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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3

Health Monitor for Multitasking, Safety-Critical, Real-Time Software

Health Manager can detect Bad Health prior to a failure occurring by periodically monitoring the application software by looking for code corruption errors, and sanity-checking each critical data value prior to use. A processor s memory can fail and corrupt the software, or the software can accidentally write to the wrong address and overwrite the executing software. This innovation will continuously calculate a checksum of the software load to detect corrupted code. This will allow a system to detect a failure before it happens. This innovation monitors each software task (thread) so that if any task reports "bad health," or does not report to the Health Manager, the system is declared bad. The Health Manager reports overall system health to the outside world by outputting a square wave signal. If the square wave stops, this indicates that system health is bad or hung and cannot report. Either way, "bad health" can be detected, whether caused by an error, corrupted data, or a hung processor. A separate Health Monitor Task is started and run periodically in a loop that starts and stops pending on a semaphore. Each monitored task registers with the Health Manager, which maintains a count for the task. The registering task must indicate if it will run more or less often than the Health Manager. If the task runs more often than the Health Manager, the monitored task calls a health function that increments the count and verifies it did not go over max-count. When the periodic Health Manager runs, it verifies that the count did not go over the max-count and zeroes it. If the task runs less often than the Health Manager, the periodic Health Manager will increment the count. The monitored task zeroes the count, and both the Health Manager and monitored task verify that the count did not go over the max-count.

Zoerner, Roger↗

Arc-Tangent Circuit for Continuous Linear Output

A device suitable for determining arc-tangent of an angle θ is provided. Circuitry generates a first square wave at a frequency ωt and a second square wave at the frequency ωt but shifted by a phase difference equal to the angle θ. A pulse width modulation signal generator processes the first and second square waves to generate a pulse width modulation signal having a frequency of rot and having a pulse width that is a function of the phase difference θ. The pulse width modulation signal is converted to a DC voltage that is a linear representation of the phase difference θ.

Dean C Alhorn↗

LANDSAT-D investigations in snow hydrology

The sample LANDSAT-4 TM tape (7 bands) of NE Arkansas/Tennessee area was received and displayed. Snow reflectance in all 6 TM reflective bands, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 was simulated, using Wiscombe and Warren's (1980) delta-Eddington model. Snow reflectance in bands 4, 5, and 7 appear sensitive to grain size. One of the objectives is to interpret surface optical grain size of snow, for spectral extension of albedo. While TM data of the study area are not received, simulation results are encouraging. It also appears that the TM filters resemble a "square-wave" closely enough to permit assuming a square-wave in calculations. Integrated band reflectance over the actual response functions was simulated, using sensor data supplied by Santa Barbara Research Center. Differences between integrating over the actual response functions and the equivalent square wave were negligible.

Dozier, J.↗

Research on spacecraft electrical power conversion

The steady state characteristics and starting behavior of some widely used self-oscillating magnetically coupled square wave inverters were studied and the development of LC-tuned square wave inverters is reported. An analysis on high amplitude voltage spikes which occur in dc-to-square-wave parallel converters shows the importance of various circuit parameters for inverter design and for the suppression of spikes. A computerized simulation of an inductor energy storage dc-to-dc converter with closed loop regulators and of a preregulating current step-up converter are detailed. Work continued on the computer aided design of two-winding energy storage dc-to-dc converters.

Wilson, T. G.↗

Measuring Input Thresholds on an Existing Board

A critical PECL (positive emitter-coupled logic) interface to Xilinx interface needed to be changed on an existing flight board. The new Xilinx input interface used a CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) type of input, and the driver could meet its thresholds typically, but not in worst-case, according to the data sheet. The previous interface had been based on comparison with an external reference, but the CMOS input is based on comparison with an internal divider from the power supply. A way to measure what the exact input threshold was for this device for 64 inputs on a flight board was needed. The measurement technique allowed an accurate measurement of the voltage required to switch a Xilinx input from high to low for each of the 64 lines, while only probing two of them. Directly driving an external voltage was considered too risky, and tests done on any other unit could not be used to qualify the flight board. The two lines directly probed gave an absolute voltage threshold calibration, while data collected on the remaining 62 lines without probing gave relative measurements that could be used to identify any outliers. The PECL interface was forced to a long-period square wave by driving a saturated square wave into the ADC (analog to digital converter). The active pull-down circuit was turned off, causing each line to rise rapidly and fall slowly according to the input s weak pull-down circuitry. The fall time shows up as a change in the pulse width of the signal ready by the Xilinx. This change in pulse width is a function of capacitance, pulldown current, and input threshold. Capacitance was known from the different trace lengths, plus a gate input capacitance, which is the same for all inputs. The pull-down current is the same for all inputs including the two that are probed directly. The data was combined, and the Excel solver tool was used to find input thresholds for the 62 lines. This was repeated over different supply voltages and temperatures to show that the interface had voltage margin under all worst case conditions. Gate input thresholds are normally measured at the manufacturer when the device is on a chip tester. A key function of this machine was duplicated on an existing flight board with no modifications to the nets to be tested, with the exception of changes in the FPGA program.

