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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1997

Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Program

Industry/NASA reusable launch vehicle (RLV) technology program efforts are underway to design, test, and develop technologies and concepts for viable commercial launch systems that also satisfy national needs at acceptable recurring costs. Significant progress has been made in understanding the technical challenges of fully reusable launch systems and the accompanying management and operational approaches for achieving a low cost program. This paper reviews the current status of the RLV technology program including the DC-XA, X-33 and X-34 flight systems and associated technology programs. It addresses the specific technologies being tested that address the technical and operability challenges of reusable launch systems including reusable cryogenic propellant tanks, composite structures, thermal protection systems, improved propulsion and subsystem operability enhancements. The recently concluded DC-XA test program demonstrated some of these technologies in ground and flight test. Contracts were awarded recently for both the X-33 and X-34 flight demonstrator systems. The Orbital Sciences Corporation X-34 flight test vehicle will demonstrate an air-launched reusable vehicle capable of flight to speeds of Mach 8. The Lockheed-Martin X-33 flight test vehicle will expand the test envelope for critical technologies to flight speeds of Mach 15. A propulsion program to test the X-33 linear aerospike rocket engine using a NASA SR-71 high speed aircraft as a test bed is also discussed. The paper also describes the management and operational approaches that address the challenge of new cost effective, reusable launch vehicle systems.

Freeman, Delma C., Jr.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Dust Solution Testing Initiative (DuSTI): Infusing Commercial Off the Shelf Dust Mitigation Technologies with NASA Practices

Dust is one of the most significant hazards to human lunar exploration. However, since the Apollo program concluded, limited research has been performed on lunar dust mitigation technologies. The safety of the crew members and sustainability of habitats, science, and supporting hardware depend on effective dust mitigation techniques and technologies. As NASA pursues a new generation of lunar missions with the Artemis program, the project team will pursue dust mitigation solutions with the Dust Solution Testing Initiative (DuSTI). DuSTI is a lunar dust mitigation effort that involves performing tests on commercial off the shelf (COTS) technologies over FY21. DuSTI will preform component and subsystem tests in dusty environments for up to five technologies with high potential. The specific technologies identified for study were selected based on several factors, including a market analysis of current terrestrial dust mitigation applications, availability of the technology, accessibility of various testing facilities, and cost of procurement. These technologies support the active and passive dust mitigation requirements of filtration systems, electro-mechanical systems, electro-static systems, surface coatings, textiles, and silicone polymers. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) will be increased by validating components in relevant environments. For example, if the COTS technology is at a TRL 9 for terrestrial use but at a 4-5 TRL for use in the lunar environment, we will test that technology in a lunar dust environment to increase the TRL for use on the Moon.

lunar dust↗

DOE OSTI2022

Carbon Conversion Technologies - NETL Techno-Economic Analysis Guidelines

This presentation was delivered as part of the Global CO2 Initiative and NETL sponsored workshop, 2022 CCU TEA and LCA Guidance - A Harmonized Approach. The presentation highlights the intent and content of forthcoming NETL guidance documents and toolsets on conducting techno-economic analysis on carbon conversion technologies. Specifically discussed are the "Performing a TEA for Carbon Conversion Technologies" guidance document, the "Cost Scaling Methodology Specific to Carbon Conversion Technologies," and brief highlights of upcoming work products.

Henry, Samuel↗

NASA NTRS1978

Study of Federal technology transfer activities in areas of interest to NASA Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications

Forty-three ongoing technology transfer programs in Federal agencies other than NASA were selected from over 200 current Federal technology transfer activities. Selection was made and specific technology transfer mechanisms utilized. Detailed information was obtained on the selected programs by reviewing published literature, and conducting telephone interviews with each program manager. Specific information collected on each program includes technology areas; user groups, mechanisms employed, duration of program, and level of effort. Twenty-four distinct mechanisms are currently employed in Federal technology transfer activities totaling $260 million per year. Typical applications of each mechanism were reviewed, and caveats on evaluating program effectiveness were discussed. A review of recent federally funded research in technology transfer to state and local governments was made utilizing the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, and abstracts of interest to NASA were selected for further reference.

