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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 541 records · Page 30
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Atomic Evolution of Hydrogen Intercalation Wave Dynamics in Palladium Nanocrystals Revealed by Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy

Solute-intercalation-induced phase separation creates spatial heterogeneities in host materials, a phenomenon ubiquitous in batteries, hydrogen storage, and other energy devices. Despite many efforts, probing intercalation processes at the atomic scale has been a significant challenge. By utilizing liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we study hydrogen (de)intercalation in palladium nanocrystals as a model system and have achieved unprecedented atomic-resolution imaging of hydrogen intercalation wave dynamics. Our observations reveal that intercalation wave mechanisms, instead of shrinking-core mechanisms, prevail at ambient temperature for palladium nanocubes ranging from ∼60 nm down to ∼10 nm. Systematic image analysis uncovers the atomic evolution of the hydrogen intercalation wave, transitioning from nonplanar and inclined boundaries to those closely aligned with {100} planes. Our kinetic Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the observed intercalation wave dynamics correspond to sorption pathways minimizing the lattice mismatch strain at the phase boundary. In conclusion, unveiling the atomic intercalation pathways holds profound implications for engineering intercalation-mediated devices and advancements in energy sciences.

Lee, Daewon [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2023

Energy conversion and storage via photoinduced polarization change in non-ferroelectric molecular [CoGa] crystals

To alleviate the energy and environmental crisis, in the last decades, energy harvesting by utilizing optical control has emerged as a promising solution. Here we report a polar crystal that exhibits photoenergy conversion and energy storage upon light irradiation. The polar crystal consists of dinuclear [CoGa] molecules, which are oriented in a uniform direction inside the crystal lattice. Irradiation with green light induces a directional intramolecular electron transfer from the ligand to a low-spin Co III centre, and the resultant light-induced high-spin Co II excited state is trapped at low temperature, realizing energy storage. Additionally, electric current release is observed during relaxation from the trapped light-induced metastable state to the ground state, because the intramolecular electron transfer in the relaxation process is accompanied with macroscopic polarization switching at the single-crystal level. It demonstrates that energy storage and conversion to electrical energy is realized in the [CoGa] crystals, which is different from typical polar pyroelectric compounds that exhibit the conversion of thermal energy into electricity.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Effect of Surface Ionic Screening on Polarization Reversal and Phase Diagrams in Thin Antiferroelectric Films for Information and Energy Storage

Emergent behaviors in antiferroelectric thin films due to a coupling between surface electrochemistry and intrinsic polar instabilities are explored within the framework of the modified 2-4-6 Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire (LGD) thermodynamic approach. By using phenomenological parameters of the LGD potential for a bulk antiferroelectric and a Stephenson-Highland (SH) approach, we study the role of surface ions with a charge density proportional to the relative partial oxygen pressure on the dipole states and their reversal mechanisms in antiferroelectric thin films. The combined LGDSH approach allows the boundaries of antiferroelectric, ferroelectriclike antiferroionic, and electretlike paraelectric states as a function of temperature, oxygen pressure, surface-ion formation energy and concentration, and film thickness to be delineated. This approach also allows the characterization of the polar and antipolar orderings dependence on the voltage applied to the antiferroelectric film, as well as the analysis of their static and dynamic hysteresis loops. Furthermore, the applications of the antiferroelectric films covered with a surface-ion layer for energy and information storage are explored and discussed.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Fabrication and Testing of 18-mm-Period, 0.5-m-Long Nb 3 Sn Superconducting Undulator

The Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory, in collaboration with FNAL and LBNL, is developing a Nb 3 Sn superconducting undulator with the goal of installing this device on the APS storage ring and providing APS users with the novel radiation source. A series of short, similar to ~ 8-cm-long, 18-mm-period undulator prototype magnets have been designed, fabricated, and tested. The same design was scaled to fabricate a 0.5-m-long undulator prototype. Tests of this prototype showed that the designed peak magnetic field of 1.2 T at 850 A was successfully achieved. It represents at least a 20% improvement in comparison with a NbTi SCU having the same period and magnetic gap. Test results and lessons learned from the design process are reported here.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Phase transformation and electrochemical charge storage properties of vanadium oxide/carbon composite electrodes synthesized via integration with dopamine