Kuperman, Igor↗

Unsteady Solution of Non-Linear Differential Equations Using Walsh Function Series

Walsh functions form an orthonormal basis set consisting of square waves. The discontinuous nature of square waves make the system well suited for representing functions with discontinuities. The product of any two Walsh functions is another Walsh function - a feature that can radically change an algorithm for solving non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs). The solution algorithm of non-linear differential equations using Walsh function series is unique in that integrals and derivatives may be computed using simple matrix multiplication of series representations of functions. Solutions to PDEs are derived as functions of wave component amplitude. Three sample problems are presented to illustrate the Walsh function series approach to solving unsteady PDEs. These include an advection equation, a Burgers equation, and a Riemann problem. The sample problems demonstrate the use of the Walsh function solution algorithms, exploiting Fast Walsh Transforms in multi-dimensions (O(Nlog(N))). Details of a Fast Walsh Reciprocal, defined here for the first time, enable inversion of aWalsh Symmetric Matrix in O(Nlog(N)) operations. Walsh functions have been derived using a fractal recursion algorithm and these fractal patterns are observed in the progression of pairs of wave number amplitudes in the solutions. These patterns are most easily observed in a remapping defined as a fractal fingerprint (FFP). A prolongation of existing solutions to the next highest order exploits these patterns. The algorithms presented here are considered a work in progress that provide new alternatives and new insights into the solution of non-linear PDEs.

Gnoffo, Peter A.↗

Dynamic Behavior of Oval-Twisted Helical Tube Heat Exchanger: Numerical Study with RELAP5-3D

Convective heat transfer characteristics and theoretical thermal stress behaviors are numerically calculated using RELAP5-3D for the helical-coiled once-through steam generator (H-OTSG) and the novel heat exchanger design known as the oval-twisted helically coiled heat exchanger (OTHCHX) under (1) fluctuating wall temperature conditions, (2) square-wave pulsating flow conditions, and (3) the combined effects of fluctuating wall temperature and square-wave pulsating flow conditions. Heat transfer coefficient models for the H-OTSG and OTHCHX were developed based on existing data and implemented into RELAP5-3D, successfully capturing the N⁢uavg behavior within 8% to 10% of the reported data. Under fluctuating wall temperature conditions, the OTHCHX displayed higher N⁢u avg behavior than the H-OTSG. As 𝑓 increased, the $𝜎^{𝑚⁢𝑎⁢𝑥}_{𝑡⁢ℎ}$ decreased. The $𝜎^{𝑚⁢𝑎⁢𝑥}_{𝑡⁢ℎ}$ was higher for the OTHCHX than for the H-OTSG under fluctuating wall temperature conditions. Under pulsating flow conditions, the H-OTSG and OTHCHX displayed much higher 𝑁⁢𝑢 𝑎𝑣𝑔 than under constant flow conditions. The H-OTSG displayed a higher $𝜎^{𝑚⁢𝑎⁢𝑥}_{𝑡⁢ℎ}$ over the OTHCHX. Under combined fluctuating wall temperature and pulsating flow conditions, the augmented heat transfer behavior from the pulsating flow was counteracted by the wall temperature fluctuations, producing slightly higher 𝑁⁢𝑢 𝑎𝑣𝑔 over constant wall temperature, constant flow conditions, but much lower than only constant pulsating flow under constant wall temperature conditions. The effects of simultaneous wall temperature fluctuations and square-wave pulsating flow caused higher $𝜎^{𝑚⁢𝑎⁢𝑥}_{𝑡⁢ℎ}$ than that of only wall temperature fluctuations or pulsating flow. As the Reynolds number (Re) increased, $𝜎^{𝑚⁢𝑎⁢𝑥}_{𝑡⁢ℎ}$ increased. However, when 𝑓=𝑓$_{\dot{m}}$, the $𝜎^{𝑚⁢𝑎⁢𝑥}_{𝑡⁢ℎ}$ showed decreasing values as Re increased. In conclusion, the results indicate that thermal-fluid resonance can help mitigate thermal stresses.

