Thermally drawn rechargeable battery fiber enables pervasive power
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Khudiyev, Tural↗
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On the Scaling and Growth Limit of Fluvial Dunes
Abstract Bedforms emerge in a variety of shapes and sizes when a granular erodible surface is subject to a strong enough shear flow, as observed in topographic data from submarine canyons, rivers, deserts, and planetary bodies. The two salient features of bedforms are the ability to collectively transport particles, and to generate form drag thus increasing flow resistance. These two mechanisms are in competition and contribute to force bedforms of increasing size migrating more slowly. In a dedicated large‐scale open channel flow facility, hierarchies of fluvial bedforms were generated and measured in equilibrium conditions. The corresponding scale‐dependent migration velocity and mass flux contributions were quantified in the wave number and frequency domains. Experimental results are paired with a validated set of theoretical models to demonstrate that ripples or dunes reach an equilibrium state when drag partitioning ensures high enough frictional drag to sustain the bedload transport of sediment, and low enough form drag to enable the migration of the largest bedform size. This mechanism is inferred to constrain the growth of bedforms when sediment supply is not the limiting factor.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Thermally Significant Fluid Seepage Through Thick Sediment on the Juan de Fuca Plate Entering the Cascadia Subduction Zone
We use heat flux measurements colocated with seismic reflection profiles over a buried basement high on the Juan de Fuca plate ∼25 km seaward of the deformation front offshore Oregon to test for the presence of hydrothermal circulation in the oceanic crust. We also revisit heat flux data crossing a buried basement high ∼25 km seaward of the deformation front ∼150 km north, offshore Washington. Seafloor heat flux is inversely correlated with sediment thickness, consistent with vigorous hydrothermal circulation in the basement aquifer homogenizing temperatures at the top of the basement. Heat flux immediately above the summit of the basement highs is greater than expected solely from conduction. Fluid seepage at rates of ∼2.6–5.4 cm yr −1 in a 1–1.5 km-wide conduit through ∼800–1,300 m thick sediment sections above these basement highs can explain these observations. Observations of thermally significant fluid seepage through sediment >225 m thick on oceanic crust are unprecedented. High sediment permeability, high fluid overpressure in the basement, or a combination of both is required to drive fluid seepage at the observed rates. We infer that rapid seepage occurs because the basement highs rise above the low permeability basal sediment with their tops protruding into the base of high permeability Nitinat or Astoria Fan sediment. Seepage from basement highs penetrating into the submarine fans can affect the thermal state of crust entering the subduction zone.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Earthquake Magnitude With DAS: A Transferable Data–Based Scaling Relation
Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is a promising technique to improve the rapid detection and characterization of earthquakes. Previous DAS studies mainly focus on the phase information but less on the amplitude information. In this study, we compile earthquake data from two DAS arrays in California, USA, and one submarine array in Sanriku, Japan. We develop a data-driven method to obtain the first scaling relation between DAS amplitude and earthquake magnitude. Our results reveal that the earthquake amplitudes recorded by DAS in different regions follow a similar scaling relation. The scaling relation can provide a rapid earthquake magnitude estimation and effectively avoid uncertainties caused by the conversion to ground motions. Our results show that the scaling relation appears transferable to new regions with calibrations. The scaling relation highlights the great potential of DAS in earthquake source characterization and early warning.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
The Viscoplastic Behavior of Natural Hydrate‐Bearing Sandy‐Silts Under Uniaxial Strain Compression ( K 0 Loading)
