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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 559 records · Page 31
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Understanding (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O$_{3-δ}$ Phase Instability within SOECs Using a Combined Experimental and Atomistic Modeling Approach

Understanding the onset of degradation in the air electrode within solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs), and the subsequent impact on cell performance, is a critical step in mitigating the performance losses and stability issues of SOECs. In an effort to identify early onset degradation phenomena, SOECs were characterized as fabricated and after testing potentiostatically at 1.3 V for 1000 h at 750 °C. SOEC air electrodes composed of a 1:1 composite of La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3–δ (6428-LSCF) and Gd 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 1.95 (GDC) were studied using synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS), and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) to evaluate the changes in the air electrode structurally and chemically. These techniques show the migration of Sr species from the air electrode through pores in the GDC barrier layer, progressing to the electrolyte boundary, where it accumulates and reacts with (Zr 0.84 Y 0.16 )O 2–δ (YSZ) to form SrZrO 3 . Microscopy results are paired with atomistic simulations to better understand the relationship between the thermodynamic instability of 6428-LSCF and cell fabrication/testing conditions. First-principles calculations reveal that LSCF-6428 is not stable during cell manufacturing and testing conditions, which supports the experimental identification of secondary phases in both as-fabricated and tested cells. Together, these results demonstrate that the challenging environments encountered by SOECs during cell manufacturing and operation lead to instabilities of the target 6428-LSCF anode material and underscore the need for more durable, high-performing SOEC components.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Initial Results from the High Fluence UCSB ATR-2 Irradiation

A primary focus of the Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program (LWRSP) is the safe operation of nuclear reactors to extended lifetimes of up to 80 years. One of the primary reactor components of concern is the reactor pressure vessel (RPV), which is increasingly embrittled over time due to damage from high energy neutrons created in the reactor core. Radiation damage leads to the formation of nm-scale precipitates and solute-defect clusters, which result in an increase in the steel's ductile to brittle transition temperature. Transition temperature shifts (TTS) are used to quantify and regulate embrittlement. Extended life operation will subject some RPVs to higher neutron fluences than previously experienced by in-service vessels. Thus, robust prediction methods must be developed that ensure the safety of our nation's fleet of reactors. Current models underpredict embrittlement data from high flux test reactor irradiations at extended life fluences. It has been hypothesized that one reason for this underprediction is the formation of so-called 'Late- Blooming Phase' Mn-Ni-Si precipitates, which form and grow only at high fluence and that are currently not included in regulatory models. Recent research has demonstrated the existence of high volume fractions of intermetallic Mn-Ni-Si precipitate (MNSP) phases at high fluence and have generated significant insight into their character. However, a number of questions remain regarding MNSPs, such as: 1) what alloys are most susceptible to MNSP formation; 2) how is MNSP formation affected by flux (φ), fluence (φt) and irradiation temperature (T{sub irr}); and, 3) how to accurately predict TTS under extended life low flux service conditions? The fact that no two RPVs are exactly the same, both in terms of the steel composition and vessel service conditions, makes these questions particularly difficult to answer. Further, understanding the effect of flux differences between test reactor irradiations and in-vessel service is absolutely critical. Hence, physical models must be developed that predict TTS as a function of alloy solute content and vessel service conditions. A large-scale irradiation designed to develop and validate an extended life embrittlement prediction model was recently completed in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at the Idaho National Laboratory as part of the DOE sponsored Nuclear Scientific User Facilities. This experiment, called the UCSB ATR-2 irradiation, is a collaboration between Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL) and the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and is now primarily supported by the DOE Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program. The experiment is designed to investigate the single and combined effects of neutron φ, φt, T{sub irr} and alloy chemistry on precipitate formation, hardening and embrittlement. While postirradiation examinations (PIE) is ongoing, and is expected to take several years to complete, the first preliminary results are presented below. It should also be noted that Rolls-Royce has been a collaborator in UCSB ATR-2 from the start, and there are several other national and international institutions supporting the PIE. (authors)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Estimation of split renal function using different volumetric methods: inter- and intraindividual comparison between MRI and CT

