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Innovations in optimization and control of accelerators using methods of differential geometry and genetic algorithms (Final Report)

Online tuning of particle accelerators is necessary in order to achieve optimal machine performance. However, it is also a major challenge due to the large parameter space which must be searched and the fact that many of the desir- able objectives compete with one another, and so will not reach their optimal values simultaneously. In order to mitigate these issues, we have explored using dimension-reduction techniques to reduce the size of the parameter space which must be searched and multi-objective genetic algorithms to obtain the sets of tuning parameters which provide pareto-optimal values for the objectives. These methods have enabled us to obtain improved values of the vertical emittance at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), and to do so with greater control of orbit errors. Algorithmic tuning is a multidisciplinary endeavour, requiring expertise in beam dynamics, diagnostics, control systems and computer science, and thus a key practical problem is to formulate a common language in which experts with different specialties can communicate. We developed a solution to this problem in the form of a generic accelerator software interface that allows for rapid prototyping of optimization and control algorithms. Our interface is built on the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control Systems (EPICS) and makes possible testing control code in simulation before deployment on real accelerators, as well as deployment of third-party optimization code.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

High Brightness Room Temperature III-Nitride Based Single Photon Source

Single photon sources (SPS) are quantum light sources where photons are emitted one at a time instead of randomly (e.g. lasers) or in a bunch (e.g. thermal) that can significantly impact quantum information science (computing and secure communications) and quantum metrology. Some highly desirable features of SPS are low second order correlation (g 2 ),controllable emission, electrically injected room temperature operation with high photon rate, high extraction efficiency and controllable directionality. Approaches taken thus far using different material systems have only addressed a subset of these features. III-nitride based approach offers a clear pathway to deterministic, room temperature (R.T.), electrically injected practical SPS as one can potentially also leverage the knowledge and technology from the light emitting diode (LED) world. Here we will describe a hybrid approach wherein a TiO2 based photonic crystal (PC) cavity is fabricated around an InGaN quantum dot (QD) embedded nanoscale post deterministically placed inside a photonic crystal cavity. This project takes the initial steps necessary to achieve a practical, compact SPS. We have used finite difference time domain simulations to optimize the cavity design to achieve high quality factor, mode overlap with QD and high extraction. We have fabricated InGaN quantum dots using a top-down approach involving dry etch and photoelectrochemical etch followed by electron beam lithography based nanofabrication of photonic crystal cavities.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Trinity University Campus-Wide Deep Dive

In May 2019, staff members from the Engagement and Performance Operations Center (EPOC) and the Lonestar Education And Research Network (LEARN) met with researchers and staff at Trinity University for the purpose of a Campus-Wide Deep Dive into research drivers. The goal of this meeting was to help characterize the requirements for five campus research use cases and to enable cyberinfrastructure support staff to better understand the needs of the researchers they support. Profiled use cases included: Physics and Neuroscience, Computer Science and Engineering, Classical Studies and Archeology, Biological Sciences, and Geosciences. Material for this event included the written documentation from each of the research areas at Trinity University, documentation about the current state of technology support, and a write-up of the discussion that took place in person.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Illuminating the Role of Women at the Department of Energy National Laboratories

The early contributions of female researchers such as Marie Curie and Lisa Meitner to physics—and ultimately to the Manhattan Project—have been widely recognized and documented. In addition, numerous historical accounts have revealed the significant impacts of other female scientists, engineers, and technologists during the Manhattan Project. Despite the strong role of women in the Manhattan Project, the momentum has not continued into the present day, as reflected by the current demographics of the Department of Energy (DOE) National Laboratories. Although the overall U.S. workforce is about 50% female, the workforce at the DOE National Labs is only about 30% female. The statistics for technical management and research staff at the DOE National Labs are even more dire; women make up only about 18% of these ranks in contrast to the percentages of women in computer science (25%) and physical science (39%) in the U.S. workforce. These current statistics are not the desired state for the DOE National Labs and contrast sharply with the long history of accomplishments by women at the Labs. We believe the DOE National Labs should lead the charge on diversity and inclusion (D&I) and serve as a model enterprise for bringing women into our scientific and technical workforce.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

