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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Risk Considerations of Transitioning CO2-EOR Field to CO2 storage Field: Case Study

In the United States (U.S.), carbon dioxide (CO2) injection wells at EOR sites are currently regulated as Class II wells under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Underground Injection Control (UIC) program while dedicated geological CO2 storage (GCS) wells are considered Class VI wells. A CO2-EOR facility considering a transitioning from tertiary oil recovery to injecting CO2 for the primary purpose of long-term storage is required to obtain a Class VI permit where this transition poses an increased risk to underground sources of drinking water. This study considers how transitioning operations from CO2-EOR to storage can impact reservoir plume and pressure transient in the storage envelope, and how these changes could impact area of review and potential unwanted fluid migration. We developed a case study to assess subsurface response and leakage risks associated with a representative, hypothetical operation in a carbonate reservoir. This reservoir transitions from tertiary hydrocarbon recovery to dedicated GCS. Reservoir simulations were run for a set of credible CO2-EOR scenarios to estimate distributions of fluids phases and pressures throughout the model domain after CO2 flooding as well as forecasting the behavior of the reservoir after the transition to a dedicated storage phase. The evolutions from all simulated scenarios were used as the basis for leakage risk quantification using the National Risk Assessment Partnership’s Open-Source Integrated Assessment Model (NRAP-Open-IAM) with a novel reduced-order model to estimate time-dependent leakage of CO2, brine, and hydrocarbon fluids through potentially leaky wells. Results include a description of reservoir response, an estimate of the areal extent that could potentially be impacted by leakage to underground sources of drinking water, and estimates of the magnitude of potential leakage. Considerations for dedicated storage injection well selection, injectivity, and injection scheme performance and potential leakage risk are presented, with implications for risk assessment of well transition discussed. This study presents a risk-based workflow for the Class II to Class VI well transition. Integrating credible numerical simulation of viable CO2-EOR to dedicated CO2 storage with quantitative risk assessment tools, such as the NRAP-Open-IAM, will provide a valuable means to devise operational scenarios and inform decision-making related to storage benefit, leakage risk, and liability. Presented at the SPE/AAPG/SEG Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage Conference in Houston, TX, March 11-13, 2024.

Liu, Guoxiang↗
DOE OSTI2022

Beam Dynamics Simulations of Transient Beam Loading Effects in the 10GeV EIC Electron Storage Ring

We report on beam dynamics studies of transient beam loading effects in the 10 GeV EIC electron storage ring [1]. The studies are carried out with time-dependent Vlasov-Fokker-Planck simulations performed with the parallel, particle tracking code SPACE [2], which allows to follow self-consistently the dynamics of h bunches, where h in the number of RF buckets, in arbitrary multi-bunch configurations. The specific goal of the numerical simulations is to determine stable RF cavity settings under heavy beam loading. We also study the option to operate with a passive, third-harmonic cavity (3HC) system for bunch lengthening, addressing both stability and the performance limitation due to a gap in the uniform filling pattern for ion clearing.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Design of a Combined Proportional Integral Derivative Controller to Regulate the Temperature Inside a High-Temperature Tubular Solar Reactor

Solar fuels are proven to be promising candidates for thermochemical energy storage. However, the transient nature of solar radiation is an obstacle to maintaining a stable operational temperature inside a solar reactor. To overcome this challenge, the temperature of a solar reactor can be regulated by controlling the incoming solar radiation or the feedstock flowrate inside the reactor. In this work, a combined proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is implemented to regulate the temperature inside a high-temperature tubular solar reactor with counter-current flowing gas/particles. The control model incorporates two control systems to regulate incoming solar radiation and gas flow simultaneously. The design of the controller is based on a reduced-order numerical model of a high-temperature tubular solar reactor that is vertically oriented with an upward gas flow and downward particle flow. The reactor receives heat circumferentially through its wall over a finite segment of its length. Formulation of the heat transfer model is presented by applying the energy balance for the reactor tube and considering heat and mass transfer inside. A set of governing differential equations are solved numerically by using the finite volume method to obtain reactor wall, particles, and gas temperatures along the reactor length with various boundary conditions. Simulation results are used to tune the PID controller parameters by utilizing the Ziegler–Nichols tuning method. Both the simulation results and the controller performance are visualized on the LABVIEW platform. The controller is challenged to track different temperature setpoints with different scenarios of transient solar radiation. Here, the performance of the PID controller was compared to experimental results obtained from an industrial PID controller embedded in a 7 kW electric furnace. Results show that the combined PID controller is successful in maintaining a stable temperature inside the reactor by regulating the incoming solar radiation and the flowrate via small steady-state error and reasonable settling time and overshoot.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS2018

Transient Modeling of Large Scale Integrated Refrigeration and Storage Systems

Recently, next generation techniques and designs were demonstrated using Integrated Refrigeration and Storage (IRAS) for large scale storage of liquid hydrogen at NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Zero boil-off, densification, and in-situ liquefaction of hydrogen were achieved at various fill levels inside a custom-built 125,000 liter, horizontal-cylindrical IRAS tank, validating the applicability of the concept for large scale cryo-fluid storage architectures. This paper will discuss a number of transient physics models developed to predict the bulk behavior of large IRAS systems, and the comparison of those models to data gathered during the KSC test campaign. In an attempt to extent their usefulness to future IRAS designs, these models were agnostic with respect to stored fluid, tank size and geometry. Behavior during densification testing was examined at three fill levels, and ultimately the depressurization and bulk temperature trends of the KSC tests were predicted with good accuracy.