Purpose: This study aims to determine whether contrast-enhanced (CE)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is comparable to CE-computed tomography (CT) for estimation of split renal function (SRF). For this purpose, two different kidney volumetry methods, the renal cortex volumetry (RCV) and modified ellipsoid volume (MELV), are compared for both acquisition types (CT vs. MRI) with regard to accuracy and reliability, subsequently referred to as RCV{sub CT}/RCV{sub MRI} and MELV{sub CT}/MELV{sub MRI}. Methods: This retrospective study included 29 patients (18 men and 11 women; mean age 62.8 ± 12.4 years) who underwent CE-MRI and CE-CT of the abdomen within a period of 3 months. Two independent readers (R1/R2) performed RCV and MELV in all datasets with corresponding semiautomated software tools. RCV was performed with datasets in the arterial phase and MELV in the venous phase. Statistics were calculated using one-way ANOVA, two-tailed Student’s t test, Pearson´s correlation, and Bland–Altman plots with p ≤ 0.05 being considered statistically significant. Results: In all datasets, SRF was almost identical for both volumetry methods with a mean difference of < 1%. Bland–Altman analysis comparing RCV in CT and MRI showed very good agreement for R1/R2. Interreader agreement was strong for RCV{sub CT} and good for RCV{sub MRI} (r = 0.89; r = 0.69). MELV{sub CT/MRI} interreader agreement was only moderate (r = 0.54; r = 0.50) with a high range of values. Intrareader agreement was excellent for all measurements, except MELV{sub MRI} which showed a high mean bias and range of values (RCV{sub CT}: r = 0.93, RCV{sub MRI}: r = 0.98, MELV{sub CT}: r = 0.89, MELV{sub MRI}: r = 0.54). Conclusion: Renal volumetric estimates of SRF are almost as accurate and reliable with CE-MRI as with CE-CT using RCV method. In distinction, the calculation of SRF using MELV was inferior to RCV with respect to accuracy and reliability. Thus, RCV method is recommended to estimate SRF, primarily using CT datasets. However, RCV with MRI datasets for kidney volumetry allows for comparable accuracy and reliability while sparing patients and healthy donors of unnecessary radiation exposure.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Water-Vapor-Mediated Close-Spaced Vapor Transport Growth of Epitaxial Gallium Indium Phosphide Films on Gallium Arsenide Substrates

Ga 1–x In x P is a technologically important III–V ternary semiconductor widely utilized in commercial and record-efficiency solar cells. We report the growth of Ga 1–x In x P by water-vapor-mediated close-spaced vapor transport. Because growth of III–V semiconductors in this system is controlled by diffusion of metal oxide species, we find that congruent transport from the mixed powder source requires complete annealing to form a single alloy phase. Growth from a fully alloyed source at water vapor concentrations of ~7000 ppm in H 2 at 850 °C affords smooth films with electron mobility of 1070 cm 2 V –1 s –1 and peak internal quantum efficiency of ~90% for carrier collection in a nonaqueous photoelectrochemical test cell.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Copper-containing glass ceramic with high antimicrobial efficacy

Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) and the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains are major threats to human health. Copper is well known for its high antimicrobial efficacy, including the ability to kill superbugs and the notorious ESKAPE group of pathogens. We sought a material that maintains the antimicrobial efficacy of copper while minimizing the downsides – cost, appearance and metallic properties – that limit application. Here we describe a copper-glass ceramic powder as an additive for antimicrobial surfaces; its mechanism is based on the controlled release of copper (I) ions (Cu 1+ ) from cuprite nanocrystals that form in situ in the water labile phase of the biphasic glass ceramic. Latex paints containing copper-glass ceramic powder exhibit ≥99.9% reduction in S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. aerogenes and E. Coli colony counts when evaluated by the US EPA test method for efficacy of copper-alloy surfaces as sanitizer, approaching that of benchmark metallic copper.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Efficient tandem solar cells with solution-processed perovskite on textured crystalline silicon

Stacking solar cells with decreasing band gaps to form tandems presents the possibility of overcoming the single-junction Shockley-Queisser limit in photovoltaics. The rapid development of solution-processed perovskites has brought perovskite single-junction efficiencies >20%. However, this process has yet to enable monolithic integration with industry-relevant textured crystalline silicon solar cells. We report tandems that combine solution-processed micrometer-thick perovskite top cells with fully textured silicon heterojunction bottom cells. To overcome the charge-collection challenges in micrometer-thick perovskites, we enhanced threefold the depletion width at the bases of silicon pyramids. Moreover, by anchoring a self-limiting passivant (1-butanethiol) on the perovskite surfaces, we enhanced the diffusion length and further suppressed phase segregation. These combined enhancements enabled an independently certified power conversion efficiency of 25.7% for perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. These devices exhibited negligible performance loss after a 400-hour thermal stability test at 85°C and also after 400 hours under maximum power point tracking at 40°C.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

