Prospects for the utilization of waste heat in large scale district heating systems
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The state-of-the-art of commercially available organic Rankine cycle (ORC) hardware from a literature search and industry survey is assessed. Engineering criteria for applying ORC technology are established, and a set of nomograms to enable the rapid sizing of the equipment is presented. A comparison of an ORC system with conventional heat recovery techniques can be made with a nomogram developed for a recuperative heat exchanger. A graphical technique for evaluating the economic aspects of an ORC system and conventional heat recovery method is discussed: also included is a description of anticipated future trends in organic Rankine cycle R&D.
Novel supersonic fluid expansion nozzle used to vaporize toluene (or other drying-type organic liquid) by expansion through two-phase region to drive impulse turbine in Rankine-cycle engine.
According to NASA report, energy rejected by nuclear reactor adds to rocket thrust. With augmentation, specific impulse increased by as much as 23 percent over that of conventional engine.