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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 559 records · Page 31
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NASA NTRS1974

U-Th-Pb systematics of some Apollo 17 lunar samples and implications for a lunar basin excavation chronology

U, Th, and Pb concentrations and lead isotopic compositions of selected Apollo 17 soil and rock samples are presented. Concordia treatments of U-Pb whole samples of Apollo 17 mare basalts and highland rocks probably reflect several early thermal events about 4.5 b.y. old more consistently than do U-Pb ages of samples collected at other lunar sites. We propose that all lunar U-Th-Pb data reflect a multistate U-Pb evolution history most easily understood as being related to a complex planetesimal bombardment history of the moon which apparently dominated lunar events from about 4.5 to about 3.9 b.y. ago. Semi-distinct events at about 4.0, about 4.2, and 4.4-4.5 b.y. are evident on whole-rock frequency versus Pb-207/Pb-206 age histograms. Each of these events may reflect multiple cratering episodes. For mare basalts, complete resetting of the source rock U-Pb systems owing to Pb loss relative to U was apparently often approached after a major planetesimal impact.

Nunes, P. D.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Origin and evolution of the lunar regolith; Proceedings of the Symposium, Houston, Tex., November 13-15, 1974

The papers consider the origin and evolution of the lunar regolith utilizing data obtained during American and Soviet manned and unmanned lunar missions as well as surface and orbital observations, photography, sample collections, and experimental studies. Topics include the transport and emplacement of crater and basin deposits, development of the mare regolith, the shallow lunar structure as determined from the passive seismic experiment, horizontal transport of the regolith, the origin of the exotic component and KREEP-rich materials, the influx of interplanetary materials onto the moon, stratification in the lunar regolith, catastrophic rupture of lunar rocks, cosmic-ray exposure ages of surface features, breccia formation by sintering and crystallization, evolution of the lunar soil, and effects of maturation on the reflectance of the regolith. Individual items are announced in this issue.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1975

Studies on the toxic elements and organic degradation products in aquatic bodies and sediments around Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Haulover Canal and Mosquito Lagoon

The work during the first year ending September, 1975, is reported. Indian River, Haulover Canal, Mosquito Lagoon, and other aquatic areas of discharge around Kennedy Space Center (KSC) were studied. The presentation and interpretation of data on water and sediment samples collected from Haulover Canal and Mosquito Lagoon are included. The field and laboratory data are presented and tentative conclusions were drawn in the various aspects of the study. An attempt was made to correlate the physical, chemical, and biological parameters.

Ghuman, G. S.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Application of LANDSAT to the surveillance and control of lake eutrophication in the Great Lakes basin

The author has identified the following significant results. Computer techniques were developed for mapping water quality parameters from LANDSAT data, using surface samples collected in an ongoing survey of water quality in Saginaw Bay. Chemical and biological parameters were measured on 31 July 1975 at 16 bay stations in concert with the LANDSAT overflight. Application of stepwise linear regression bands to nine of these parameters and corresponding LANDSAT measurements for bands 4 and 5 only resulted in regression correlation coefficients that varied from 0.94 for temperature to 0.73 for Secchi depth. Regression equations expressed with the pair of bands 4 and 5, rather than the ratio band 4/band 5, provided higher correlation coefficients for all the water quality parameters studied (temperature, Secchi depth, chloride, conductivity, total kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, total solids, and suspended solids).

Rogers, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Evaluation of ERTS MSS digital data for monitoring water in the lower Chesapeake Bay area

Water samples collected during the ERTS overpasses of the lower Chesapeake Bay area have been analyzed for chlorophyll, particles, and sediment. Five ERTS images were sufficiently cloud free that a correlation analysis of radiance values from the MSS bands with the water parameters could be performed. A low correlation was established for chlorophyll, except during algal blooms, when band 6 was responsive. There was a fair to good correlation with particles for combinations of band 5, particularly bands (5 minus 6). Sediment correlations were excellent for band 5 or combinations of band 5 with bands 4 and 6. It was evident that such factors as the atmosphere, tide, and different water masses were tending to confuse the data.

Bowker, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Water monitor system: Phase 1 test report

Automatic water monitor system was tested with the objectives of assuring high-quality effluent standards and accelerating the practice of reclamation and reuse of water. The NASA water monitor system is described. Various components of the system, including the necessary sensors, the sample collection system, and the data acquisition and display system, are discussed. The test facility and the analysis methods are described. Test results are reviewed, and recommendations for water monitor system design improvement are presented.