Site Environmental Report for 2016

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL, Berkeley Lab) is a multi-program scientific facility operated by the University of California (UC) for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Berkeley Lab’s research is focused on the physical, biological, environmental, and computational sciences with the objective of delivering scientific knowledge and discoveries pertinent to DOE’s mission. This annual report describes environmental protection activities and potential impacts resulting from LBNL operations conducted in 2016. The format and content of this report satisfy the requirements of both DOE Order 231.1B Admin Chg 1, Environment, Safety, and Health Reporting, and the operating contract between UC and DOE (DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, also known as Contract 31). Activities are planned and conducted with full regard to protecting employees, the public, and the environment, as well as complying with all applicable environmental, safety, and health laws and regulations. Berkeley Lab implements an Environmental Management System (EMS) to oversee these compliance activities and improve overall environmental performance while maintaining operational capability and sustaining its overall mission. The effectiveness of the EMS and environmental programs is reviewed annually as part of the operating contract’s performance evaluation process. For fiscal year (FY) 2016, which began October 1, 2015, and ended September 30, 2016, the EMS was given a performance rating of A minus for its management of environmental activities (on a scale from A plus as the highest grade to F as the lowest). The measurement and rating system was developed jointly by Berkeley Lab, UC, and DOE. The FY 2016 rating was based on how Berkeley Lab met the objective in DOE’s FY 2017 Performance Evaluation and Measurement Plan (Appendix B in Contract 31, Section J) of providing an efficient and effective EMS. To support this rating, Berkeley Lab prepared a list of projects completed during the performance period that achieved reduced environmental impacts. The EMS was also graded through the federal Office of Management and Budget’s EMS Annual Report Data, in which elements of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14001 standard are rated and the degree of integration between the EMS and Berkeley Lab’s sustainable practices is measured. Overall scores fall into one of three categories: green (highest), yellow (middle), or red (lowest). For FY 2016, Berkeley Lab received a score of green, as described in more detail in Chapter 2. An overview of environmental protection and restoration programs is provided (Chapter 3), including information about compliance activities, operating permits, and regulatory agency inspections that occurred during 2016. Six minor violations issued during these inspections are discussed, one of which was rescinded in 2017. This report also includes information on environmental monitoring performed in 2016 (Chapter 4). The results of these monitoring activities confirmed that groundwater cleanup actions continue to show improving conditions, and all emissions and discharges from LBNL operations were within environmental compliance release limits with the exception of some stormwater discharges. While most stormwater discharges measured throughout the LBNL site fall within acceptable levels established by the state's stormwater permit, iron and aluminum exceeded permitted levels. Berkeley Lab is aggressively implementing controls to reduce iron and aluminum discharge levels. The controls include construction of asphaltic berms to restrain and filter runoff to storm drains, and installation of filtration units in storm drain basins to absorb metal contaminants. The radiological dose assessments (Chapter 5) performed in 2016 concluded that the maximum dose to a hypothetical resident from Berkeley Lab’s airborne radionuclide releases was approximately 0.12% of the DOE and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency annual limit of 10 millirem per year (mrem/year); the dose from all radiation sources at Berkeley Lab was approximately 0.1% of the average natural background radiation dose of 310 mrem/yr in the United States, and about 0.4% of the DOE annual limit of 100 mrem/yr from all sources.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Site Environmental Report for 2017

