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Properties of double-layered Ga-doped Al-zinc-oxide/titanium-doped indium-tin-oxide thin films prepared by dc magnetron sputtering applied for Si-based thin film solar cells
In this article, Ga-doped Al-zinc-oxide (GAZO)/titanium-doped indium-tin-oxide (ITIO) bi-layer films were deposited onto glass substrates by direct current (dc) magnetron sputtering. The bottom ITIO film, with a thickness of 200 nm, was sputtered onto the glass substrate. The ITIO film was post-annealed at 350 deg. C for 10-120 min as a seed layer. The effect of post-annealing conditions on the morphologies, electrical, and optical properties of ITIO films was investigated. A GAZO layer with a thickness of 1200 nm was continuously sputtered onto the ITIO bottom layer. The results show that the properties of the GAZO/ITIO films were strongly dependent on the post-annealed conditions. The spectral haze (T{sub diffuse}/T{sub total}) of the GAZO/ITIO bi-layer films increases upon increasing the post-annealing time. The haze and resistivity of the GAZO/ITIO bi-layer films were improved with the post-annealed process. After optimizing the deposition and annealing parameters, the GAZO/ITIO bi-layer film has an average transmittance of 83.20% at the 400-800 nm wavelengths, a maximum haze of 16%, and the lowest resistivity of 1.04 x 10{sup -3}{Omega} cm. Finally, the GAZO/ITIO bi-layer films, as a front electrode for silicon-based thin film solar cells, obtained a maximum efficiency of 7.10%. These encouraging experimental results have potential applications in GAZO/ITIO bi-layer film deposition by in-line sputtering without the wet-etching process and enable the production of highly efficient, low-cost thin film solar cells.
One-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals with magnetooptical double layers
One-dimensional magnetophotonic microcavity crystals with nongarnet dielectric mirrors are created and investigated. The defect layers in the magnetophotonic crystals are represented by two bismuth-substituted yttrium iron garnet Bi:YIG layers with various bismuth contents in order to achieve a high magnetooptical response of the crystals. The parameters of the magnetophotonic crystal layers are optimized by numerical solution of the Maxwell equations by the transfer matrix method to achieve high values of Faraday rotation angle Θ{sub F} and magnetooptical Q factor. The calculated and experimental data agree well with each other. The maximum values of Θ{sub F} =–20.6°, Q = 8.1° at a gain t = 16 are obtained for magnetophotonic crystals with m = 7 pairs of layers in Bragg mirrors, and the parameters obtained for crystals with m = 4 and t = 8.5 are Θ{sub F} =–12.5° and Q = 14.3°. It is shown that, together with all-garnet and multimicrocavities magnetophotonic crystals, such structures have high magnetooptical characteristics.
Use of double-layer ITO films in reflective contacts for blue and near-UV LEDs
The structural and optical properties of multilayer ITO/SiO{sub 2}/Ag composites are studied. In these composites, the ITO (indium-tin oxide) layer is produced by two different methods: electron-beam evaporation and a combined method including electron-beam evaporation and subsequent magnetron sputtering. It is shown that the reflectance of the composite based on the ITO film produced by electron-beam evaporation is substantially lower. This can be attributed to the strong absorption of light at both boundaries of the SiO{sub 2} layer, which results from the complex surface profile of ITO films deposited by electron-beam evaporation. Samples with a film deposited by the combined method have a reflectance of about 90% at normal light incidence, which, combined with their higher electrical conductivity, makes these samples advantageous for use as reflective contacts to the p-type region of AlInGaN light-emitting diodes of the flip-chip design.
Simulations of Double Layer Formation: Institutional Computing 2016
Simulations for the 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) cases cited are presented.
4.3.1.1 TCF: Recovery of Lithium from Geothermal Brine with Lithium-Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide Chloride Sorbents
Lithium has gained importance as a near-critical element for various energy storage applications, and efforts are ongoing to develop simple and cost-effective methods for lithium recovery. For instance, in a typical 50 MW geothermal power plant in the Salton Sea, United States, approximately 15,000 metric tons of Li 2 CO 3 or LiOH salts can be produced annually by recovering and converting LiCl from geothermal plant waste solutions. Currently, approximately 390 MW of geothermal power is generated in the Salton Sea Known Geothermal Resource Area, which corresponds to potential Li 2 CO 3 production of approximately 120,000 metric tons per year. This makes lithium recovery from geothermal brines a promising, potentially low-cost source of lithium, contributing significantly to the global supply chain.
