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Use of Automation in Low Level Waste Storage and Management - 19227
The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) generates Low Level Waste (LLW) and Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) from various site operations such as the operation of a research Reactor and the manufacture of Molybdenum 99. The Low Level Solid Waste (LLSW) generated is stored at ANSTO before and after conditioning. The current process flow involves the storage of LLSW waste before conditioning on racks, handled using forklifts. When the unconditioned waste is ready for conditioning, it is transferred to another facility, where volume reduction and packaging is carried out. Once conditioned, the waste is placed in further storage, pending dispatch to the proposed Australian National Radioactive Waste Management Facility (NRWMF). A new purpose built facility has been constructed, adjacent to the LLSW processing facility, for the storage and management of LLSW in both unconditioned and conditioned forms. This new facility will streamline the waste management process and significantly enhance the safety and efficiency of the process. In line with international best practises, the new facility utilises automation solutions to minimise the build footprint, and minimise the use of forklifts and other mobile plant. Most importantly, it applies the principle of ALARA (As Low as Reasonably Achievable) to minimise operator activities in areas where radioactive material is stored and eliminates double handling of the waste. The automation for unconditioned waste utilises an Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS), a vertical stacker crane within high density racking, to provide easy storage and retrieval for processing and/or routine inspections. This system allows operators to control it from outside of the storage area whilst utilising integrated software that allows for the required tracking of the unconditioned waste. From the ASRS storage area, unconditioned waste will have a smooth transition to the processing facility which is located adjacent to the ASRS system. Once conditioned, the waste is catalogued and returned to a designated storage area within the new facility using an automated building gantry crane with a target delivery system to eliminate the need for operators in the main storage bay. The waste will be held here in preparation for dispatch to the future repository. The utilisation of the ASRS for the purpose of storing LLSW is an innovative use of automation that will eliminate operators from active areas, reduce dose rates received and integrate with the waste tracking software. Furthermore, the system has significant advantages with operational efficiencies increased, reduced double handling of nuclear waste and maximum use of building footprint. (authors)
GridOPTICS(TM) A Novel Software Framework for Integrating Power Grid Data Storage, Management and Analysis
This paper describes the architecture and design of GridOPTICSTM, a novel software framework to integrate a collection of software tools developed by PNNL’s Future Power Grid Initiative (FPGI) into a coherent, powerful operations and planning tool for the power grid of the future. GridOPTICSTM enables plug-and-play of various analysis, modeling and visualization software tools for fast and accurate control of the power grid. To bridge the data access for different control purposes, GridOPTICSTM provides a scalable and thin layer of event processing that hides the complexity of data storage and management. The initial prototype of GridOPTICSTM was demonstrated with several use cases from PNNL’s FPGI.
Enabling kilometer-scale E3SM land model simulation over North America: A new integrated framework solution
This study introduces a novel framework designed to enhance the performance, scalability, and portability of the kilometer-scale E3SM Land Model (km-ELM) within the E3SM modeling infrastructure. By seamlessly integrating cutting-edge data tools, we address existing challenges such as slow performance, limited scalability, and difficulties in software integration in current data-driven ELM simulation over large geographic areas. Our innovative approach leverages the KiloCraft data toolkit to generate unified inputs for simulations ranging from a single-cite case, to a 72,083-cell regional case to a continental configuration encompassing 21.6 million land grid cells at a 1 km × 1 km resolution. We conduct extensive strong- and weak-scaling experiments on three state-of-the-art supercomputers, utilizing up to 100,800 CPU cores across 2400 compute nodes to evaluate end-to-end metrics including wall-clock time, simulation-years-per-day (SYPD), initialization costs, and I/O throughput. Our results reveal the land (LND) component’s efficient scaling, demonstrating near-ideal weak scaling and strong-scaling parallel efficiencies reaching up to 87% at 50,400 cores. We confirm portability and reproducibility through bitwise-equivalent outputs across different machines using identical inputs over supported machines. Notably, at extreme scales, we identify I/O as a critical bottleneck and that leads to effective solution with the SCORPIO/ADIOS stack. Collectively, these findings validate the deployment of km-ELM at a continental scale with high parallel efficiency and provide essential guidance on configuration, decomposition, and I/O settings for optimized kilometer-scale land simulations in E3SM. This work emphasizes the innovative design and practical solutions that enhance the operational capabilities of km-ELM, focusing on software performance and scalability while leaving detailed scientific evaluations of simulated land processes for future investigations.