AMORE Mo-99 Spike Test Results

As a first step to produce Mo-99 in phase 2 of the Argonne Molybdenum Research Experiment (AMORE), we are performing a series of tests in which Mo-99 and natural Mo are added to a target vessel and the target solution is processed to recover Mo. This report describes a Mo-99 spike test with pH 1 sulfuric acid that was performed with an electron beam on a depleted uranium (DU) target.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Investigation of Rare Earth Element Extraction from North Dakota Coal-Related Feedstocks (Phase 2 Final Technical Report)

There were four major goals of this project: i) identify promising lignite or lignite-related feedstocks with total rare earth element content above 300 parts per million (ppm), ii) evaluate at the lab and bench-scale the extractability of the REE from the material, iii) determine the processing required to generate REE concentrates in excess of 2 wt%, iv) evaluate the economic feasibility of the process and develop a pathway for commercialization. In the Phase 1 study, work was primarily focused upon resource evaluation and labscale extractability of the REE, with a preliminary techno-economic assessment (TEA) conducted, whereas in the Phase 2 work, the extraction process was conducted at the bench scale, a method for cost-effective generation of higher purity mixed REE concentrates (up to 65%) was developed, and a refined TEA on the bench-scale data for a 1,000 kg coal processing test was conducted.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2017

Role of Tartaric Acid in Chemical, Mechanical and Self-Healing Behaviors of a Calcium-Aluminate Cement Blend with Fly Ash F under Steam and Alkali Carbonate Environments at 270 °C

Tartaric acid (TA) changes short-term mechanical behavior and phase composition of sodium-metasilicate activated calcium-aluminate cement blend with fly ash, type F, when used as a set control additive to allow sufficient pumping time for underground well placement. The present work focuses on TA effect on self-healing properties of the blend under steam or alkali carbonate environments at 270 °C applicable to geothermal wells. Compressive strength recoveries and cracks sealing were examined to evaluate self-healing of the cement after repeated crush tests followed by two consecutive healing periods of 10 and 5 days at 270 °C. Optical and scanning electron microscopes, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform infrared and EDX measurements along with thermal gravimetric analyses were used to identify phases participating in the healing processes. Samples with 1% mass fraction of TA by weight of blend demonstrated improved strength recoveries and crack plugging properties, especially in alkali carbonate environment. This effect was attributed to silicon-rich (C,N)-A-S-H amorphous phase predominant in TA-modified samples, high-temperature stable zeolite phases along with the formation of tobermorite-type crystals in the presence of tartaric acid.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Growth of titania and tin oxide from Ti 2 SnC via rapid thermal oxidation in air for lithium-ion battery application

Herein, we report the synthesis of TiO 2 –SnO 2 –C/carbide hybrid electrode materials for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) via two different methods of controlled oxidation of layered Ti 2 SnC. The material was partially oxidized in an open-air furnace (OAF) or using a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) approach to obtain the desired TiO 2 –SnO 2 –C/carbide hybrid material; the carbide phase encompassed both residual Ti 2 SnC and TiC as a reaction product. We tested the oxidized materials as an anode in a half cell to investigate their electrochemical performance in LIBs. Analysis of the various oxidation conditions indicated the highest initial lithiation capacity of 838 mAh/g at 100 mA/g for the sample oxidized in the OAF at 700°C for 1 h. Still, the delithiation capacity dropped to 427 mAh/g and faded over cycling. Long-term cycling demonstrated that the RTA sample treated at 800°C for 30 s was the most efficient, as it demonstrated a reversible capacity of around 270 mAh/g after 150 cycles, as well as a specific capacity of about 150 mAh/g under high cycling rate (2000 mA/g). Given the materials’ promising performance, this processing method could likely be applied to many other members of the MAX family, with a wide range of energy storage applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Macro-micro multiscale modeling to assist the design of HPDC Al castings microstructure and alloys for EV super-large body structures (Phase 1)