Swanger, Adam M.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Transient Modeling of Large Scale Integrated Refrigeration and Storage Systems

Recently, next generation techniques and designs were demonstrated using Integrated Refrigeration and Storage (IRAS) for large scale storage of liquid hydrogen at NASA Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Zero boil-off, densification, and in-situ liquefaction of hydrogen were achieved at various fill levels inside a custom-built 125,000 liter, horizontal-cylindrical IRAS tank, validating the applicability of the concept for large scale cryo-fluid storage architectures. This paper will discuss a number of transient physics models developed to predict the bulk behavior of large IRAS systems, and the comparison of those models to data gathered during the KSC test campaign. In an attempt to extent their usefulness to future IRAS designs, these models were agnostic with respect to stored fluid, tank size and geometry. Behavior during densification testing was examined at three fill levels, and ultimately the depressurization and bulk temperature trends of the KSC tests were predicted with good accuracy.

Swanger, Adam M.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Space Vehicle Power System Comprised of Battery/Capacitor Combinations

Recent improvements in energy densities of batteries open the possibility of using electric rather that hydraulic actuators in space vehicle systems. However, the systems usually require short-duration, high-power pulses. This power profile requires the battery system to be sized to meet the power requirements rather than stored energy requirements, often resulting in a large and inefficient energy storage system. Similar transient power applications have used a combination of two or more disparate energy storage technologies. For instance, placing a capacitor and a battery side-by-side combines the high energy density of a battery with the high power performance of a capacitor and thus can create a lighter and more compact system. A parametric study was performed to identify favorable scenarios for using capacitors. System designs were then carried out using equivalent circuit models developed for five commercial electrochemical capacitor products. Capacitors were sized to satisfy peak power levels and consequently "leveled" the power requirement of the battery, which can then be sized to meet system energy requirements. Simulation results clearly differentiate the performance offered by available capacitor products for the space vehicle applications.

Camarotte, C.↗
DOE OSTI2021

A comprehensive analysis of transient pressure and rate data from CO 2 storage projects in a depleted pinnacle reef oil field complex, Michigan, USA

Pressure and rate data are commonly recorded as part of a basic monitoring program in CCS projects. This paper discusses the application of multiple analytical techniques to interpret pressure and rate transient data from CO 2 injection and storage operations. The techniques of interest, i.e., injection-falloff analysis, injectivity/productivity index analysis and pressure pulse arrival time analysis, are commonly used in the oil and gas industry to assess reservoir properties, but not well known in the CCS literature (especially the last two). Injection-falloff analysis involves log-log pressure derivative plotting for the falloff data and history-matching of the entire injection-falloff sequence to determine permeability. In the injectivity/productivity index analysis, rate-normalized pressure buildup is plotted against material balance time or ratio of cumulative injection to injection rate to determine the injectivity index (ratio of injection rate to stabilized pressure buildup) which can be related to the permeability-thickness product. The arrival time analysis identifies the arrival of a pressure disturbance (~0.1 psi change from ambient) to determine the hydraulic diffusivity from which permeability can be estimated. The applicability of these techniques is demonstrated via illustrative examples from multiple wells in different pinnacle carbonate reefs undergoing CO 2 -EOR in Northern Michigan. The paper ends with a discussion of the relative merits of each interpretive technique, as well as recommendations that could be useful for other field projects.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS2021

Supraglacial River Forcing of Subglacial Water Storage and Diurnal Ice Sheet Motion

Surface melting impacts ice sheet sliding by supplying water to the bed, but subglacial processes driving ice accelerations are complex. We examine linkages between surface runoff, transient subglacial water storage, and short-term ice motion from 168 consecutive hourly measurements of meltwater discharge (moulin input) and GPS-derived ice surface motion for Rio Behar, a ∼60 sq. km moulin-terminating supraglacial river catchment on the southwest Greenland Ice Sheet. Short-term accelerations in ice speed correlate strongly with lag-corrected measures of supraglacial river discharge (r = 0.9, τ = 0.7, p < 0.01). Though our 7 days record cannot address seasonal-scale forcing, diurnal ice accelerations align with normalized differenced supraglacial and proglacial discharge, a proxy for subglacial storage change, better than GPS-derived ice surface uplift. These observations counter theoretical steady state basal sliding laws and suggest that moulin and proglacially induced fluctuations in subglacial water storage, rather than absolute subglacial water storage, drive short-term ice accelerations.