Software Quality Assurance for the MOOSE-Based Open-Source Multiphysics Code Cardinal - An Expanded CI Testing Suite
Cardinal is a wrapping of the GPU-oriented spectral element Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code NekRS and the Monte Carlo particle transport code OpenMC within the Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE). Cardinal provides high-resolution thermal-hydraulics and/or radiation transport feedback to MOOSE multiphysics simulations. Multiphysics feedback is implemented in a geometry-agnostic manner which eliminates the need for rigid one-to-one mappings. A generic data transfer implementation also allows NekRS and OpenMC to couple to any MOOSE application, enabling a broad set of multiphysics capabilities. Cardinal simulations can also leverage combinations of MPI, OpenMP, and GPU resources. Cardinal continuous development and improvement efforts have led to the software being considered as a high-fidelity design and licensing tool for key areas of nuclear reactor relevant physics, including neutron transport, fluid flow, heat transfer, and mechanical processes. The fast development and expansion of the software from a pure R&D framework towards its application in the nuclear industry and regulation require a focus on developing, enhancing and, maintaining Cardinal’s software quality through strict adherence to a Software Quality Assurance (SQA) framework and SQA program. To facilitate compliance with SQA standards, the Cardinal SQA Program has been initiated during Fiscal Year 2023 (FY23). During the development of the Cardinal SQA Program, multiple gaps have been identified. These gaps are primarily related to model verification and code pedigree as they relate to the use of Cardinal as a safety analysis tool. These gaps have been captured in a report published in 2023. A second report highlighted the progress made during Fiscal Year 2024 (FY24) and described Argonne’s effort to document and integrate software verification within Cardinal’s software development process. This report documents a snapshot of the verification test cases currently available for Cardinal and NekRS in their assimilation into a Continuous Integration (CI) platform. Following the CI practice permits the integrating of source code changes frequently and ensuring that the integrated codebase clears the verification testing for the software. It should be noted that the SQA program itself, including the program plans, procedures, configuration management, and testing strategies, need to be developed in a future step of this task.
Progress Towards NQA-1 for Cardinal in FY25
Cardinal is a wrapping of the GPU-oriented spectral element Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code NekRS and the Monte Carlo particle transport code OpenMC within the Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE). Cardinal provides high-resolution thermal-hydraulics and/or radiation transport feedback to MOOSE multiphysics simulations. Multiphysics feedback is implemented in a geometry-agnostic manner which eliminates the need for rigid one-to-one mappings. A generic data transfer implementation also allows NekRS and OpenMC to couple to any MOOSE application, enabling a broad set of multiphysics capabilities. Cardinal simulations can also leverage combinations of MPI, OpenMP, and GPU resources. Cardinal continuous development and improvement efforts have led to the software being considered as a high-fidelity design and licensing tool for key areas of nuclear reactor relevant physics, including neutron transport, fluid flow, heat transfer, and mechanical processes. The fast development and expansion of the software from a pure R&D framework towards its application in the nuclear industry and regulation require a focus on developing, enhancing,and maintaining Cardinal’s software quality through strict adherence to a Software Quality Assurance (SQA) framework and SQA program. To facilitate compliance with SQA standards, the Cardinal SQA Program was initiated during Fiscal Year 2023 (FY23). During the development of the Cardinal SQA Program, multiple gaps have been identified. These gaps are primarily related to model verification and code pedigree as they relate to the use of Cardinal as an analysis tool. These gaps were captured in a report published in 2023. A second report highlighted the progress made during Fiscal Year 2024 (FY24) and described Argonne’s effort to document and integrate software verification within Cardinal’s software development process. This report documents the progress made towards NQA-1 for Cardinal in the Fiscal Year 2025 (FY25). All cases in the expanded Continuous Integration (CI) suite of NekRS are included in this report which test the solvers and modules available in NekRS exhaustively. The NekRS tests are integrated with the Cardinal CI suite and made available in publicly accessible Github documentation. Following the CI practice permits integrating of source code changes frequently and ensuring that the integrated codebase clears the verification testing for the software. Also in this report is a brief overview of the development of the Cardinal Software Quality Assurance Plan (SQAP) that was done in FY25, though it should be noted that the rest of the documentation for the SQA program needs to be developed in a future step of this task.