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL, Berkeley Lab) is a multi-program scientific facility operated by the University of California (UC) for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Berkeley Lab’s research is focused on the physical, biological, environmental, and computational sciences with the objective of delivering scientific knowledge and discoveries pertinent to DOE’s mission. This annual report describes environmental protection activities and potential impacts resulting from LBNL operations conducted in 2017. The format and content of this report satisfy the requirements of both DOE Order 231.1B, Administrative Change 1 (Environment, Safety, and Health Reporting) and the operating contract between UC and DOE (DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, also known as Contract 31). Activities are planned and conducted with full regard to protecting employees, the public, and the environment, as well as complying with all applicable environmental, safety, and health laws and regulations. Berkeley Lab implements an Environmental Management System (EMS) to oversee these compliance activities and continually improve overall environmental performance while maintaining operational capability and sustaining its overall mission. The effectiveness of the EMS and environmental programs is reviewed annually as part of the performance evaluation process of Contract 31. For fiscal year (FY) 2017, which began October 1, 2016, and ended September 30, 2017, the EMS was given a performance rating of B plus for its management of environmental activities (on a scale from A plus as the highest grade to F as the lowest). The measurement and rating system was developed jointly by Berkeley Lab, UC, and DOE. The FY 2017 rating was based on how Berkeley Lab met the objective in DOE’s FY 2017 Performance Evaluation and Measurement Plan (Appendix B in Contract 31, Section J) of providing an efficient and effective EMS. Six significant accomplishments, which ranged from effective teaming on projects and with regulatory agencies to improved program assessment approaches, were factors in the rating. The EMS was also graded through the federal Office of Management and Budget’s annual EMS performance metrics, in which a reporting scorecard rates elements of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14001 standard and the degree of integration between the EMS and Berkeley Lab’s sustainable practices. Overall scores fall into one of three categories: green (highest), yellow (middle), or red (lowest). For FY 2017, Berkeley Lab received a score of green, as described in more detail in Chapter 2. An overview of environmental protection and restoration programs is provided, including information about compliance activities, operating permits, and regulatory agency inspections that occurred during 2017. Thirteen minor violations issued during City of Berkeley inspections of above and underground storage tanks, treatment units, and hazardous waste storage areas are discussed in this chapter. This report also includes information on environmental monitoring performed in 2017. The results of these monitoring activities confirmed that groundwater cleanup actions continue to show improving conditions, and all emissions and discharges from LBNL operations were within environmental compliance release limits, with the exception of some stormwater discharges. Most stormwater discharges measured throughout the LBNL site fall within acceptable levels established by the state’s stormwater permit; however, iron and aluminum exceeded Numeric Action Levels. To reduce iron and aluminum discharge levels, Berkeley Lab is aggressively implementing controls such as construction of asphaltic berms and check dams to restrain and filter runoff to storm drains, and installation of filtration units in storm drain basins to collect sediment and absorb metal contaminants. The radiological dose assessments performed in 2017 concluded that the maximum potential dose to a hypothetical resident from Berkeley Lab’s airborne radionuclide releases was approximately 0.1% of the DOE and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency annual limit of 10 millirem per year (mrem/yr); the potential dose from all radiation sources at Berkeley Lab was approximately 0.06% of the average natural background radiation dose of 310 mrem/yr in the United States, and about 0.2% of the DOE annual limit of 100 mrem/yr from all sources.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Site Environmental Report for 2018