Taylor, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Detailed results of ASTP experiment MA-011

This experiment was developed in order to conduct engineering and operational tests of electrokinetic equipment in a micro-gravity environment. The experimental hardware in general functioned as planned and electrophoretic separations were obtained in space. The results indicated the development of satisfactory sample collection, return, and preservation techniques. The application of a near-zero zeta potential interior wall coating to the experimental columns, confirmation of biocompatibility of all appropriate hardware components, and use of a sterile operating environment provided a significant step forward in the development of a biological processing facility in space. A separation of a test of aldehyde-fixed rabbit, human, and horse red blood cells was obtained. Human kidney cells were separated into several components and viable cells returned to earth. The isotachophoretic separation of red cells was also demonstrated. Problems associated with the hardware led to a lack of success in the attempt to separate subpopulations of human lymphocytes.

Seaman, G. V. F.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Distribution and concentration of suspended matter in Delaware Bay

The author has identified the following significant results. The problem of remote sensing of suspended matter in water was analyzed in terms of the single-scattering albedo, and a semiempirical relationship between satellite radiance measurements and the concentration of suspended matter in the water was developed. The relationship was tested using data from the 7 July 1973 LANDSAT overpass of Delaware Bay with good results. Suspended sediment concentration maps for the entire Delaware Bay were prepared using radiance values extracted from LANDSAT MSS imagery and correlating them with ground truth samples collected from boats and helicopter.

Klemas, V.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Characterization and Distribution of Lunar Mare Basalt Types Using Remote Sensing Techniques

The types of basal to be found on the moon were identified using reflectance spectra from a variety of lunar mare surfaces and craters as well as geochemical interpretations of laboratory measurements of reflectance from lunar, terrestrial, and meteoritic samples. Findings indicate that major basaltic units are not represented in lunar sample collections. The existence of late stage high titanium basalts is confirmed. All maria contain lateral variations of compositionally heterogenous basalts; some are vertically inhomogenous with distinctly different subsurface composition. Some basalt types are spectrally gradational, suggesting minor variations in composition. Mineral components of unsampled units can be defined if spectra are obtained with sufficient spectral coverage (.3 to 2.5 micron m) and spatial resolution (approximating .5 km).

Pieters, C.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Studies on the toxic elements and organic degradation products in aquatic bodies and sediments around Kennedy Space Center (KSC) South Mosquito lagoon

A compilation was put together of research work performed on the aquatic systems around Kennedy Space Center (KSC). The report includes a brief description of the study area, field data and analytical results of all the samples collected during the five visits to KSC up to December 17, 1977. The aquatic area selected for the study is the Southern part of Mosquito Lagoon which extends from the Haulover Canal to the dead end boundary of this lagoon southwards.

Ghuman, G. S.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Global and regional N2O measurements

Real-time N2O measurements have been made in situ at the South Pole, Antarctica, north and south of the equator from on board the Alpha Helix and over the Pacific Ocean on several aircraft flights from the U.S. to New Zealand, Australia and 90 deg S. In addition, an automated EC-GC has been operated for the past year intermittently monitoring N2O in surface air at a rural site in the wheatlands of eastern Washington state. The data obtained are consistent and in agreement with the data obtained from the analyses of a large number of samples collected both from ground stations and a variety of aircraft flights made in the southern and northern hemisphere. The observed global data show no interhemispheric differences. The present concentration of N2O in the troposphere is measured to be 330 + or - 3 ppbv. Its vertical distribution in the troposphere is very uniform. A small decrease (2-3 percent) across the tropopause is characteristically observed in the high-altitude flights.

Rasmussen, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Shock compression and adiabatic release of a titaniferous mare basalt

A report is presented regarding the dynamic properties of a rock indigenous to the mare basins of the moon. The reported data were obtained in a study of sample 70215, a very titanium-rich basalt (58% pyroxene, 18% ilmenite, 15% plagioclase, 6% olivine, and 3% quartz by weight). This rock is probably representative of a class of the earliest mare-filling extrusive rocks which are exposed on the present lunar surface. Two series of experiments were performed. One set of experiments involved the measuring of Hugoniot and release adiabats to 15.7 GPa with a propellant gun apparatus. In the second set of experiments, a light-gas gun was employed to yield Hugoniot data at about 120 GPa and release states at about 90 GPa. Lunar basalt 70215 appears to be among the densest rocks in the present lunar sample collection, having a crystal density of 3.38 g/cu cm and a porosity of about 1.3%. The results of the experiments have important implications for both the degree of shock metamorphism expected for impact processes and the extent of ejecta transport on mare surfaces with high-titanium basalt composition.