Abstract Chemically preintercalated dopamine (DOPA) molecules were used as both a reducing agent and a carbon precursor to prepare δ‐V 2 O 5 · n H 2 O/C, H 2 V 3 O 8 /C, VO 2 (B)/C, and V 2 O 3 /C nanocomposites via hydrothermal treatment or hydrothermal treatment followed by annealing under Ar flow. We found that the phase composition and morphology of the produced composites are influenced by the DOPA:V 2 O 5 ratio used to synthesize (DOPA) x V 2 O 5 precursors through DOPA diffusion into the interlayer region of the δ‐V 2 O 5 · n H 2 O framework. The increase of DOPA concentration in the reaction mixture led to a more pronounced reduction of vanadium and a higher fraction of carbon in the composites’ structure, as evidenced by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The electrochemical charge storage properties of the synthesized nanocomposites were evaluated in Li‐ion cells with nonaqueous electrolytes. δ‐V 2 O 5 · n H 2 O/C, H 2 V 3 O 8 /C, VO 2 (B)/C, and V 2 O 3 /C electrodes delivered high initial capacities of 214, 252, 279, and 637 mAh g –1 , respectively. The insights provided by this investigation open up the possibility of creating new nanocomposite oxide/carbon electrodes for a variety of applications, such as energy storage, sensing, and electrochromic devices.

Materials Science↗
DOE OSTI2023

Characterization of Cycle-Aged Commercial NMC and NCA Lithium-ion Cells: I. Temperature-Dependent Degradation

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in applications from consumer electronic devices to stationary energy storage. Appropriate management of batteries is challenging due to limited data on their performance and materials degradation. Previous studies have focused on characterization of single cells under specific operating conditions. In the present work, commercial 18650 lithium-ion cells with LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O 2 (NMC) and LiNi x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 (NCA) positive electrodes were characterized by a wide range of electrochemical and materials techniques after cycling at 15, 25, or 35 °C to ∼80% capacity. The NCA cells exhibit weak temperature dependence in their cycle aging and materials degradation. The NMC cells exhibited increased capacity fade and materials degradation as ambient temperature decreased. All cells exhibited loss of lithium inventory as their primary degradation mode. However, the NCA cells only showed evidence of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth whereas the NMC cells showed signs of Li plating at 15 °C, transitioning to SEI growth at 35 °C. The NMC cells displayed signs of loss of active material at the positive electrode at lower temperatures, suggesting that Li plating is correlated to additional processes that increase the rate of degradation. These results highlight the importance of avoiding broad generalizations about Li-ion battery temperature dependence.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Recent progress in realizing novel one-dimensional polymorphs via nanotube encapsulation

Encapsulation of various materials inside nanotubes has emerged as an effective method in nanotechnology that facilitates the formation of novel one-dimensional (1D) structures and enhances their functionality. Because of the effects of geometrical confinement and electronic interactions with host nanotubes, encapsulated materials often exhibit low-dimensional polymorphic structures that differ from their bulk forms. These polymorphs exhibit unique properties, including altered electrical, optical, and magnetic behaviors, making them promising candidates for applications in electronics, energy storage, spintronics, and quantum devices. This review explores recent advancements in the encapsulation of a wide range of materials such as organic molecules, elemental substances, metal halides, metal chalcogenides, and other complex compounds. In particular, we focus on novel polymorphs formed through the geometrical confinement effect within the nanotubes. The atomic structure, other key properties, and potential applications of these encapsulated materials are discussed, highlighting the impact of nanotube encapsulation on their functionalities.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Adoption Pathways for DC Power Distribution in Buildings