Abstract The in‐situ stress state and geomechanical properties of hydrate‐bearing sediments impact hydrate formation and gas production strategies. We explore the uniaxial strain compression and stress evolution of natural hydrate‐bearing sandy‐silts from Green Canyon Block 955 in the deep‐water Gulf of Mexico. We performed constant rate of strain uniaxial strain experiments, interrupted by periods where we held the axial stress constant, to explore the vertical deformation and the evolution of the ratio of lateral to axial effective stress ( K 0 ) with time. The hydrate‐bearing sandy‐silt is stiffer and has a larger K 0 than the equivalent hydrate‐free sediment upon loading. During stress holds, the void ratio decreases sigmoidally with the log of time, and K 0 converges to isotropic conditions. We interpret that during loading, the hydrate bears the load and deforms. With time, the hydrate redistributes the load and K 0 increases. We used a viscoelastic model to describe the behavior. The model accurately captures deformation and K 0 trends but does not reproduce all the complex interactions of the hydrate with the porous skeleton. We anticipate that viscous effects within hydrate sediments will impact reservoir compression and stresses during production (hours to days), result in isotropic stress state over geological timescales, and explain the creeping movement in submarine landslides.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
The Global Biogeochemical Cycle of Rhenium
Here, this paper is the first comprehensive synthesis of what is currently known about the different natural and anthropogenic fluxes of rhenium (Re) on Earth's surface. We highlight the significant role of anthropogenic mobilization of Re, which is an important consideration in utilizing Re in the context of a biogeochemical tracer or proxy. The largest natural flux of Re derives from chemical weathering and riverine transport to the ocean (dissolved = 62 × 10 6 g yr -1 and particulate = 5 × 10 6 g yr -1 ). This review reports a new global average [Re] of 16 ± 2 pmol L -1 , or 10 ± 1 pmol L -1 for the inferred pre-anthropogenic concentration without human impact, for rivers draining to the ocean. Human activity via mining (including secondary mobilization), coal combustion, and petroleum combustion mobilize approximately 560 × 10 6 g yr -1 Re, which is more than any natural flux of Re. There are several poorly constrained fluxes of Re that merit further research, including: submarine groundwater discharge, precipitation (terrestrial and oceanic), magma degassing, and hydrothermal activity. The mechanisms and the main host phases responsible for releasing (sources) or sequestrating (sinks) these fluxes remain poorly understood. This study also highlights the use of dissolved [Re] concentrations as a tracer of oxidation of petrogenic organic carbon, and stable Re isotopes as proxies for changes in global redox conditions.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Volatiles and Redox Along the East African Rift
Abstract The upper mantle under the Afar Depression in the East African Rift displays some of the slowest seismic wave speeds observed globally. Despite the extreme nature of the geophysical anomaly, lavas that erupted along the East African Rift record modest thermal anomalies. We present measurements of major elements, H 2 O, S, and CO 2 , and Fe 3+ /ΣFe and S 6+ /ΣS in submarine glasses from the Gulf of Aden seafloor spreading center and olivine‐, plagioclase‐, and pyroxene‐hosted melt inclusions from Erta Ale volcano in the Afar Depression. We combine these measurements with literature data to place constraints on the temperature, H 2 O, andfO 2 of the mantle sources of these lavas as well as the initial and final pressures of melting. The Afar mantle plume is C/FOZO/PHEM in isotopic composition, and we suggest that this mantle component is damp, with 852 ± 167 ppm H 2 O, not elevated infO 2 compared to the depleted MORB mantle, and has temperatures of ∼1401–1458°C. This is similar infO 2 and H 2 O to the estimates of C/FOZO/PHEM in other locations. Using the moderate H 2 O contents of the mantle together with the moderate thermal anomaly, we find that melting begins at around 93 km depth and ceases at around 63 km depth under the Afar Depression and at around 37 km depth under the Gulf of Aden, and that ∼1%–29% partial melts of the mantle can be generated under these conditions. We speculate that the presence of melt, and not elevated temperatures or high H 2 O contents, are the cause for the prominent geophysical anomaly observed in this region.