Madigan, J. A.↗

DOE OSTI2022

The Future of Energy Efficiency for U.S. Buildings - Drivers and Market Scenarios

This paper identifies likely drivers of building efficiency over the next ten years and expectations for how efficiency markets may evolve over this period. To prepare these predictions, we conducted an extensive literature review, interviewed 22 experts, reviewed legislation and executive orders in 12 states, and implemented a detailed questionnaire completed by 41 efficiency practitioners. The two most important drivers revealed by our research are (1) public policies and regulations, particularly those associated with climate change mitigation and adaptation and (2) the cost of energy relative to the cost of delivering efficiency. Other important drivers are technology changes, economic conditions, social priorities, and industry (including utility) business practices for increasing the uptake of efficiency in buildings. Our research indicates that efficiency markets will increasingly focus on supporting building decarbonization and enabling demand flexibility through the use of controls in grid-interactive efficient buildings and communities. Efficiency improvements for specific technologies (e.g., heat pumps, controls, and windows) and technological advances not specific to energy technologies (e.g., interoperability, artificial intelligence, and universal internet access) will improve the efficacy of efficiency measures and actions. Marketing of efficient products and services will increasingly focus on grid services, decarbonization, non-energy benefits for consumers, and integration with other distributed energy resources (DERs). We anticipate increased investment in disadvantaged and historically underserved communities, recognizing the social, health, and safety benefits of efficient energy usage and remediating historical biases. Lastly, we predict that while state and local government actions will vary, jurisdictions will increase their efficiency goals overall.

Schiller, Steven R↗

NASA NTRS1996

Solar Electric Propulsion

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's New Millennium Program (NMP) is a space flight technology demonstration program that will validate the technologies needed to carry out the Earth and space science missions NASA envisions for the 21(sup st) century. The program is employing an innovative decision-making process to select the specific technologies that will be flight validated. First, NMP has articulated NASA's vision of science exploration for the next century, then it has defined the capabilities needed to execute that vision, and finally it will select and demonstrate the revolutionary technologies that provide those capabilities, thus enabling the science vision.

New Millennium New Millennium Program NMP space fl↗

NASA NTRS1984

NASA broad-specification fuels combustion technology program

The NASA Broad-Specification Fuels Combustion Technology Program was initiated in response to concerns that the supply of high-quality petroleum middle distillates for jet fuel, abundant in the past, would diminish in availability toward the end of the century. The specific program objective is to evolve the combustion system technology required to use fuels with moderate ranges of broadened properties in the engines used on commercial jet aircraft. The first phase of the program, in which effects of the use of broadened-properties fuels were identified and technology with the potential to offset these effects was also identified, has been completed. The second phase, in which the technology identified in Phase 1 is being refined, will be completed within the next three months.

Fear, J. S.↗

DOE OSTI2025

H2A-Lite (Hydrogen Analysis Lite Production Model) [SWR-24-69]

Within H2A-Lite, users can provide a minimal number of inputs—such as hydrogen production technology of choice —to produce estimates about characteristic scale, capital, and operations. Price projections for energy and feedstock are based on the Energy Information Administration's Annual Energy Outlook 2022, AEO2022 Reference case. The model additionally allows users to override technology default values to adapt to specific technology scales or regional energy prices. As output, H2A-Lite provides cost breakdown from rigorous financial analysis as well as greenhouse gas and criteria pollutant emissions characteristics.

Penev, Michael [National Laboratory of the Rockies↗

DOE OSTI2020

SMART Mobility. Urban Science Capstone Report

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Systems and Modeling for Accelerated Research in Transportation (SMART) Mobility Consortium is a multiyear, multi-laboratory collaborative, managed by the Energy Efficient Mobility Systems Program of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office, dedicated to further understanding the energy implications and opportunities of advanced mobility technologies and services. The Urban Science (US) Pillar focuses on maximum-mobility and minimum-energy opportunities associated with emerging transportation and transportation-related technologies specifically within the urban context. Such technologies, often referred to as automated, connected, efficient (or electrified), and shared (ACES), have the potential to greatly improve mobility and related quality of life in urban areas. Although all the SMART Mobility research pillars share some commonalities, Urban Science strives to model, analyze, and gain insights from the perspective of human settlements (the “city”) as a living organism. This is especially critical as the United States is one of the most urbanized countries, and as more and more of the global population migrates to urban areas.1 The urban mobility system consists of a complex network that reaches well beyond roads and vehicles and includes significant investments in public transit, private mobility services (such as taxis and transportation network companies, or TNCs), significant parking reserves, and curb management practices, not to mention the abundance of emerging on-demand micromobility services for the movement of people and goods such as e-bikes and scooters, which make the urban space a dynamic laboratory for mobility. Urban spaces also concentrate employment, markets, services, and attractions, which are the destinations for most trips. The concentration of human activities and ensuing density also creates the need and emphasis for space efficiency in urban environments, which is often less of a constraint in suburban or rural contexts. This mixture of transportation and mobility infrastructure and practice, combined with global urbanization trends, make urban spaces a critical focus of research for developing energy-efficient mobility systems (EEMS).