Driven by the proliferation of DC energy sources and DC end-use devices (e.g., photovoltaics, battery storage, solid-state lighting, and consumer electronics), DC power distribution in buildings has recently emerged as a path to improved efficiency, resilience, and cost savings in the transitioning building sector. Despite these important benefits, there are several technological and market barriers impeding the development of DC distribution, which have kept this technology at the demonstration phase. This paper identifies specific end-use cases for which DC distribution in buildings is viable today. We evaluate their technology and market readiness, as well as their efficiency, cost, and resiliency benefits while addressing implementation barriers. The paper starts with a technology review, followed by a comprehensive market assessment, in which we analyze DC distribution field deployments and their end-use characteristics. We also conduct a survey of DC power and building professionals through on-site visits and phone interviews and summarize lessons learned and recommendations. In addition, the paper includes a novel efficiency analysis, in which we quantify energy savings from DC distribution for different end-use categories. Based on our findings, we present specific adoption pathways for DC in buildings that can be implemented today, and for each pathway we identify challenges and offer recommendations for the research and building community.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Biomass-Derived Polymeric Binders in Silicon Anodes for Battery Energy Storage Applications

The demand for portable electronic devices has increased rapidly during the past decade, and has driven a concordant growth in battery production. Since their development as a commercial energy storage solution in the 1990s, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted significant attention in both science and industry due to their long cycle life, high energy density, low self-discharge rate, and high working voltage. Production of LIBs requires large amounts of a polymeric binder – commonly polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) – for processing and performance purposes. However, since this material is petrochemically-derived, it is far from “green” or sustainable. On the other hand, polymers and their building blocks are found widely throughout nature and can be renewably sourced from biomass at low cost; therefore, replacing PVDF with biomass-derived binders is a promising approach to reduce the environmental footprint of LIBs. Additionally, polymer binders play a critical role in next-generation battery performance. For instance, silicon (Si) is a promising high-capacity anode material for LIBs because of its high theoretical capacity (4200 mA h g –1 ), low working potential, and high abundance in Earth's crust. However, its huge volume change during charge/discharge tends to result in a shortened cycle life, since conventional binders interact only weakly with silicon's native surface and cannot maintain long-term integrity of the electrode. Naturally derived polymers have found better success in this role due to their high structural advantages. In this review, we summarize recent developments in silicon anode binders derived from various biomass sources, with a focus on polymer properties and their effect on battery performance. Further, we propose various perspectives based on our own assessment of these works, and provide a brief commentary on the future outlook of the field.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

A bi-functional ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 films: Energy storage properties and ferroelectric photovoltaic effects

Highlights: • PZT films by sol-gel method exhibited a higher energy densities (∼11.2 J/cm{sup 3}) and energy conversion efficiency (∼68%). • Pt/PZT/Pt devices showed the higher open circuit voltage (V{sub oc} ∼1 V), larger short circuit current (J{sub sc} ∼0.1 mA/cm{sup 2}). • Pt/PZT/Pt devices might improve the properties of energy storage and photovoltage in ferroelectric films. - Abstract: In this work, we reported a bi-functional ferroelectric Pb(Zr{sub 0.52}Ti{sub 0.48})O{sub 3} (PZT) films which show energy storage properties and photovoltaic effects. The PZT films were crystallized into pure pseudo-cubic structure with the (001) preferred orientation. The polarization characterizations revealed a large recoverable energy storage density (∼11.2 J/cm{sup 3}) and a high energy conversion efficiency (∼68%) with good thermal stability (25 °C–100 °C) and fast response (>10 Hz). Meanwhile, the Pt/PZT/Pt capacitor presented a significant photovoltaic effect. The open circuit voltage and the short circuit current were -0.92 V and 139 μA/cm{sup 2} at original state, respectively, while they were slightly increased to -1.01 V and 155 μA/cm{sup 2} in polarization-up state, and slightly decreased to -0.77 V and 90 μA/cm{sup 2} in polarization-down state. The maximum power conversion efficiency was enhanced one order of magnitude than that of polycrystalline PZT film reported elsewhere. Our study opens up a pathway toward developing bi-functional ferroelectric devices with simultaneously high energy storage density and high photovoltaic performance.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Comparing the economic performance of ice storage and batteries for buildings with on-site PV through model predictive control and optimal sizing

