient methods for regeneration and transformation has stymied similar advancements in willow functional genomics. Moreover, transient expression assays in willow have been limited to callus tissue and hairy root systems. Here we report an efficient method for protoplast isolation from S. purpurea leaf tissue, along with transient overexpression and CRISPR-Cas9 mediated mutations. This is the first such report of transient gene expression in Salix protoplasts as well as the first application of CRISPR technology in this genus. These new capabilities pave the way for future functional genomics studies in this important bioenergy and ornamental crop.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Topographical Controls on Hillslope-Scale Hydrology Drive Shrub Distributions on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Modeling Archive

The dataset is a model output used in a study that examined the role topography plays in determining shrub expansion by applying a coupled transect version of a mechanistic ecosystem model (ecosys) in a tundra hillslope site in the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. The study highlights the importance of mechanistically representing hillslope-scale coupled surface and sub-surface hydrology to accurately predict current plant distributions and future trajectories in Arctic ecosystems. The dataset contain ecosys model outputs used in a study: Article Title - Topographical Controls on Hillslope-Scale Hydrology Drive Shrub Distributions on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. It includes the data files (ten *.csv files) used in creating figures in the publication and three *.pdf files (user guide and two Supplementary Information documents).The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research.The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska.Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

De Novo Assembly and Annotation of 11 Diverse Shrub Willow (Salix) Genomes Reveals Novel Gene Organization in Sex-Linked Regions

Poplar and willow species in the Salicaceae are dioecious, yet have been shown to use different sex determination systems located on different chromosomes. Willows in the subgenus Vetrix are interesting for comparative studies of sex determination systems, yet genomic resources for these species are still quite limited. Only a few annotated reference genome assemblies are available, despite many species in use in breeding programs. Here we present de novo assemblies and annotations of 11 shrub willow genomes from six species. Copy number variation of candidate sex determination genes within each genome was characterized and revealed remarkable differences in putative master regulator gene duplication and deletion. We also analyzed copy number and expression of candidate genes involved in floral secondary metabolism, and identified substantial variation across genotypes, which can be used for parental selection in breeding programs. Lastly, we report on a genotype that produces only female descendants and identified gene presence/absence variation in the mitochondrial genome that may be responsible for this unusual inheritance.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Impact of landscape design on the greenhouse gas emissions of shrub willow bioenergy buffers in a US Midwest corn-production landscape

Previous studies have evaluated the economics and ecosystem services of perennial bioenergy crops when replacing grain crops on marginal (environmentally critical and/or underproductive) lands. This study used life-cycle analysis (LCA) to investigate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of perennial crops when grown in targeted landscape positions and their impact in reducing nitrogen leaching. Specifically, LCA was performed to evaluate the GHG emissions of growing shrub willow on marginal lands in the Indian Creek watershed in Illinois to assess the sustainability of strategically planted willow buffer strips. Willow was grown as a short-rotation woody crop with a 21-year rotation under three scenarios including a business-as-usual (BAU) field-scale production with nitrogen fertilizer application and two unfertilized subfield buffer scenarios – landscape single subfield (LSSF) or landscape multiple subfields (LMSF) – grown alongside cornfields to reduce nitrate leaching. Each scenario also considers three field sizes, 2.0, 10.1, and 40.5 ha. The average annual GHG emissions from willow production and depot transportation were 0.32–0.77 Mg-CO 2 e ha-1 with the lowest emissions for the LSSF scenario and highest for the BAU. The GHG emissions for the LSSF and BAU scenarios are independent of field size, whereas LMSF emissions increase with increasing field size, 0.41 Mg-CO 2 e ha-1 at 2.0 ha and 0.76 Mg-CO 2 e ha-1 at 40.5 ha. Emission results were most sensitive to the willow yield, followed by fertilizer application rate (BAU only), harvest fuel consumption, and transportation distance.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Natural selection maintains species despite frequent hybridization in the desert shrub Encelia