Thermal stress↗

Re-examination of radiofrequency mass spectrometers: Center Director's Discretionary Fund

The three-stage, two-cycle, Bennett mass spectrometers in use in space and ground experiments today are of the same physical configuration as developed by Bennett in 1950. Sine-wave radiofrequency (RF) is also still used. The literature indicates that the electronics and physical manufacturing capabilities of 1950 technology may have limited the use of other improvements at that time. Therefore, a study, experimental and analytical, was undertaken to examine previously rejected RF approaches as well as new ones. The results of this study indicate there are other approaches which use fewer grids and square wave or a combination of square-wave and sine-wave RF. In regard to suppression of harmonics, none performed better than the three-stage, two-cycle, Bennett mass spectrometer. Use of square-wave RF in the Bennett approach can provide a slightly more compact configuration but no increase in throughput.

Carruth, M. R., Jr.↗

Effects of temperature, frequency, flux density, and excitation waveform on the core loss and dynamic B-H loops of supermalloy

The availability of experimental data which characterize the performance of soft magnetic materials for the combined conditions of temperature and frequency over a wide flux density range for different types of excitation is almost nonexistent. An experimental investigation of an 80-20 Ni-Fe alloy (Supermalloy) was conducted over the temperature (T) range of 23 to 300 C, frequency (f) range of 1 to 50 kHz, and maximum flux densities (B(sub M)) from 0.1 T up to 0.7 T for both sine and square wave voltage excitation. The investigation focused on the effects of (B(sub M)), f, T, and excitation waveform on the specific core loss (SCL) and dynamic B-H loops. The results show that the ratio (R) of sine to square wave excitation specific core loss was always greater than unity for a given f and T and identical values of B(sub M). The values of R ranged from 1.07 to 1.34. The classical theory of core loss separation into a hysteresis and eddy current loss component was used to theoretically determine the lower and upper bounds on R, against which the experimental R-values were compared. The experimental R-values were also used to make a comparison of the core loss of a sine and square wave voltage driven transformer.

Schwarze, Gene E.↗

Low-frequency triangular wave generator

Triangular waveform is generated by a combination of two integrated circuit operational amplifiers, one to produce square wave and other to integrate square wave and generate triangular wave.

Thompson, J. P.↗

Computationally Efficient Frequency Domain Method for Dynamic Control Derivative Estimation with Application to Transonic Truss-Braced Wing

This paper presents a computationally efficient method for dynamic control derivative estimation technique via control surface oscillation numerical experiments. Unsteady RANS CFD simulations in FUN3D are performed to simulate the control surface oscillations with a prescribed truncated square wave containing sufficient frequencies of interest. The truncated square wave oscillation offers the computational efficiency which reduces the computational cost by almost an order of magnitude compared to a sine wave oscillation. The nonlinear effect of large control surface oscillation amplitudes creates a spillover effect whereby the frequency response at the same input frequencies contains not only the linear aerodynamic response but also nonlinear aerodynamic response. A correction procedure is developed to remove the spillover effect from the linear aerodynamic response. A frequency-domain regression is performed to estimate the dynamic control derivatives after the correction. The results generally agree with the previous results obtained from the sine wave oscillation.

Stability and Control↗

Theoretical Control-Centric Modeling for Precision Model-Based Sliding Mode Control of a Hydraulic Artificial Muscle Actuator

Artificial muscles (AMs) typically rely on pneumatic sources of fluid power. The use of hydraulics can increase the power and force to weight and volume ratios of AM actuators. This paper develops a control-centric third-order single-input single-output (SISO) lumped-parameter dynamic model and sliding mode position controller based on Filippov's principle of equivalent dynamics for a braided hydraulic artificial muscle (HAM) actuator. The model predicts the nonlinear behavior of the HAM free contraction and captures the fluid and actuator nonlinear dynamic interactions in addition to the braid deformation. Model simulations are compared to experimental results for quasi-static pressurization, isometric pressurization, and open-loop square wave commands at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 Hz. Experiments of sine wave tracking at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 Hz and continuous square wave tracking at 0.067 Hz are conducted using a sliding mode controller (SMC) derived from the model. The SMC achieves a steady-state error of 6 μm at multiple setpoints within the actuator's 17 mm stroke. Compared to a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, the SMC root-mean-square (RMS) error, mean error, and absolute maximum error are reduced on average by 53%, 61%, and 44%, respectively, demonstrating the benefit of model-based approaches for controlling HAMs.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Behavior Of Costas Loop In Reception Of Telemetry

Report presents theoretical study of behavior of Costas loop in reception of radio carrier signal modulated in phase by sinusoidal or square-wave subcarrier, further modulated in phase by nonreturn-to-zero binary data signal. Phase and frequency of received signal affected by Doppler shift, and instantaneous amplitude of received signal corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise. Signals of this type ordinarily used in spacecraft telemetry, sine-wave subcarrier being preferred for shorter signal paths and square-wave subcarrier for longer signal paths.