Geochemistry & Geophysics↗
Very-Low-Frequency transmitters bifurcate energetic electron belt in near-earth space
Very-Low-Frequency (VLF) transmitters operate worldwide mostly at frequencies of 10–30 kilohertz for submarine communications. While it has been of intense scientific interest and practical importance to understand whether VLF transmitters can affect the natural environment of charged energetic particles, for decades there remained little direct observational evidence that revealed the effects of these VLF transmitters in geospace. Here we report a radially bifurcated electron belt formation at energies of tens of kiloelectron volts (keV) at altitudes of ~0.8–1.5 Earth radii on timescales over 10 days. Using Fokker-Planck diffusion simulations, we provide quantitative evidence that VLF transmitter emissions that leak from the Earth-ionosphere waveguide are primarily responsible for bifurcating the energetic electron belt, which typically exhibits a single-peak radial structure in near-Earth space. Since energetic electrons pose a potential danger to satellite operations, our findings demonstrate the feasibility of mitigation of natural particle radiation environment.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Advances in geophysical forensic event monitoring
Forensic analysis of man-made, non-nuclear events (such as industrial accidents, explosion experiments and mine collapses) has become more frequent and detailed owing to advancements in geophysical monitoring. Here, in this Technical Review, we demonstrate how geophysical forensic monitoring using seismic, infrasound and hydroacoustic recordings provides insights on events in the solid earth, atmosphere and underwater. Advanced techniques, including machine-learning-based models, have been developed to detect, identify and investigate these events, providing information on location, subevents, sources and explosive yield. The increase in data availability, application of advanced methods and computation and the growth of multitechnology approaches have increased the accuracy of forensic event analysis and enabled more realistic characterization of uncertainties. For example, the 2020 Beirut explosion in Lebanon demonstrated that various seismic, acoustic and other methods could be used to estimate explosive yield (and yield uncertainties) of about 1 ktonne, providing confidence in the application of these methods to smaller events where data are available. However, forensic investigations remain largely limited to known events with identified sources. Increased access to data, sophisticated analysis methods and high-resolution earth models will improve forensic event analysis further, enabling civil and scientific applications, such as localization in the search for the lost ARA San Juan submarine.
geophysics↗
Effect of Transverse Compression on the Dielectric Breakdown of Power Cable with Ethylene Propylene Rubber Insulation
Understanding of the failure mechanisms of submarine dynamic power cables (SDPC) is critical for innovative design to meet the 2035 cost reduction target of U.S. DOE Floating Offshore Wind Shot. This is important because the current design suffers a significant failure rate in the field. This project explored a multiphysics approach and conducted systematic electro-thermo-mechanical (ETM) experimental study on the power cores extracted from a 15 kV power cable. The power cable had three cores of copper conductor and ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) insulation. An ETM testing system with transverse compression capability was developed. Mechanical loading induced dielectric breakdown. Increasing temperature from room temperature (RT, 22 degrees Celsius) to 90 degrees Celsius resulted in the 67% decrease in the failure mechanical load as defined by the dielectric breakdown. With the same temperature rise, the creep mechanical load was reduced by 70% at a given dielectric breakdown time. The post-test measurement revealed an impressive recovery of electrical resistance, although the dielectric breakdown occurred in the ETM test that would not be captured without the use of ETM testing.
Wang, Hong [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000201730545)↗
A dynamic microbial sulfur cycle in a serpentinizing continental ophiolite
Summary Serpentinization is the hydration and oxidation of ultramafic rock, which occurs as oceanic lithosphere is emplaced onto continental margins (ophiolites), and along the seafloor as faulting exposes this mantle‐derived material to circulating hydrothermal fluids. This process leads to distinctive fluid chemistries as molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) and hydroxyl ions (OH − ) are produced and reduced carbon compounds are mobilized. Serpentinizing ophiolites also serve as a vector to transport sulfur compounds from the seafloor onto the continents. We investigated hyperalkaline, sulfur‐rich, brackish groundwater in a serpentinizing continental ophiolite to elucidate the role of sulfur compounds in fuelling in situ microbial activities. Here we illustrate that key sulfur‐cycling taxa, including Dethiobacter , Desulfitispora and ‘ Desulforudis ’, persist throughout this extreme environment. Biologically catalysed redox reactions involving sulfate, sulfide and intermediate sulfur compounds are thermodynamically favourable in the groundwater, which indicates they may be vital to sustaining life in these characteristically oxidant‐ and energy‐limited systems. Furthermore, metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses reveal a complex network involving sulfate reduction, sulfide oxidation and thiosulfate reactions. Our findings highlight the importance of the complete inorganic sulfur cycle in serpentinizing fluids and suggest sulfur biogeochemistry provides a key link between terrestrial serpentinizing ecosystems and their submarine heritage.