Implementation of High Pressure Die Casting (HPDC) Aluminum (Al) body structures for high volume electrified vehicles (EV) to improve electric efficiency remains a key strategy within many original equipment manufacturer (OEM)s. In addition to high strength for safety requirements, superior Self-Piercing Riveting (SPR) performance is demanded for HPDC Al alloys to be compatible with high volume SPR joining. In this work, it is proposed to extend and validate an existing Contractor finite element multiscale macro-micro modeling approach to quantify the influence of the microstructure of HPDC alloys on the fracture strain/displacement under 3-point bend and clinch testing. The success of this work will allow to replace solution treatment stage with low energy consumption heat treatment (HT) processes, or to design new non heat treatable (NHT) HPDC Al alloys to eliminate HT requirements. Ultimately, this project will facilitate the application of HPDC Al alloys for super-large vehicle structures to significantly reduce vehicle weight, and thus improving energy efficiency. The purpose of this project is to extend and validate an existing finite element code, which is based on the Contractor developed macro-micro multi-scale modeling approach, to numerically simulate the three-point bending and clinch test and study the influences of material microstructural characteristics and phase properties on the rivetability. The macro-micro modeling approach begins with a sample scale model and identify the location, which is mostly prone to failure, the deformation history of the boundaries of that location calculated will be used to drive a microstructure-based sub-models where the material microstructure and microscale properties are considered. Using this approach, the wrap-bending failure for two Al alloys are correctly predicted for the first time. This will start with phase I effort of building a framework of macro-micro three point bending test and clinch test of Al10SiMgMn HPDC alloy in the as-cast and T7 heat treated conditions. Those results will then be validated with experimental test results. The phase II effort will involve the utilization of the knowledge learned in phase I to establish the quantitative correlation between the microstructure characteristics and the riveting performance, which will be further used to guide the optimization of HPDC Al alloy microstructure using heat treatment process to achieve sufficient rivetability to join large thin-wall HPDC alloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Development of risk mitigation guidance for sensor placement inside mechanically ventilated enclosures – Phase 1

Guidance on Sensor Placement was identified as the top research priority for hydrogen sensors at the 2018 HySafe Research Priority Workshop on hydrogen safety in the category Mitigation, Sensors, Hazard Prevention, and Risk Reduction. This paper discusses the initial steps (Phase 1) to develop such guidance for mechanically ventilated enclosures. This work was initiated as an international collaborative effort to respond to emerging market needs related to the design and deployment equipment for hydrogen infrastructure that is often installed in individual equipment cabinets or ventilated enclosures. The ultimate objective of this effort is to develop guidance for an optimal sensor placement such that, when integrated into a facility design and operation, will allow earlier detection at lower levels of incipient leaks, leading to significant hazard reduction. Reliable and consistent early warning of hydrogen leaks will allow for the risk mitigation by reducing or even eliminating the probability of escalation of small leaks into large and uncontrolled events. To address this issue, a study of a real-world mechanically ventilated enclosure containing GH2 equipment was conducted, where CFD modeling of the hydrogen dispersion (performed by AVT and UQTR, and independently by the JRC) was validated by the NREL Sensor laboratory using a Hydrogen Wide Area Monitor (HyWAM) consisting of a 10-point gas and temperature measurement analyzer. In the release test, helium was used as a hydrogen surrogate. Expansion of indoor releases to other larger facilities (including parking structures, vehicle maintenance facilities and potentially tunnels) and incorporation into QRA tools, such as HyRAM is planned for Phase 2. It is anticipated that results of this work will be used to inform national and international standards such as NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code, Canadian Hydrogen Installation Code (CHIC) and relevant ISO/TC 197 and CEN documents.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2019

Improved Ferroelectric and Ferromagnetic Properties of 1 − xBiFeO{sub 3}-xBaTiO{sub 3} Ceramics

This paper introduces the solid-phase preparation of bismuth ferrite-based multiferroic ceramics (1 − x BiFeO{sub 3}-x BaTiO{sub 3}). After the Ba and Ti doping, it can be observed from the XRD pattern that the crystal structure of the sample changes obviously. From the picture obtained from the SEM test, the grain size of the doped samples was significantly reduced. Pure BiFeO{sub 3} (BFO) showed a large leakage current, and in the leakage current test, we found that the leakage current of Ba, Ti-doped samples decreased significantly, which may be related to doping, leading to oxygen vacancy reduction. From the magnetization hysteresis loops, we can see that the ferromagnetism of the doped samples was significantly improved compared to pure BFO, because Ba, Ti doping destroys the G-type antiferromagnetic sequence of pure BFO, thereby enhancing the ferromagnetic properties.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Microstructure and fission products in the UCO kernel of an AGR-1 TRISO fuel particle after post irradiation safety testing