Natural selection is an important driver of genetic and phenotypic differentiation between species. For species in which potential gene flow is high but realized gene flow is low, adaptation via natural selection may be a particularly important force maintaining species. For a recent radiation of New World desert shrubs ( Encelia : Asteraceae), we use fine-scale geographic sampling and population genomics to determine patterns of gene flow across two hybrid zones formed between two independent pairs of species with parapatric distributions. After finding evidence for extremely strong selection at both hybrid zones, we use a combination of field experiments, high-resolution imaging, and physiological measurements to determine the ecological basis for selection at one of the hybrid zones. Our results identify multiple ecological mechanisms of selection (drought, salinity, herbivory, and burial) that together are sufficient to maintain species boundaries despite high rates of hybridization. Given that multiple pairs of Encelia species hybridize at ecologically divergent parapatric boundaries, such mechanisms may maintain species boundaries throughout Encelia .

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Topography and Functional Traits Control the Distribution of Key Shrub Plant Functional Types in Low-Arctic Tundra: Supporting Data

High-resolution classification maps derived from occupied aerial systems (UASs). The UAS data were collected in August 2021 using a Skydio 2+ drone equipped with a 4K resolution red-green-blue (RGB) camera (2024 Skydio Inc) and a 3DR SOLO Quadcopter carried a Parrot Sequoia+ Multispectral Sensor (2023 Parrot Drone SAS). This package includes vegetation classification maps at four locations around Next Generation Ecosystem Experiment Arctic (NGEE Arctic) Council watershed study site on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. The classification maps were generated using a combination of RGB and canopy height information. The map data and metadata are provided as ENVI image (.dat) and text (.txt, *hdr) formats. Additional map quicklooks are provided as GIS *.kml files. These datasets are provided in support of Yang et al., (In review), “Topography and Functional Traits Control the Distribution of Key Shrub Plant Functional Types in Low-Arctic Tundra”.The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a 15-year research effort (2012-2027) to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research.The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska.Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

SPRUCE Bud Cold Hardiness of Trees and Shrubs in Experimental Plots, Marcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, 2021-2025

This dataset contains bud cold hardiness measurements from the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experimental site (Hanson et al, 2017) within the Marcell Experimental Forest in northern Minnesota, USA. Cold hardiness was quantified as the temperature at which low temperature exotherms (LTEs) were identified (i.e., the temperature at which supercooled water within a bud freezes) measured by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Buds were sampled at semi-regular intervals from September 2021 through May 2025 (2021-09-25 to 2025-05-21) across four seasons (2021-2022 through 2024-2025) for four co-occurring boreal peatland tree and shrub species: Picea mariana (PIMA), Larix laricina (LALA), Rhododendron groenlandicum (RHGR), and Chamaedaphne calyculata (CHCA). Samples were collected across the experiment's warming gradient (ambient to +9 degrees Celsius (C)) and pooled by species within each enclosure. These data were used to assess the species- and season-specific effects of experimental warming on cold hardiness and cold damage risk in boreal peatland vegetation (Campos-Arguedas et al, accepted). This dataset contains one data file in comma-separate values (*.csv) format. Additional metadata are provided: a data dictionary and a file-level metadata file in comma-separate values (*.csv) format and a user guide in PDF (*.pdf) format.

Chamaedaphne calyculata↗
DOE OSTI2025

SPRUCE: Shrub-Layer Vegetation Biomass Collection Metadata, Marcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, August 2025

This data set contains metadata associated with shrub-layer vegetation samples collected from the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experiment in August 2025. This sample metadata contains no analytical results and is a reference for analytical datasets. To ensure accessibility and discoverability, each sample was assigned an International Generic Sample Number (IGSN), a persistent identifier, using System for Earth and Extraterrestrial Sample Registration (SESAR). These samples were used for downstream analysis by multiple teams of researchers the results of which will be reported separately. This dataset contains one data file in comma separate (.csv) format. Additional metadata are provided: one data dictionary and a file-level metadata file in comma separate (.csv) format and a user guide in PDF (*.pdf) format. An aliquot of most samples is stored in the SPRUCE archive and may be available for further analysis by request. See below under 7 Sample Access. Access this collection event on SESAR https://doi.org/10.58052/IEJ9B069L. To inquire about obtaining archived samples for analysis, reach out using the Contact Sample Owner form located on the bottom of the landing page in SESAR.

Birkebak, Joshua [ORNL] (ORCID:0009000955611494)↗