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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1987

Space station electrical power system

The purpose of this paper is to describe the design of the Space Station Electrical Power System. This includes the Photovoltaic and Solar Dynamic Power Modules as well as the Power Management and Distribution System (PMAD). In addition, two programmatic options for developing the Electrical Power System will be presented. One approach is defined as the Enhanced Configuration and represents the results of the Phase B studies conducted by the NASA Lewis Research Center over the last two years. Another option, the Phased Program, represents a more measured approach to reaching about the same capability as the Enhanced Configuration.

Labus, Thomas L.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Space station power system

The major requirements and guidelines that affect the space station configuration and power system are explained. The evolution of the space station power system from the NASA program development-feasibility phase through the current preliminary design phase is described. Several early station concepts are described and linked to the present concept. Trade study selections of photovoltaic system technologies are described in detail. A summary of present solar dynamic and power management and distribution systems is also given.

Baraona, Cosmo R.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Space station electrical power distribution analysis using a load flow approach

The space station's electrical power system will evolve and grow in a manner much similar to the present terrestrial electrical power system utilities. The initial baseline reference configuration will contain more than 50 nodes or busses, inverters, transformers, overcurrent protection devices, distribution lines, solar arrays, and/or solar dynamic power generating sources. The system is designed to manage and distribute 75 KW of power single phase or three phase at 20 KHz, and grow to a level of 300 KW steady state, and must be capable of operating at a peak of 450 KW for 5 to 10 min. In order to plan far into the future and keep pace with load growth, a load flow power system analysis approach must be developed and utilized. This method is a well known energy assessment and management tool that is widely used throughout the Electrical Power Utility Industry. The results of a comprehensive evaluation and assessment of an Electrical Distribution System Analysis Program (EDSA) is discussed. Its potential use as an analysis and design tool for the 20 KHz space station electrical power system is addressed.

Emanuel, Ervin M.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The space station power system

The major requirements and guidelines that affect the NASA Space Station configuration and the power system are explained. The evolution of the Space Station power system from the NASA program development-feasibility phase through the preliminary design phase is described. Early station concepts, both fanciful and feasible, are described and linked to the present concept. The Phase B trade study selections of photovoltaic system technologies are detailed. Solar dynamic and power management and distribution systems are summarized.

Baraona, Cosmo R.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Status of space station power system

The major requirements and guidelines that affect the manned space station configuration and the power systems are explained. The evolution of the space station power system from the NASA program development feasibility phase through the current preliminary design phase is described. Several early station concepts are described and linked to the present concept. The recently completed phase B tradeoff study selections of photovoltaic system technologies are described. The present solar dynamic and power management and distribution systems are also summarized for completeness.

Baraona, Cosmo R.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Definition status of the U.S. Space Station system

The configuration, design, and capabilities of the Space Station are briefly reviewed. In particular, attention is given to the truss structure, photovoltaic and solar dynamic power generation systems, pressurized habitation and laboratory modules, and provisions for extravehicular activity. The discussion covers the Space Station assembly sequence, and the main elements of the power, communication, environmental, and life support systems of the Space Station.

Craig, M. K.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Space energy, power, and propulsion committee assessment

Energy conversion technology and thermal management for space platforms are addressed using the NASA Space Station as an example. The Space Station IOC configuration includes the use of solar PV and solar dynamic conversion techniques to satisfy the 75-kWe requirement and plans to produce over 300 kWe with the addition of dynamic modules. Nuclear reactors will probably be used to provide the higher energy requirements for future Space Stations in the 1-MW and higher levels.

Mullin, J. P.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Space power development impact on technology requirements

The paper is concerned with the selection of a specific spacecraft power technology and the identification of technology development to meet system requirements. Requirements which influence the selection of a given technology include the power level required, whether the load is constant or transient in nature, and in the case of transient loads, the time required to recover the power, and overall system safety. Various power technologies, such as solar voltaic power, solar dynamic power, nuclear power systems, and electrochemical energy storage, are briefly described.

Cassidy, J. F.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Space power - Emerging opportunities

NASA programs directed towards the development of technologies to meet the cost-effective energy needs of future space missions are described. Consideration is given to the space photovoltaic program, which was developed along two paths: one leading to high-performance ultralight weight solar arrays, the other to high output arrays. The space power materials and energy storage technology are discussed, together with the developmental aspects of an advanced solar dynamic power system and its subsystems. Special attention is given to the Nasa SP-100 Advanced Technology Project and the free-piston Stirling engine technology for nuclear power application.