Innovative Open-Source Energy Software to Drive and Enable Energy Savings and Process Optimization
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) energy system-analysis software tools have been used for years helping to identify over 170 TBTU/year of energy savings through the Save Energy Now “Energy Savings Assessment” and Better Plants “In-Plant Training” Programs. While most of the fundamental energy savings opportunities do not evolve much with time, computer technology never stops, leaving most of these software tools inoperable on modern computers.This has sparked an initiative to revitalize the DOE energy system analysis tools into a new, open-source, integrated software tool suite - MEASUR. Designed for industrial energy coordinators, engineers, utility-program implementers and individuals who are interested in improving system efficiency, MEASUR can aide users in identifying, assessing, and quantifying energy savings opportunities within pump, fan, process heating, steam, motors, and compressed air systems. In addition, the software contains over 40 equipment and property calculators for simple energy-related calculations and analyses.This paper will present a results comparison for each energy-consuming system using data from past DOE-sponsored energy assessments (to establish the accuracy of the savings algorithms) to validate and verify the accuracy of the energy and cost savings calculated by MEASUR. Additionally, an example highlighting 3rd-party development of the tool’s opensource framework into real-time sensor systems and efficiency-optimization will be presented.
Mechanistic source terms for the XE-100 reactor XSTERM Code Development Approach - 18587
X-Energy is developing the Xe-100 pebble bed modular High Temperature Gas Reactor (HTGR) as an advanced nuclear power source. To achieve its safety objectives, the Xe-100 reactor relies on materials inherent characteristics and passive safety features. Key features include the inherent high temperature characteristics of TRISO-coated fuel particles, graphite moderator, and helium coolant, along with passive heat removal capability of a low-power-density core. This paper will describe the approach adopted by X-Energy to develop and validate mechanistic source terms for the Xe-100. The Mechanistic Source Term (MST) approach for the Xe-100 reactor will build upon that of the prior DOE Next Generation Nuclear Program (NGNP) (Refs. 1, 2, 3 and 4). MST development is closely related to Fuel Qualification (FQ), Licensing Basis Event (LBE) selection and Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA). This paper provides a brief overview of the MST road map process. Software plays a crucial role in establishing and quantifying MSTs required for licensing the Xe-100. An insight into X-Energy s comprehensive, integrated software development program for calculating time-dependent radionuclide releases from the Xe-100 over a wide range of events is provided. (authors)
MetaBAT
Assembling individual genomes from shotgun metagenomic sequences derived from complex microbial communities is so far one of the most challenging problems in bioinformatics.As it is impractical to directly assemble full-length genomes, a first step that groups contigs from the same organisms, called metagenome binning, has been developed to provide insights of individual organisms. However, current binning methods perform poorly in the context of large complex community, and as a result they fail to recover many novel genomes. To overcome this limitation, we developed integrated software, called MetaBAT, which automatically forms hundreds of individual genome bins from metagenome contigs. Probabilistic models of abundance and tetranucleotide frequency were trained by extensive empirical studies and integrated to decide the membership of contigs iteratively. To test the performance of MetaBAT, we applied MetaBAT to both synthetic and several large-scale real world metagenome datasets. By using two independent metrics, we demonstrate that in all the data sets tested MetaBAT achieves good sensitivity (16~87%) and very high specificity (56~99%) in forming genome bins. Further analyses of the novel genomes recovered from the human gut microbiome suggest a subset of these genomes are potentially associated with pathological conditions. In conclusion, we believe MetaBAT is a powerful tool
Integrated Sensitivity Analysis Workflow
Sensitivity analysis is a crucial element of rigorous engineering analysis, but performing such an analysis on a complex model is difficult and time consuming. The mission of the DART Workbench team at Sandia National Laboratories is to lower the barriers to adoption of advanced analysis tools through software integration. The integrated environment guides the engineer in the use of these integrated tools and greatly reduces the cycle time for engineering analysis.