Tristructural isotropic (TRISO) coated particle fuel as a key fuel concept for the High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs) and a candidate accident tolerant fuel (ATF) has been currently investigated under the US-DOE Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) fuel development and qualification program. Over the past decades, extensive studies have been conducted to evaluate the fission product release, diffusion on Ag, Pd and Cd in the SiC layer and the TRISO coating system, and post-safety-test performance. However, to date, there are limited reported results on the fuel kernels’ response to irradiation with or without post irradiation high temperature annealing. To incrementally fulfill this knowledge gap extensive studies using transmission electron microscopes (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT) were conducted on a TRISO fuel particle kernel with a 19.74% 235U enrichment, irradiated to 18.63% FIMA and subsequently subjected to post-safety testing at 1600ºC for 300 hours.. Microstructure characterizations, elemental analysis, and phase identification were conducted using conventional TEM and scanning TEM (STEM) imaging, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) and atom probe tomography (APT). The following findings were made: (1) significant reconstructions and phase evolutions occurred in the irradiated and post-safety annealed fuel kernel, and its microstructure consists of two primary phases, namely a “high-Z (atomic mass)” UC phase and a “low-Z” UO phase, (2) no fission gas bubbles are identified within the fuel kernel, that can be attributed to the high temperature post safety annealing, (3) fission products Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Tc and Rh were found to preferentially segregate into UC phase or to form metallic precipitates, while the lanthanide fission products tend to stay in the solution of UO phase, (4) Pd was detected in the rod-shaped precipitates, (5) APT data reveals segregation of Te, Pd, and Ag at the UO and UC phase boundary, and (6) Pd is detected in both the UO and UC phases but with an enrichment in the former one.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Realistic operation of two residential cordwood-fired outdoor hydronic heater appliances—Part 2: Particle number and size

The use of wood as a fuel for home heating is a concern from an environmental health and safety perspective as biomass combustion appliances emit high concentrations of particulate matter. Wood burning significantly contributes to wintertime particulate matter concentrations in many states in the northern United States. Of particular concern are outdoor wood-fired hydronic heaters. These devices are concerning as they tend to have very large combustion chambers and typical use patterns can result in long periods of low output, which result in an increased particulate matter emission rate relative to high heat output operating conditions. In this study, the performance of two hydronic heaters operating under different combustion conditions, including four different heat output categories approximately corresponding to categories I–IV denoted in Environmental Protection Agency Method 28 Outdoor Wood-fired Hydronic Heaters, and during start-up and reloading events were investigated. Measurements of flue gas particulate number concentration and size for particles with aerodynamic diameters between 0.006 and 10 µm were made using a dilution sampling system. The measured particle number concentration in the flue gas was between 0.71 and 420 million particles per cubic centimeter and was dependent on fuel loading and heat output. For each hydronic heater tested, the highest average particle concentration was found at the beginning of each test during the cold-start condition. Additionally, the majority of the particles had aerodynamic diameters less than 0.100 µm (particles of this size made up between 64% and 97% of all particles) and less than 1% of all particles had aerodynamic diameters greater than 1 µm for all phases. For particles in the accumulation mode, between 0.100 and 1 µm, the mean particle diameter was dependent on fuel loading and heat output.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2017

“A System for Automatically Maintaining Pressure in a Commercial Truck Tire”

Under-inflated tires significantly reduce a vehicle’s fuel efficiency by increasing rolling resistance (drag force). The Air Maintenance Technology (“AMT”) system developed through this project replenishes lost air and maintains optimal tire cavity pressure whenever the tire is rolling in service, thus improving overall fuel economy by reducing the tire’s rolling resistance. The system consists of an inlet air filter, an air pump driven by tire deformation during rotation, and a pressure regulating device. Pressurized air in the tire cavity naturally escapes by diffusion through the tire and wheel, leaks in tire seating, and through the filler valve and its seating. As a result, tires require constant maintenance to replenish lost air. Since manual tire inflation maintenance is both labor intensive and time consuming, it is frequently overlooked or ignored. By automating the maintenance of optimal tire pressure, the tire’s contribution to the vehicle’s overall fuel economy can be maximized. The work was divided into three phases. The objectives of Phase 1, Planning and Initial Design, resulted in an effective project plan and to create a baseline design. The objectives for Phase 2, Design and Process Optimization, were: to identify finalized design for the pump, regulator and filter components; identify a process to build prototype tires; assemble prototype tires; test prototype tires and document results. The objectives of Phase 3, Design Release and Industrialization, were to finalize system tire assembly, perform release testing and industrialize the assembly process.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Recovery Act: Pilot Integrated Cellulosic Biorefinery Operations to Fuel Ethanol

DOE EE002875 Technical Report Public Release. The objective was to leverage ICM’s pre-existing corn to ethanol pilot plant to build and to commission a fully functional pilot integrated cellulosic biorefinery. ICM’s Integrated Biorefinery (IBR) project was designed to achieve four major objectives. These primary goals were achieved during the performance period from December 2009 – August 2015. The design and construction phase took place from December 2009 until August 2011, with an increase in budget of nearly 4 million dollars. This increased cost was offset by operational changes, so the amount spent for the overall project increased by less than $500,000. There were three 1,000-hour performance test conducted, which produced cellulosic feedstock.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