Sabuda, Mary C.↗
Inorganic Hydrogeochemistry in the 21st Century
Abstract Chemical and isotopic processes occur in every segment of the hydrological cycle. Hydrogeochemistry—the subdiscipline that studies these processes—has seen a transformation from “witch's brew” to credible science since 2000. Going forward, hydrogeochemical research and applications are critical to meeting urgent societal needs of climate change mitigation and clean energy, such as (1) removing CO 2 from the atmosphere and storing gigatons of CO 2 in soils and aquifers to achieve net‐zero emissions, (2) securing critical minerals in support of the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies, and (3) protecting water resources by adapting to a warming climate. In the last two decades, we have seen extensive activity and progress in four research areas of hydrogeochemistry related to water‐rock interactions: arsenic contamination of groundwater; the use of isotopic and chemical tracers to quantify groundwater recharge and submarine groundwater discharge; the kinetics of chemical reactions and the mineral‐water interface's control of contaminant fate and transport; and the transformation of geochemical modeling from an expert‐only exercise to a widely accessible tool. In the future, embracing technological advances in machine learning, cyberinfrastructure, and isotope analytical tools will allow breakthrough research and expand the role of hydrogeochemistry in meeting society's needs for climate change mitigation and the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energies.
Zhu, Chen (ORCID:0000000153746787)↗
T-wave propagation from the Pacific to the Atlantic: The 2020 Mw 7.4 Kermadec Trench earthquake case
An Mw7.4 submarine earthquake occurred in the Kermadec Trench, northeast of New Zealand, on 18 June, 2020. This powerful earthquake triggered energetic tertiary waves (T-waves) that propagated through the South Pacific Ocean into the South Atlantic Ocean, where the T-waves were recorded by a hydrophone station near Ascension Island, 15 127 km away from the epicenter. Different T-wave arrivals were identified during the earthquake period with arrival angles deviating from the geodesic path. A three-dimensional sound propagation model has been utilized to investigate the cause of the deviation and confirm the horizontal diffraction of the T-waves at the Drake Passage.
Oliveira, Tiago C. A.↗
Taxonomic and carbon metabolic diversification of Bathyarchaeia during its coevolution history with early Earth surface environment
Bathyarchaeia, as one of the most abundant microorganisms on Earth, play vital roles in the global carbon cycle. However, our understanding of their origin, evolution, and ecological functions remains poorly constrained. Here, we present the largest dataset of Bathyarchaeia metagenome assembled genome to date and reclassify Bathyarchaeia into eight order-level units corresponding to the former subgroup system. Highly diversified and versatile carbon metabolisms were found among different orders, particularly atypical C1 metabolic pathways, indicating that Bathyarchaeia represent overlooked important methylotrophs. Molecular dating results indicate that Bathyarchaeia diverged at ~3.3 billion years, followed by three major diversifications at ~3.0, ~2.5, and ~1.8 to 1.7 billion years, likely driven by continental emergence, growth, and intensive submarine volcanism, respectively. The lignin-degrading Bathyarchaeia clade emerged at ~300 million years perhaps contributed to the sharply decreased carbon sequestration rate during the Late Carboniferous period. The evolutionary history of Bathyarchaeia potentially has been shaped by geological forces, which, in turn, affected Earth’s surface environment.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Concepts for Neutrino Applications
Will neutrinos find uses outside basic science? It may be too early to say, but neutrino physicists have already imagined a variety of possibilities from the relatively modest to the more blue-sky. In this review, we survey the range of proposed applications, most involving nuclear reactors and other fission sources. We give special attention to the most recent proposals, including verifying submarine reactor integrity, safeguarding advanced nuclear power plants, and monitoring spent nuclear fuel. All of these concepts take advantage of the fact that neutrinos pass through barriers other signals cannot penetrate. That same fact creates the central challenge for neutrino applications: the size and complexity of detectors needed to collect a signal. Although the weakly interacting nature of neutrinos makes them fundamentally difficult to use, developments in detector technology are making some ideas more feasible.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Ocean & Geohazard Analysis Tool