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

NASA NTRS2002

Software System Safety and the NASA Aeronautics Blueprint

NASA's Aeronautics Blueprint lays out a research agenda for the Agency s aeronautics program. The word software appears only four times in this Blueprint, but the critical importance of safe and correct software to the fulfillment of the proposed research is evident on almost every page. Most of the technology solutions proposed to address challenges in aviation are software dependent technologies. Of the fifty-two specific technology solutions described in the Blueprint, forty-one depend, at least in part, on software for success. For thirty-five of these forty-one, software is not only critical to success, but also to human safety. That is, implementing the technology solutions will require using software in such a way that it may, if not specified, designed, and implemented properly, lead to fatal accidents. These results have at least two implications for the research based on the Blueprint: (1) knowledge about the current state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice in software engineering and software system safety is essential, and (2) research into current unsolved problems in these software disciplines is also essential.

Holloway, C. Michael↗

NASA NTRS2005

Second NASA Technical Interchange Meeting (TIM): Advanced Technology Lifecycle Analysis System (ATLAS) Technology Tool Box (TTB)

The Advanced Technology Lifecycle Analysis System (ATLAS), a spreadsheet analysis tool suite, applies parametric equations for sizing and lifecycle cost estimation. Performance, operation, and programmatic data used by the equations come from a Technology Tool Box (TTB) database. In this second TTB Technical Interchange Meeting (TIM), technologists, system model developers, and architecture analysts discussed methods for modeling technology decisions in spreadsheet models, identified specific technology parameters, and defined detailed development requirements. This Conference Publication captures the consensus of the discussions and provides narrative explanations of the tool suite, the database, and applications of ATLAS within NASA s changing environment.

ONeil, D. A.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Mass Modeling of NEP Power Conversion Concepts for Human Mars Exploration

The specific mass (mass per unit of electric power output) of an NEP power conversion system is an important metric for the performance and feasibility of a crewed NEP vehicle. This work explores a component level buildup of the specific mass for a crewed NEP vehicle. The buildup is highly parametric and avoids being tied to specific technologies where practical. This allows the specific mass to be calculated for a variety of assumptions and operating conditions and be used to optimize particular design variables or compare different system configurations. The values of specific mass are dependent on assumptions with significant uncertainty; comparison between cases and trends observed in the models are the main goal of the work presented here. To demonstrate the level of insight this type of modeling can provide, the impacts of compressor inlet temperature, turbine inlet temperature, and radiator pressure drop on specific mass are explored. In addition, the specific mass can be used to assess the benefit of separating the radiator and reactor loop from the power conversion cycle.

NEP↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Mass Modeling of NEP Power Conversion Concepts for Human Mars Exploration

nep↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Design, Analysis, Testing, and Flight Activities for A Green Propulsion Dual Mode (Gpdm) Technology Demonstration Mission