Final Report for "Integrated Multiple Effects Software for Nuclear Physics Applications"
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An Uncertainty Quantification Framework for Studying the Effect of Spatial Heterogeneity in Reservoir Permeability on CO2 Sequestration
In this paper, we introduce an uncertainty quantification (UQ) software framework for carbon sequestration, focused on the effect of spatial heterogeneity of reservoir properties on CO2 migration. We use a sequential Gaussian method (SGSIM) to generate realizations of permeability fields with various spatial statistical attributes. To deal with the computational difficulties, we integrate the following ideas/approaches. First, we use three different sampling approaches (probabilistic collocation, quasi-Monte Carlo, and adaptive sampling) to reduce the number of forward calculations while trying to explore the parameter space and quantify the input uncertainty. Second, we use eSTOMP as the forward modeling simulator. eSTOMP is implemented with the Global Arrays toolkit that is based on one-sided inter-processor communication and supports a shared memory programming style on distributed memory platforms, providing a highly-scalable performance. Third, we built an adaptive system infrastructure to select the best possible data transfer mechanisms, to optimally allocate system resources to improve performance and to integrate software packages and data for composing carbon sequestration simulation, computation, analysis, estimation and visualization. We demonstrate the framework with a given CO2 injection scenario in heterogeneous sandstone reservoirs.
Abisko: Deep codesign of an architecture for spiking neural networks using novel neuromorphic materials
The Abisko project aims to develop an energy-efficient spiking neural network (SNN) computing architecture and software system capable of autonomous learning and operation. The SNN architecture explores novel neuromorphic devices that are based on resistive-switching materials, such as memristors and electrochemical RAM. Equally important, Abisko uses a deep codesign approach to pursue this goal by engaging experts from across the entire range of disciplines: materials, devices and circuits, architectures and integration, software, and algorithms. Here, the key objectives of our Abisko project are threefold. First, we are designing an energy-optimized high-performance neuromorphic accelerator based on SNNs. This architecture is being designed as a chiplet that can be deployed in contemporary computer architectures and we are investigating novel neuromorphic materials to improve its design. Second, we are concurrently developing a productive software stack for the neuromorphic accelerator that will also be portable to other architectures, such as field-programmable gate arrays and GPUs. Third, we are creating a new deep codesign methodology and framework for developing clear interfaces, requirements, and metrics between each level of abstraction to enable the system design to be explored and implemented interchangeably with execution, measurement, a model, or simulation. As a motivating application for this codesign effort, we target the use of SNNs for an analog event detector for a high-energy physics sensor.
Development and Evaluation of a Drone-Deployed Wind Turbine Blade Nondestructive Inspection System
Wind energy is quickly becoming a significant contributor to the United States' overall energy portfolio. Wind turbine blades pose a unique set of inspection challenges that span from very thick and attenuative spar cap structures to porous bond lines, varying core material and a multitude of manufacturing defects of interest. The need for viable, accurate nondestructive inspection (NDI) technology becomes more important as the cost per blade, and lost revenue from downtime, grows. To address this growing need, Sandia and SkySpecs collaborated to evaluate NDI methods that are suitable for integration on an autonomous drone inspection platform. A trade study of these NDI methods was performed, and thermography was selected as the primary technique for further evaluation. Based on the capabilities of SkySpecs' custom inspection drone, a miniature microbolometer IR camera was successfully selected and tested in a benchtop setting. After identifying key operating parameters for inspecting wind blade materials, hardware and software integration of the IR camera was performed, and Sandia and SkySpecs conducted initial field testing. Finally, recommendations for a path forward for drone-deployed thermography inspections were provided.
Model Quality and Measurement Density Impact on Volt/Volt Ampere Reactive Optimization Performance
The operation of the utility grid is being reshaped by the continuous addition of distributed energy resources and advanced metering infrastructure, which challenge existing grid control strategies. Some utilities deploy advanced distribution management systems (ADMS) to assist with the consolidation of various applications and to augment situational awareness in response to the new power delivery dynamics. An ADMS is an integrated software platform that provides utilities with a way to enhance their reliability, control, and optimization with advanced applications, such as volt/VAR optimization (VVO). A VVO application could serve as a vehicle to deliver cost savings by providing the utility with a method to reduce rates by controlling the voltage and decreasing the energy usage in their service territory. Some utilities are reluctant to integrate an ADMS, because it is a significant investment that requires approval from the public regulatory commission and/or their customers. This paper evaluates the impact on VVO performance when using a lower-quality network model supplemented with additional measurements, which could provide an implementation for cost savings. The results show that a better model quality would provide the highest energy savings; however, some level of telemetry is necessary in all scenarios to prevent voltage exceedances.