The Ocean & Geohazard Analysis (OGA) software tool is designed to summarize insights into key offshore hazards drawing from a diverse set of approaches, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, probabilistic and statistical, and offshore data sources. The offshore hazards that can be analyzed include submarine landslides, extreme wind/wave/current event probabilities, earthquakes, and metocean pathways (CIAM Climatological Isolation and Attraction Model–Climatological Lagrangian Coherent Structures - Submissions - EDX (doe.gov)). Currently, the tool is developed for use in the Gulf of Mexico. The data underlying the offshore hazard analyses can be found here: https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/gulf-of-mexico-risk-analysis-database-gomrad This work was conducted under the Advanced Offshore Research Portfolio, FWP Number 1022409 at National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy. Disclaimer This project was funded by the United States Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, in part, through a site support contract. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor the support contractor, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
AIML↗
Crossroads Baker, "Helen of Bikini"
Test Baker, the underwater detonation of a Fat Man bomb nicknamed Helen of Bikini by an anonymous “Kilroy,” took place on July 25, 1946. Encased in a bathysphere fashioned from a submarine conning tower and suspended ninety feet below the surface of Bikini’s lagoon, Helen of Bikini was spectacular. Her energy burst through the lagoon surface at 11,000 ft. /sec pushing over two million cubic yards of radioactive seawater and sediment to a height of 4,300 feet within sixty seconds. Nine vessels were sunk and an additional five ships were physically destroyed, although still afloat. When it collapsed, the column of radioactive sediment and seawater spread over the surviving ships permanently contaminating them. Helen of Bikini destroyed the entire fleet of target vessels.
45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
The Role of Nuclear-Conventional Intermingling on State Decision-making and the Risk of Inadvertent Escalation
The questions answered by this report are: What are the implications of nuclear and conventional intermingling on crisis stability and the potential risk of miscalculation?, and Specifically, how might entanglement influence US and competitor decision making during crisis and conflict? In practice, there are three main forms of nuclear-conventional intermingling. First, intermingling between nuclear and non-nuclear weapon systems can occur via the fielding of dual capable delivery systems like missiles or aircraft. Second, intermingling can happen due to the co-location of nuclear and non-nuclear forces and their support structures—for example, the co-location of strategic bombers and general-purpose aircraft, or the co-location of strategic submarines and general-purpose vessels. Third, intermingling can occur via convolving nuclear and conventional military command and control systems, to include ballistic missile early warning and potentially space surveillance systems as well. All three forms of nuclear-conventional intermingling have significantly increased since the end of the Cold War, driven by both technological and doctrinal changes. However, there are important differences in the rationale behind, and also the risks associated with these three different forms of intermingling. The mere existence of dual capable systems is not new— deploying such systems can increase the effectiveness of forces, and it can also provide more flexibility. The major powers have both employed and threatened with dual capable systems for decades, and they have done so without nuclear escalation. Similarly, the major powers co-located nuclear and conventional systems in the Cold War, and they did so for variety of reasons that had nothing to do with complicating the adversary’s risk calculus. The Soviet Union, for example, decided to co-locate its nuclear and conventional forces for economic and administrative reasons. Although today it might be recognized as a useful deterrent tool, it was not their primary intention. Major powers want to convince rivals that the co-location of forces creates a high bar for targeting and raises the risk of nuclear escalation, but they also want to have the flexibility of this not being true in an actual crisis or conflict.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