Genetically optimized dual-wavelength all-dielectric metasurface based on double-layer epsilon-near-zero indium-tin-oxide films
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Double Layers in the Earth's Bow Shock
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Adsorption in the double layer with specific reference to thermal effects
Time and temperature effects on adsorption of benzene and ethylene by potential sweep and galanostatic transient methods
Double-layer interference in air-CdS films.
Optical thickness measurement of nonabsorbing dielectric film when it is inconvenient to apply overlay film to measure thickness by Fizeau fringe shift
Thermal emissivity and solar absorptivity of aluminum coated with double layers of aluminum oxide and silicon oxide
Thermal emissivity and solar absorptivity of Al coated with surface layers of aluminum oxide and silicon oxide, describing fabrication techniques and performance measurements
Observations of a double-layer in a hot-cathode discharge
The meniscus region of a hot cathode discharge was selected for an analysis of the nonlinear interaction of a convectively amplifying wave with a background plasma. A potential step, resulting from rectification of the wave fields is observed, and it is noted that predicted values for the step are in good agreement with empirical data. Attention is given to the determination of plasma parameters (using a Langmuir probe placed in front of the cathode) in terms of their relation to the pondermotive force.
Observation of double-layer-like structures at rocket altitudes
Two hundred and thirty large amplitude electric field pulses in a rocket flight to an apogee of 585 km over an aurora have been observed. While the limitations of the instrumentation only allow limits to be set on the characteristics of these pulses, the limits are nevertheless significant. A typical lower limit on the potential jump of the pulses is about .4 volts. Many of the pulses show structure at a frequency very close (less than 2 percent) to the proton-cyclotron frequency.
Shear deformation plate continua of large double-layered space structures
The energy equivalence to construct equivalent continua for the actual lattice structure is described. An energy equivalent continuum is defined as that which has the same amount of strain and kinetic energies stored in it as the original lattice structure when both are subjected to the same loading conditions. The equivalent continuum is characterized by its strain and kinetic energies from which the constitutive relations and the equations of motion can be derived. A simple method to model large rigid jointed lattices as continuous media with couple stresses is presented. The transition from the discrete system to the continuous medium is achieved by expanding the displacements and the rotations of the nodal points in a Taylor series about a suitable chosen origin. Basic kinematic assumptions are introduced to insure that the assumptions used in deriving the governing equations of the modeled continuum are satisfied. The number of terms retained in the Taylor series expansion will depend upon the properties to be evaluated. This implies that the kind of continuum needed to model from the discrete lattice, before the actual properties are derived was to predetermined.
Double layers in astrophysics - Highlights of the 1986 MSFC Symposium
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Advanced double layer capacitors
Work was conducted that could lead to a high energy density electrochemical capacitor, completely free of liquid electrolyte. A three-dimensional RuO sub x-ionomer composite structure has been successfully formed and appears to provide an ionomer ionic linkage throughout the composite structure. Capacitance values of approximately 0.6 F/sq cm were obtained compared with 1 F/sq cm when a liquid electrolyte is used with the same configuration.
Particle dynamics and current-free double layers in an expanding, collisionless, two-electron-population plasma
The expansion of a two-electron-population, collisionless plasma into vacuum has been examined in detail. Plasma density, plasma potential, electric field, and particle disribution functions have been measured in situ. It is demonstrated that the presence of a low-pressure (P not less than 2 x 10 to the -5th torr) background neutral gas modifies the expansion of the plasma. A new plasma source creating dense, pulsed discharge plasma with a low background pressure (P not greater than 2 x 10 to the -6th torr) has been developed to perform in situ measurements of the temporal and spatial plasma evolution during its expansion into vacuum.
One-step formation and characterization of Zn(II)-Cr(III) layered double hydroxides, Zn2Cr(OH)6X (X = Cl, 1/2SO4)
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