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL, Berkeley Lab) is a multi-program scientific facility operated by the University of California (UC) for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Berkeley Lab’s research is focused on the physical, biological, environmental, and computational sciences, with the objective of delivering scientific knowledge and discoveries pertinent to DOE’s mission. This annual report describes environmental protection activities and potential impacts resulting from LBNL operations conducted in 2018. The format and content of this report satisfy the requirements of both DOE Order 231.1B, Administrative Change 1 (Environment, Safety, and Health Reporting) and the operating contract between UC and DOE (DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, also known as Contract 31). LBNL activities are planned and conducted with full regard to protecting employees, the public, and the environment, as well as complying with all applicable environmental, safety, and health laws and regulations. As presented in Chapter 2, Berkeley Lab implements an Environmental Management System (EMS) to oversee environmental compliance activities and continually improve overall environmental performance while maintaining operational capability and sustaining its overall mission. The effectiveness of the EMS and environmental programs is reviewed annually as part of the performance evaluation process of Contract 31. For fiscal year (FY) 2018, which began October 1, 2017, and ended September 30, 2018, the EMS was given a performance rating of B plus for its management of environmental activities (on a scale from A plus as the highest grade, to F as the lowest). The measurement and rating system was developed jointly by Berkeley Lab, UC, and DOE. The FY 2018 rating was based on how Berkeley Lab met the objective in DOE’s FY 2018 Performance Evaluation and Measurement Plan (Appendix B in Contract 31, Section J) of providing an efficient and effective EMS. Six significant accomplishments, which ranged from effective teaming on projects and with regulatory agencies to improved program assessment approaches, were factors in the rating. The EMS was also graded through the federal Office of Management and Budget’s annual EMS performance metrics, in which a reporting scorecard rates elements of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14001 standard and the degree of integration between the EMS and Berkeley Lab’s sustainable practices. Overall scores fall into one of three categories: green (highest), yellow (middle), or red (lowest). For FY 2018, Berkeley Lab received a score of green. A week-long formal conformity audit of the EMS was conducted at the end of July by a qualified external party, as is required every three years. The audit team found that Berkeley Lab’s EMS continues to conform to the ISO standard with no major nonconformance. An overview of environmental protection and restoration programs is provided in Chapter 3, including information about compliance activities, operating permits, and regulatory agency inspections and audits that occurred during 2018. Twenty-one minor violations and two Class II violations were issued during agency inspections of programs governing aboveground and underground storage tanks, hazardous waste treatment units, hazardous waste storage areas, hazardous materials management, and wastewater, stormwater, and air emission sources. This report also includes information on environmental monitoring performed in 2018 (Chapter 4). The results of these monitoring activities confirmed that groundwater cleanup actions have been effective in reducing concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the groundwater, although concentrations appear to be reaching asymptotic levels in some areas. Site groundwater plumes are stable or are attenuating, and VOCs are not migrating off site. All emissions and discharges from LBNL operations were within environmental compliance release limits except oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide from boilers (under 5 million BTUs) from Buildings 2, 66, and 88. The radiological dose assessments (Chapter 5) performed in 2018 concluded that the maximum potential dose to a hypothetical resident from Berkeley Lab’s airborne radionuclide releases was approximately 0.04% of the DOE and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency annual limit of 10 millirem per year (mrem/yr); the potential dose from all radiation sources at Berkeley Lab was approximately 0.15% of the average natural background radiation dose of 310 mrem/yr in the United States, and about 0.5% of the DOE annual limit of 100 mrem/yr from all sources.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Mysteries of Nuclear Fusion: How can we build a star on Earth? [Slides]

This presentation given at the Women's Physics Summer Camp focuses on nuclear fusion as an alternative to fossil fuels, renewable energy sources and nuclear fission energy. The presentation explains plasma physics and how it might be used to generate power. Current attempts and potential applications are outlined. An appeal is made for people trained in mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering, computer science to solve these problems. If technical problems can be overcome, fusion technology will play a part in a clean, prosperous Earth and expand humanity’s reach to the stars.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Transfer Learning using Denoising Auto-Encoders for Cellular-Level Annotation of Tumor in Pathology Slides

Adversarial examples can produce altered classifications using only seemingly innocuous, imperceptible perturbations to the original image. The imperceptibility of adversarial perturbations suggests that the corresponding classifiers use decision criteria different than those of a human. In a medical setting, inexplicable decision criteria confound a pathologist’s willingness to trust machine-generated annotations. Here, we analyze denoising tumor detection models to see if they are robust to imperceptible adversarial perturbations. Moreover, to be more fully trusted by pathologists, we require tumor detectors that generate interpretable annotations which segment pathology slides into tumorous and normal regions at the cellular level. We therefore compare transfer learning based on two different autoencoder architectures, one derived from a deep denoising bottleneck autoencoder and one from an over-complete sparse autoencoder. Both autoencoders were first trained in an unsupervised manner on a set of pathology slides drawn from the Camelyon16 dataset. The latent representations produced by each autoencoder were then passed to separate neural networks that were trained in a supervised manner on binary tumor-normal masks generated by pathologists at cellular resolution. Both tumor detectors supported better than 90% AUC PR as measured by the area under the precision/recall curve on a held-out pathology slide. To assess the underlying decision criteria used by both tumor detectors, we constructed imperceptible adversarial examples which reduced the AUC PR of both models to less than 70%. Random noise of the same amplitude had almost no effect on the AUC PR of either model. Additionally, each tumor detector was resistant to adversarial “transfer” attacks targeting the other. The adversarial perturbations showed strong characteristic differences: the deep denoising models perturbations were a very diffuse, seemingly unrecognizable pattern while the sparse coding models perturbations showed traces of tissue cells.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