Multiphysics Application Coupling Toolkit
This particular consortium implementation of the software integration infrastructure will, in large part, refactor portions of the Rocstar multiphysics infrastructure. Development of this infrastructure originated at the University of Illinois DOE ASCI Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets (CSAR) to support the center's massively parallel multiphysics simulation application, Rocstar, and has continued at IllinoisRocstar, a small company formed near the end of the University-based program. IllinoisRocstar is now licensing these new developments as free, open source, in hopes to help improve their own and others' access to infrastructure which can be readily utilized in developing coupled or composite software systems; with particular attention to more rapid production and utilization of multiphysics applications in the HPC environment. There are two major pieces to the consortium implementation, the Application Component Toolkit (ACT), and the Multiphysics Application Coupling Toolkit (MPACT). The current development focus is the ACT, which is (will be) the substrate for MPACT. The ACT itself is built up from the components described in the technical approach. In particular, the ACT has the following major components: 1.The Component Object Manager (COM): The COM package provides encapsulation of user applications, and their data. COM also provides the inter-component function call mechanism. 2.The System Integration Manager (SIM): The SIM package provides constructs and mechanisms for orchestrating composite systems of multiply integrated pieces.
Multiphysics Application Coupling Toolkit
This particular consortium implementation of the software integration infrastructure will, in large part, refactor portions of the Rocstar multiphysics infrastructure. Development of this infrastructure originated at the University of Illinois DOE ASCI Center for Simulation of Advanced Rockets (CSAR) to support the center's massively parallel multiphysics simulation application, Rocstar, and has continued at IllinoisRocstar, a small company formed near the end of the University-based program. IllinoisRocstar is now licensing these new developments as free, open source, in hopes to help improve their own and others' access to infrastructure which can be readily utilized in developing coupled or composite software systems; with particular attention to more rapid production and utilization of multiphysics applications in the HPC environment. There are two major pieces to the consortium implementation, the Application Component Toolkit (ACT), and the Multiphysics Application Coupling Toolkit (MPACT). The current development focus is the ACT, which is (will be) the substrate for MPACT. The ACT itself is built up from the components described in the technical approach. In particular, the ACT has the following major components: 1.The Component Object Manager (COM): The COM package provides encapsulation of user applications, and their data. COM also provides the inter-component function call mechanism. 2.The System Integration Manager (SIM): The SIM package provides constructs and mechanisms for orchestrating composite systems of multiply integrated pieces.
Integration of pH Control into Chi.Bio Reactors and Demonstration with Small-Scale Enzymatic Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Hydrolysis
Small-scale bioreactors that are affordable and accessible would be of major benefit to the research community. In previous work, an open-source, automated bioreactor system was designed to operate up to the 30 mL scale with online optical monitoring, stirring, and temperature control, and this system, dubbed Chi.Bio, is now commercially available at a cost that is typically 1–2 orders of magnitude less than commercial bioreactors. In this work, we further expand the capabilities of the Chi.Bio system by enabling continuous pH monitoring and control through hardware and software modifications. For hardware modifications, we sourced low-cost, commercial pH circuits and made straightforward modifications to the Chi.Bio head plate to enable continuous pH monitoring. For software integration, we introduced closed-loop feedback control of the pH measured inside the Chi.Bio reactors and integrated a pH-control module into the existing Chi.Bio user interface. We demonstrated the utility of pH control through the small-scale depolymerization of the synthetic polyester, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), using a benchmark cutinase enzyme, and compared this to 250 mL bioreactor hydrolysis reactions. The results in terms of PET conversion and rate, measured both by base addition and product release profiles, are statistically equivalent, with the Chi.Bio system allowing for a 20-fold reduction of purified enzyme required relative to the 250 mL bioreactor setup. Through inexpensive modifications, the ability to conduct pH control in Chi.Bio reactors widens the potential slate of biochemical reactions and biological cultivations for study in this system, and may also be adapted for use in other bioreactor platforms.