Integrating renewable energy and energy storage systems provides a way of operating the electrical grid system more energy efficiently and stably. Thermal storage and batteries are the most common devices for integration. However, it is not clear which integrated storage system performs better in terms of overall economics. Ice storage has low initial and maintenance costs, but there is an efficiency penalty for charging of storage and it can only shift electrical loads associated with building cooling requirements. A battery's round-trip efficiency, on the contrary, is quite consistent and batteries can be used to shift both HVAC and non-HVAC loads. However, batteries have greater initial costs and a shorter life. Finally, this research presents a tool, using model predictive control and optimal sizing, and provides a case study for comparing life-cycle economics of battery and ice storage systems for commercial buildings that have chillers for cooling and an on-site photovoltaic system.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

Oxidation‐Driven Enhancement of Intrinsic Properties in MXene Electrodes for High‐Performance Flexible Energy Storage

Abstract MXenes, a novel class of 2D materials, exhibit great potential for energy storage due to their unique layered structure and excellent electrical conductivity. However, improving the intrinsic electrochemical storage capacity of MXenes remains a significant challenge, often requiring the incorporation of other Faradaic materials. Oxidation, in particular, poses a key issue that impacts the capacity of MXene devices. In this study, controlled oxidation is employed to create nanoscale holes within MXene, transforming them into holey MXene (H‐MXene) nanosheets. These porous structures shorten ion transport distances and increase ion transport pathways, thereby significantly enhancing the electrochemical storage capacity of MXenes. The resulting H‐MXene micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) demonstrate exceptional performance, achieving an aerial capacitance 2.5 times that of unmodified MXene electrodes, along with excellent cycling stability, retaining 91.7% of their capacitance after 10 000 cycles. Additionally, a flexible integrated system combining energy storage and sensing functionalities is developed, showcasing its scalability in self‐powered sensing applications. The incorporation of self‐healing polyurethane (PU) enables the device to retain 90% of its storage capacity after undergoing self‐healing. This study presents a novel approach for developing high‐performance MXene‐based energy storage devices and provides valuable insights into efficient ion transport and storage in 2D materials.

Cheng, Yongfa [Department of Materials Science and↗
DOE OSTI2022

Software defined grid energy storage

Today, consumer battery installations are isolated, physical devices. Virtual power plants (VPPs) allow consumer devices to aggregate for grid services, but they are are vertically integrated, vendor controlled systems (e.g., Tesla’s VPP). Consumer batteries are therefore unable to participate in energy markets or other grid services outside what their vendor provides. We describe a software system that provides software control of multiple, networked battery energy storage systems in the electric grid. The system introduces two new ideas that enable flexible and dependable management of energy storage. The first is a virtual battery, which can either partition a battery or aggregate multiple batteries. The second is a reservation-based API which allows asynchronous control of batteries to meet contractual guarantees in a safe and dependable manner. Virtual batteries and a reservation-based API address the unique challenges of achieving high and efficient utilization of energy storage systems, including heterogeneity of battery systems such as varying C-rates, participation in energy markets, utility bill management systems, community resource sharing, and reliability. Using a testbed comprised of sonnen Inc. storage units installed in several homes and a lab, we demonstrate that virtualized batteries can seamlessly replace physical batteries, flexibly manage energy storage resources, isolate multiple clients using a shared battery, and create new energy storage applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Deep Reinforcement Learning for Distribution System Operations: A Tutorial and Survey