2021 Site Environmental Report (SER) for the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL, Berkeley Lab) is a multiprogram scientific facility operated by the University of California (UC) for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Berkeley Lab’s research is focused on the physical, biological, environmental, and computational sciences, with the objective of delivering scientific knowledge and discoveries pertinent to DOE’s mission. This annual report describes environmental protection activities and potential impacts resulting from operations conducted in calendar year 2021, unless otherwise indicated. The format and content of this report satisfy the requirements of both DOE Order 231.1B, Administrative Change 1 (Environment, Safety, and Health Reporting) (DOE, 2012) and the operating contract between UC and DOE (DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, also known as Contract 31).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

A Look At Topics and Topic Clusters for DOE Laboratories, 1996 - 2021 [Slides]

Beginning in 2018, Elsevier through its Scopus database introduced topics to further refine its classification of publications: Previous classification schemes used concepts such as subject areas, e.g., physics and astronomy, chemistry, computer science, etc.; Topics, in contrast, are much more granular. There are over 96,000 and their titles/contents are very specific, e.g., “Multilayers; Interfaces (materials); Individual layer." Elsevier topic clusters or Clarivate citation topics represent good approaches to examining an institution’s scientific productivity areas. These approaches have the granularity that is not present in the previous categorization approaches used by these databases. The Elsevier topic clusters for the DOE Laboratories do not appear to vary that much over the 1996 – 2021 period. In some cases (ANL, LBNL, LANL, ORNL, and PNNL), there were over 1000 topic clusters at these Laboratories, but a consistent set formed the core of the publication activity. Diversity is viewed as a desirable property of a research portfolio. Examining the balance component of the DOE laboratories, the spread is uneven or not diverse. This may be due to the missions of these laboratories. The balance of a single university was unequal too.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗

Tools for Water Ingress Testing

The Safety Storage and Engineering Team, as part of the Production Support Services division (PSS-2), is tasked with ensuring the safety of containers used for handling and storage of nuclear materials. As part of this work, water ingress tests are conducted to evaluate the water-tightness of containers intended for in-glovebox use. In collaboration, the statistics group of the Computer and Computational Sciences Division (CCS-6) provided support in developing a statistically defensible approach for determining appropriate sample sizes for water ingress testing. Water ingress testing involves multiple measurements on multiple containers. Our approach uses a simple random effects model to analyze a pilot data set, implementing prediction limits to evaluate the efficacy of collecting additional data. Although this study capitalizes on available data, our approach can be used with estimates of the ratio of between and within variability and average values, often available from past testing or expert knowledge. An interactive Shiny tool was developed as a final user-friendly product for future testing. The Shiny interface is an open-source package providing a framework for building web applications. Raw data exploration and prediction interval-based sample size assessments can quickly be conducted by the engineering team without needing to interact with the underlying code.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Sandia Wind Energy Program - FY23 Accomplishments

This report summarizes Fiscal Year 2023 accomplishments from Sandia National Laboratories Wind Energy Program. The portfolio consists of funding provided by the DOE EERE Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO), Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO), the Sandia Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program, and private industry. These accomplishments were made possible through capabilities investments by WETO, internal Sandia investment, and partnerships between Sandia and other national laboratories, universities, and research institutions around the world. Sandia’s Wind Energy Program is primarily built around core capabilities as expressed in the strategic plan thrust areas, with 29 staff members in the Wind Energy Design and Experimentation department and the Wind Energy Computational Sciences department leading and supporting R&D at the time of this report. Staff from other departments at Sandia support the program by leveraging Sandia’s unique capabilities in other disciplines.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