Nguyen, Tien M.↗

High-resolution gray-scale recorder

Electronic circuit makes it possible to obtain gray-scale recordings with good contrast and linearity over entire recording density range for ultrasonic testing unit. Electronic circuit produces square wave of constant voltage but of varying width. Frequency of square-wave pulses can be adjusted to determine optimum pulse frequency.

Moorhead, P. E.↗

A Comparison of Telemetry Signals in the Presence and Absence of a Subcarrier

The performance of deep-space telemetry signals that employ a residual carrier modulation technique is compared in the presence and absence of a subcarrier. When the subcarrier is present, the performance for the resulting pulse-coded modulation/phase-shift keyed/phase-modulated (PCM/PSK/PM) scheme is evaluated for both sine-wave and square-wave subcarriers and Non-Return-to Zero (NRZ) data. When the subcarrier is absent, the performance for the resulting PCM/PM technique is evaluated for both the NRZ and the bi-phase data format. The comparison is based on telemetry performance as well as bandwidth efficiency. The first criterion is characterized in terms of the Symbol Error Rate (SER) as a function of symbol SNR, loop bandwidth-to-data rate ratio, and modulation index. The bandwidth efficiency is characterized by the occupancy factor. The results of both the analysis and measurements show that when the Interference-to-Carrier Ratio (ICR) is less than -20 dB, the performance degradation in the absence of a subcarrier is negligible. Various combinations of loop bandwidth-to-data rate ratios and modulation indices that achieve this performance are derived and listed. Bandwidth occupancy comparison indicates that PCM/PM/NRZ is the most efficient in this regard. Therefore, by eliminating the subcarrier and using the PCM/PM/NRZ scheme, many advantages can be realized without any sacrifice in performance.

Shihabi, Mazen M.↗

Molecular Genetics of Root Thigmoresponsiveness in Arabidopsis thaliana

The molecular mechanisms that allow plant roots to use gravity and touch as growth guides are investigated. We are using a molecular genetic strategy in Arabidopsis thaliana to study these processes. When Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grow on tilted hard-agar surfaces, their roots develop a wavy pattern of growth which appears to derive from a succession of left-handed and right-handed circumnutation-like processes triggered by gravity and touch stimulation (Okada and Shimura, 1990; Rutherford et al., 1998; Rutherford and Masson, 1996). Interestingly, mutations that affect root waving on tilted hard-agar surfaces can be identified and characterized. Some of these mutations affect root gravitropism, while others appear to be responsible for the production of abnormal waves (no waves, compressed or square waves, coils) without affecting gravitropism. The specific objectives of this project were to functionally characterize two genes (WVD2 and WVD6) which are required for root waving on tilted agar surfaces, but not for root gravitropism. Specific objectives included a physiological and cytological analysis of the mutants, and molecular cloning and characterization of the corresponding genes. As summarized in this paper, we have reached these objectives. We have also identified and partially characterized other mutations that affect root skewing on hard-agar surfaces (sku5-1 and ago1), and have completed our work on the root-wave phenotype associated with mutations in genes of the tryptophan biosynthesis pathway (Lynn et al., 1999; Rutherford et al., 1998; Sedbrook et al., 2000, 2002). We briefly describe our progress on the cloning and characterization of WVD6, WVD2 and SKU5, and provide a list of papers (published, or in preparation) that derived from this grant. We also discuss the biological implications of our findings, with special emphasis on the analysis of WVD2.

Masson, Patrick H.↗

Electrochemical Characterization of Dissolved Oxides in Molten FLiNaK

Molten fluoride salts have long been the subject of investigation given their application in a variety of industrial processes. Oxides are a common exogeneous impurity within these systems, and can lead to many operational and regulatory concerns. In recent studies, the electro-oxidation of dissolved metallic oxides has been attributed to a single step oxygen evolution reaction despite voltametric evidence suggesting otherwise. Here, we first use square wave voltammetry to confirm that the oxidation of dissolved oxides in fluorides proceeds via a two-electron transfer reaction and then demonstrate that the presence of a peroxide-mediated redox reaction better explains the electrochemical data. Numerical simulations were then used to support the determination of improved diffusion coefficients to enable electroanalytical measurements of the oxide concentration across at a variety of temperatures. A linear Arrhenius relationship was observed when the experimental data was corrected for ohmic resistance effects. Concentration measurements using the corrected square wave voltammetry data demonstrated high accuracy across a large range of concentrations, while the uncorrected data showed plateauing and high errors. In total, this work serves to rectify previously misconstrued electrochemical data of oxides in molten salts and demonstrate how accurate, in situ concentration measurements can be achieved in real-world systems.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