Here, the rapid evolution of modern electric power distribution systems into complex networks of interconnected active devices, distributed generation (DG), and storage poses increasing difficulties for system operators. The large-scale integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and the rapid exchange of measurement data via communication networks present major opportunities for advancing grid operations but also introduce greater uncertainty, higher data dimensionality, more complex network and device models, and challenging control and optimization problems. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms are promising in addressing these challenges. However, they have not been effectively adapted for power systems applications, requiring extensive customization for implementation and evaluation. This has resulted in reproducibility challenges and a steep learning curve for researchers new to applying DRL algorithms to the power systems domain. To bridge these gaps, this tutorial aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers interested in exploring learning-based algorithms to operate active power distribution networks. Specifically, this work presents a generalized process for translating sequential decision-making problems in power distribution systems into Markov decision process (MDP) formulations, illustrated through concrete grid service examples. Additionally, we introduce a simple environment design strategy to develop and evaluate example DRL algorithms for distribution system applications, complete with an included code repository to guide users through environment construction.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Grid-Scale Battery Storage: Frequently Asked Questions

As costs continue to decline, jurisdictions are seeking to deploy increasing levels of utility-scale battery energy storage. This Greening the Grid document provides system planners and regulators with fundamental information about battery energy storage including which services these devices are capable of, how these devices interact with renewable energy and what barriers exist to their broader deployment.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Magnetic Field Optimization of an In-Vacuum Undulator at NSLS-II Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

A 3.0 m long In-Vacuum Undulator (IVU) is employed at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) for the Hard X-ray Nanoprobe (HXN) beamline providing structural and X-ray fluorescence imaging with world-leading spatial resolution. On July 1 st 2018 a gearbox shaft in the gap drive train assembly sheared due to corrosion fatigue caused by stress due to mechanical misalignment. Furthermore, the device was extracted from the storage ring and measured. The magnetic field measurements detected a degradation of the magnetic performance as well as a localized demagnetization of the magnetic modules of the first 3 upstream periods. We describe here the mechanical repairs and the magnetic phase shimming optimization implemented to restore the spectral performance of the device.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Repair and Retuning of 3-m long In-Vacuum Undulator at NSLS-II

A 3.0 m long In-Vacuum Undulator (IVU) is employed at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) for the Hard X-ray Nanoprobe (HXN) beamline providing structural and X-ray fluorescence imaging with world-leading spatial resolution. On July 1st 2018 a gearbox shaft in the gap drive train assembly sheared due to corrosion fatigue caused by stress due to mechanical misalignment. The device was extracted from the storage ring and measured. The magnetic field measurements detected a degradation of the magnetic performance as well as a localized demagnetization of the magnetic modules of the first 3 upstream periods. This paper describes the mechanical repairs and the magnetic phase shimming optimization implemented to restore the spectral performance of the device.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Decoupling Proton and Cation Contributions to Capacitive Charge Storage in Birnessite in Aqueous Electrolytes

Abstract Nanostructured birnessite is of interest as an electrode material for aqueous high power electrochemical energy storage as well as desalination devices. In neutral pH aqueous electrolytes, birnessite exhibits a capacitive response attributed to the adsorption of cations and protons at the outer surface and within the hydrated interlayer. Here, we utilize the understanding of proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) in buffered electrolytes to decouple the role of protons and cations in the capacitive charge storage mechanism of birnessite at neutral pH. We find that without buffer, birnessite exhibits primarily potential‐independent (capacitive) behavior with excellent cycling stability. Upon the addition of buffer, the capacity initially increases and the cyclic voltammograms become more potential‐dependent, features attributed to the presence of PCET with the birnessite. However, long‐term cycling in the buffered electrolyte leads to significant capacity fade and dissolution, which is corroborated through ex situ characterization. ReaxFF atomistic scale simulations support the observations that proton adsorption leads to birnessite degradation and that capacitive charge storage in birnessite is primarily attributed to cation adsorption at the outer surface and within the interlayer.

Saeed, Saeed↗