Glacial↗
DOE OSTI2021

A first principles framework to predict the transient performance of latent heat thermal energy storage

Thermal energy storage (TES) is increasingly recognized as an essential component of efficient Combined Heat and Power (CHP), Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), and refrigeration as it reduces peak demand while helping to manage intermittent availability of energy (e.g., from solar or wind). Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES) is a viable option because of its high energy storage density. Parametric analysis of LHTES in terms of dimensionless numbers is highly desired as a tool to model LHTES systems. One approach is to develop a model equation so as to minimize the error between the model and data obtained from experiments or simulations. While this approach can produce an accurate correlation applicable within the range of data used for its creation, it does not provide physical understanding of the rate-limiting process controlling the transient behavior of the device. In this paper we present an alternative approach whereby the potential rate-limiting processes are identified from first principles and then the key process is determined as a function of time as a LHTES device is charged. For example, in a simple geometry, the melt-fraction can be expected to vary linearly in time if the heat transfer rate is limited by natural convection of the phase changing material and we show it scales with the PCM Grashof number as $Gr^1_p$ and PCM Prandtl number as $Pr_p^{(1/3)}$. On the other hand, if surface area of solid PCM limits the heat transfer rate, the melt fraction increases asymptotically to reach full melting. The existence of these linear and asymptotic regions and the $Gr^1_pP r^{1/3}_p$ shape of the melt fraction curve is verified using our database of 64 simulations. Of practical importance in designing LHTES devices is the melt fraction at which the heat transfer rate ceases to be limited by convection, after which the heat storage rate deteriorates. For our geometry, this is found to be about 90%. This test case of our methodology shows the value of our approach, that predicting heat storage rate based on the rate-limiting physical phenomenon as a function of time is an effective approach to modeling LHTES devices.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Lipid droplets in plants and algae: Distribution, formation, turnover and function

We report plant oils represent an energy-rich and carbon-dense group of hydrophobic compounds. These oils are not only of economic interest, but also play important, fundamental roles in plant and algal growth and development. The subcellular storage compartments of plant lipids, referred to as lipid droplets (LDs), have long been considered relatively inert oil vessels. However, research in the last decade has revealed that LDs play far more dynamic roles in plant biology than previously appreciated, including transient neutral lipid storage, membrane remodeling, lipid signaling, and stress responses. Here we discuss recent developments in the understanding of LD formation, turnover and function in land plants and algae.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Ice Growth Model for Polar Water Capture Systems

In-situ resource utilization (ISRU) is essential to NASA’s goal of sustainable and cost-effective missions to the Moon and beyond. Water has become a particular source of interest since its discovery in the permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) of the Moon. This water exists as ice bound within the regolith, so one mode of capture is heating to sublimation temperatures and capturing at very low pressure. It then can be stored in ice form and transported out of the PSR and to a sunlit ridge, where processes such as electrolysis can be performed[2]. An understanding of frost growth dynamics under rarefied conditions is necessary for successful water capture and storage due to transient thermal properties of frost. A Diffusion-Limited Aggregation (DLA) approach was taken to analytically model bulk thermal conductivity changes of the growing frost layer under varying wall temperatures and frost layer porosities. The model utilizes well-known correlations for effective thermal conductivity and records the values as the frost layer thickness increases. This thermal conductivity can be applied to a known temperature change and be used to evaluate heat flux through the combined frost layer and tank wall for either a flat plate or cylindrical geometry. An experiment is described that will evaluate this model using one-dimensional frost growth on a horizontal, flat plate under low-pressure. The ice growth will be measured using a millimeter-scale photogrammetry camera system and a load cell measured transient mass growth.

In situ Resource Utilization↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Ice Growth Model for Polar Water Capture Systems

In-situ resource utilization (ISRU) is essential to NASA’s goal of sustainable and cost-effective missions to the Moon and beyond. Water has become a particular source of interest since its discovery in the permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) of the Moon. This water exists as ice bound within the regolith, so one mode of capture is heating to sublimation temperatures and capturing at very low pressure. It then can be stored in ice form and transported out of the PSR and to a sunlit ridge, where processes such as electrolysis can be performed[2]. An understanding of frost growth dynamics under rarefied conditions is necessary for successful water capture and storage due to transient thermal properties of frost. A Diffusion-Limited Aggregation (DLA) approach was taken to analytically model bulk thermal conductivity changes of the growing frost layer under varying wall temperatures and frost layer porosities. The model utilizes well-known correlations for effective thermal conductivity and records the values as the frost layer thickness increases. This thermal conductivity can be applied to a known temperature change and be used to evaluate heat flux through the combined frost layer and tank wall for either a flat plate or cylindrical geometry. An experiment is described that will evaluate this model using one-dimensional frost growth on a horizontal, flat plate under low-pressure. The ice growth will be measured using a millimeter-scale photogrammetry camera system and a load cell measured transient mass growth.

ice growth↗