Ahrens, T. J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Impact melt on lunar crater rims

The reported study had the objective to determine the origin, distribution, and modes of occurrence of lava-like deposits and the factors responsible for their emplacement. Lava-like deposits around a large number of lunar craters were investigated in order to obtain information on the variation in morphology and the distribution as a function of crater size. The results should have bearing on lunar and terrestrial impact cratering processes and the provenance of the abundant impact melt rocks in the lunar sample collection. Attention is given to the size range of craters with exterior melt deposits, the morphology of deposits as a function of crater size, the factors responsible for melt deposit asymmetry, the time of melt emplacement, and a model for the formation of impact melt deposits on crater rims.

Hawke, B. R.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Measurement of the turbulence in a gaseous rocket combustion chamber

The intensity of turbulence and the Lagrangian correlation coefficient in a gaseous hydrogen (GH2)-gaseous oxygen (GOX) rocket combustion chamber are studied. A helium tracer gas was injected at an upstream point on the combustion chamber centerline. Samples collected downstream were analyzed for the spreading of the tracer gas concentration. Using Taylor's turbulent diffusion theory and Gosman's numerical method, turbulence parameters were found. In order to evaluate turbulence field inhomogeneity in the axial direction, Taylor's theory was extended. An exponential function was used to approximate the Lagrangian correlation coefficient. It was found that turbulence intensity varies from 15% near the injector to 4% at the nozzle entrance, and that the Lagrangian coefficient rapidly decreases when the dispersion time difference increases.

Tou, P. P.↗
NASA NTRS1975

The petrogenesis of 77115 and its xenocrysts - Description and preliminary interpretation

77115, a fragment-laden feldspathic pigeonite basalt, is one of four hand specimen-size samples collected from a boulder about 2.5 m across at Station 7, Taurus-Littrow. 77115 crystallized rapidly from a melt at or near the lunar surface and contains a population of xenoliths and xenocrysts which must have come from two or more separate sources. Broad reaction rims present in many of the xenocrysts suggest that cooling of the melt may have been very slow initially and rapid in the latter stage to produce the very fine-grained matrix. If the requirement for two cooling rates can be established, this will favor an endogenous igneous origin rather than an impact origin for the melt. Another interpretation is that the matrix crystallized first, followed by subsolidus reaction between xenocrysts and matrix to form the rims. The Apollo 17 feldspathic pigeonite basalts are postulated to be the dominant rock types of the early lunar crust.

Chao, E. C. T.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Inert gases in fines at three levels of the trench at Van Serg Crater

Inert-gas measurements were conducted with three soil samples collected from a trench of about 17 cm depth which had been dug at Station 9, approximately 60-m southeast of the rim of Van Serg Crater on the moon. The particular trench is interesting because it is located in the continuous ejecta blanket of a relatively young crater. The results of the inert-gas measurements are presented in a table. They confirm an earlier conclusion reported by Heymann et al. (1974) that fines from Station 9 are among the most gas rich in the whole landing site. The three fines are agglutinate rich and most of the trapped gas is contained in the constructional particles. Agglutinate contents of fines tend to decrease rapidly for particles greater than about 250 micrometers.

Jordan, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Significant characteristics of social response to noise and vibration

Several surveys made since 1971 to investigate annoyance resulting from noise and vibration, from various sources were studied in order to quantify the relation between annoyance response to noise or vibration and properties of the respondent including factors such as noise exposure, etc. Samples collected by the social surveys and physical measurements were analyzed by multi-dimensional analysis.

Nishinomiya, G.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Morphology and elemental composition analysis by size of rocket particulate effluent

Particulate samples collected on six stages of a quartz crystal microbalance cascade impactor mounted in an aircraft traversing the plume of a large solid-fueled rocket are analyzed, postflight, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersed X-ray (EDXRA). The results indicate the morphology and elemental composition of the particles fall into several distinct groups. Those larger than about 0.5 micron in diameter and nearly spherical in shape contain, among elements with atomic numbers of 11 and higher, only aluminum, suggesting they are aluminum oxide formed in the solid rocket fuel combustion. Still larger but less symmetrical particles contain only sodium and chlorine. Particles much smaller than 0.5 micron seem to end up as agglomerates after impaction (or during the impaction process), and show a complex elemental make-up of Na, Al, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe and Zn. The unagglomerated single particles smaller than 0.2 micron, on the other hand, show no evidence of elements above atomic number 11 at all, suggesting they may be carbon or hydrocarbon particles.

Chuan, R. L.↗