NASA’s Strategic Plan (2022) outlines specific technology development objectives which direct the Agency to “innovate and advance transformational space technologies.” An example of these potentially high-impact space technologies is the low-toxicity or “green” rocket propellant known as ASCENT (or Advanced Spacecraft Energetic Non-Toxic Propellant). Developed in the 2010’s by the Air Force Research Lab (AFRL), ASCENT (formerly AF-315E) has shown improved specific impulse density (50% higher) vs. hydrazine in addition to its favorable in-space storability and ease of handling capability. The chemical propulsion capability of ASCENT has been demonstrated on several missions including the Green Propulsion Infusion Mission (GPIM) in 2019 and most recently, the Lunar Flashlight mission. ASCENT is an ionic liquid, which lends itself as both a chemical and an electrospray propellant. The capability to use the same propellants in multiple modes using the same propellant tank and feed system has yet to be demonstrated in orbit. This capability, if proven successful has the potential to reduce system weight and complexity, while taking advantage of both high thrust and high propellant efficiency in electrospray mode. The GPDM Project, managed by the Marshall Space Flight Center is seeking to develop a dual-mode propulsion system as the payload on a small spacecraft (6U CubeSat) and subsequent in-space demonstration. This paper will summarize the concept, ground testing as well as mission operations plan for demonstrating green “dual-mode” propulsion.

Nehemiah J. Williams↗

NASA NTRS1984

NASA/General Electric broad-specification fuels combustion technology program

The NASA/General Electric Broad Specification Fuels Combustion Technology Program is being conducted to evolve and demonstrate the technology required to use broadened-properties fuels in current and next generation commercial aircraft engines. The first phase of this program, completed in 1982, involved the design and test evaluation of three different combustor concepts. All combustors were designed for the General Electric CF6-80A engine envelope and operating conditions, using Experimental Referee Broad Specification (ERBS) fuel having a fuel hydrogen content of 12.8% by weight. Several different configurations of each combustor concept were evaluated in a series of high pressure sector combustor component tests. A total of 25 sector tests were conducted during phase 1. Combustor metal temperatures, emissions, exit temperature profiles, and radiant heat flux were measured over the full range of steady-state operating conditions using four fuels having nominal hydrogen contents between 11.8 and 14%. During the current phase 2 program, the two most promising concepts from phase 1 are being further refined and evaluated. For phase 2 testing, two additional fuels representing a wider range of fluidity and volatility are also being used in combustion system tests.

Dodds, W. J.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Advancing flexible electronics and additive manufacturing

There is high interest in the synergism of thin-film and flexible electronics with additive manufacturing. This review primarily focuses on the prospective developments in convergence with flexible electronics manufacturing technologies. Specifically, this paper covers the latest 3D printing and hybrid manufacturing technologies, the utility of specific types of materials, their functionalization and characterization, post-processing and testing strategies toward fabricating robust and application-specific flexible electronics. Besides exploring the advances in this area of research—it also highlights the limitations and gaps that have been observed in the previous years that will challenge and offer opportunities for advancing research and development. Lastly, the future of 3D-printed flexible electronics is discussed in the aspects of customizability, scalability, and its game-changing and state-of-the-art potential for intelligent sensing, instrumentation, and wearables for various medical, engineering, and industrial applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2021

BETO 2021 Peer Review - Overview of the Chemical Catalysis for Bioenergy Consortium

Catalysis plays a central role in converting biomass and carbon-rich waste feedstocks into fuels and chemicals; however, critical catalysis challenges exist that are limiting commercialization of emerging bioenergy technologies. By leveraging unique U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory capabilities and expertise, the Chemical Catalysis for Bioenergy consortium seeks to overcome these catalysis challenges and accelerate the catalyst and process development cycle. The foundation of the consortium consists of an integrated and collaborative portfolio of catalytic technologies and enabling capabilities, which positions ChemCatBio to address both technology-specific and overarching catalysis challenges across the development cycle from discovery to scale-up. The core catalysis projects target technological advancements for specific conversion processes, such as catalytic upgrading of biochemical process intermediates, catalytic fast pyrolysis, C1 and C2 upgrading, and electrochemical CO2 reduction, while the enabling technologies provide access to world-class capabilities and expertise in computational modeling, materials synthesis, advanced in situ and in operando catalyst characterization, and catalyst design tools.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

NASA NTRS1978

Solar array workshop

The solar workshop began with a review of the needs and objectives in this area as presented by the various government representatives during the preceding sessions. The major problem noted with respect to needs was the potentially conflicting requirements of low cost and low weight. Since the importance of weight and cost and relationship between them are strongly mission dependent, the workshop concluded that the requirements of military missions in synchronous orbit could be quite different from the requirements of NASA low-orbit missions and that an assignment of specific technology deficiencies could only be related to specific mission classes.

Goldsmith, P.↗