Sandia Wind Energy Program: FY22 Accomplishments

This report summarizes Fiscal Year 2022 accomplishments from Sandia National Laboratories Wind Energy Program. The portfolio consists of funding provided by the DOE EERE Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO), Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO), and the Sandia Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program. These accomplishments were made possible through capabilities investments by WETO, internal Sandia investment, and partnerships between Sandia and other national laboratories, universities, and research institutions around the world. Sandia’s Wind Energy Program is primarily built around core capabilities as expressed in the strategic plan thrust areas, with 29 staff members in the Wind Energy Design and Experimentation department and the Wind Energy Computational Sciences department leading and supporting R&D at the time of this report. Staff from other departments at Sandia support the program by leveraging Sandia’s unique capabilities in other disciplines.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

FAIR Framework for Physics-Inspired AI in High Energy Physics (Final Technical Report)

The main deliverable of this proposal was to publish data from high energy physics experiments in a FAIR format so that non-specialists could develop machine learning technologies using our data. The Minnesota team of Profs. Cushman, Furmanski and Rusack, from the high energy experiments CDMS, Micro-Boone and CMS, respectively, and Prof J. Sun from Computer Science worked to organize the data, to provide code to access the data, and where relevant provide documentation describing the data. The FAIR4HEP collaboration was formed with groups from UC San Diego, MIT, and the University of Illinois, with the principal investigator was Dr. Huerta. Collectively we collaborated on the publication of datasets from the LHC experiments. Members of the Minnesota group contributed to the common papers published by the collaboration

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Towards Exascale Astrophysics of Mergers and Supernovae (TEAMS)

The TEAMS project brought together cutting-edge simulations, theoretical insights, and collaborative efforts to deepen our understanding of some of the universe’s most extreme phenomena—supernovae, neutron star mergers, and the powerful signals they emit. Using one of the largest suites of 3D supernova simulations ever conducted, researchers uncovered new insights into how massive stars explode, how those explosions vary by stellar mass, and what conditions lead to the birth of neutron stars or black holes. They also studied the radiation and gravitational wave signals emitted during these events, revealing how future observations can be used to uncover what happens deep inside collapsing stars. The team developed improved tools for modeling how light and neutrinos behave in such explosive environments, enabling more accurate predictions of what astronomers might observe. Work also explored how the chemical composition and geometry of kilonovae—the visible explosions that follow neutron star mergers—influence their signals and can reveal the origins of heavy elements like gold. These efforts not only advanced scientific knowledge, but also trained a new generation of researchers at the intersection of astrophysics, computational science, and nuclear theory.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Cooperative Education

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is a multidisciplinary national laboratory that conducts research and development in national security, engineering, materials science, computational modeling, and advanced manufacturing. The laboratory develops innovative technologies to address complex scientific and engineering challenges. This project focuses on the development and evaluation of high-performance absorbing structures through computational design, simulation, and engineering analysis. Absorbing structures are used in applications where damage mitigation, structural protection, and material efficiency are critical performance requirements. The increasing demand for lightweight, high-strength, and highly efficient structural systems has created a need for improved design methodologies capable of maximizing absorption while minimizing weight and material usage. The project utilizes advanced engineering software, including 3D CAD software and FEA, to generate and optimize structural concepts. Computational simulations are performed to evaluate structural behavior under loading conditions, while mathematical analyses are conducted using Python-based tools as well as established analytical equations from material and structural mechanics. The project benefits LANL by supporting the development of advanced design methodologies and improving the understanding of material and structural performance. During the internship term, a significant portion of the design development, simulation, and data analysis activities will be completed. Success of the project depends on collaboration among engineering mentors and technical staff members. Work will be conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory using laboratory computing resources and engineering software.

42 ENGINEERING↗