Brandhorst, H. W.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The NASA space power technology program

The NASA Space Power Technology Program is driven by missions extending 30 years into the future. The general characteristics of these missions will be described insofar as they drive power system requirements. The various elements of the program will be presented and put into this mission context. Specific technologies discussed include: solar dynamic, nuclear, and photovoltaic power generation; electrochemical energy storage; power generation; electrochemical energy storage; thermal management; and power management and distribution, including environmental interactions and materials. These programs are strongly interlinked and interdependent and focus on meeting a broad range of agency and national needs.

Vanlandingham, E. E.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Electrical power system design for the U.S. Space Station

The power systems for the Space Station manned core and platforms that have been selected in definition studies are described in this paper. The selected system for the platforms uses silicon arrays and Ni-H2 batteries. The power system for the manned core is a hybrid employing arrays and batteries identical to those on the platform along with solar dynamic modules using either Brayton or organic Rankine engines. The power system requirements, candidate technologies, and configurations that were considered, and the basis for selection, are discussed.

Nored, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Solar concentrator materials development

Materials with potential applications in reflective and refractive solar dynamic concentrators are tested for resistance to atomic oxygen degradation. It is found that inorganic coatings such as MgF2, SiO(x), and ITO provide excellent protection for reflective surfaces while organic materials are much more susceptible to erosion and mass loss. Of the organic polymers tested, the silicones have the highest intrinsic resistance to atomic oxygen degradation.

Morel, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Space Station Power System issues

A number of attractive options are available for the Space Station Power System. These include a photovoltaic system or solar dynamic system for power generation, batteries or fuel cells for energy storage and ac or dc for power management and distribution. These options are being explored during the present preliminary design and definition phase of the Space Station Program. Final selections are presently targeted for January 1986.

Forestieri, A. F.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Effect of hard particle impacts on the atomic oxygen survivability of reflector surfaces with transparent protective overcoats

Silver mirror samples with protective coatings were subjected to a stream of 27 microns alumina particles to induce pinhole defects. The protective coating consisted of a layer of aluminum dioxide over silver followed by a layer of silicon dioxide over the alumina. Samples were prepared on both graphite-epoxy composite and fused quartz substrates. After exposure to the hard particle stream, the samples were exposed to an oxygen plasma environment in a laboratory plasma asher. The effects of both the hard particles and the oxygen plasma were documented by both reflectance measurements and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that oxidative damage to the silver reflecting layer continues beyond that of the erosively exposed silver. Oxidative undercutting of the silver layer and graphite-epoxy substrate continues in undamaged areas through adjacent, particle damaged defect sites. This may have implications for the use of such mirrors in a space station solar dynamic power system.

Gulino, Daniel A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

The survivability of large space-borne reflectors under atomic oxygen and micrometeoroid impact

Solar dynamic power system mirrors for use on Space Station and other spacecraft flown in low earth orbit (LEO) are exposed to the harshness of the LEO environment. Both atomic oxygen and micrometeoroids/space debris can degrade the performance of such mirrors. Protective coatings will be required to protect oxidizable reflecting media, such as silver and aluminum, from atomic oxygen attack. Several protective coating materials have been identified as good candidates for use in this application. The durability of these coating/mirror systems after pinhole defects have been inflicted during their fabrication and deployment or through micrometeoroid/space debris impact once on-orbit is of concern. Studies of the effect of an oxygen plasma environment on protected mirror surfaces with intentionally induced pinhole defects have been conducted at NASA Lewis and are reviewed. It has been found that oxidation of the reflective layer and/or the substrate in areas adjacent to a pinhole defect, but not directly exposed by the pinhole, can occur.

Gulino, Daniel A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

NASA's space program - Space Station: A status report and a view of its value for space science

The current status of the Space Station program and the proposed configuration, operation, and evolution of the Space Station are described. The Space Station is to be composed of a manned base and two unmanned platforms; the configuration of the Station is dual keel, and the baseline system includes a hybrid power system with photovoltaics providing 25 kW and solar dynamics providing 50 kW. International participation in the development and use of the Space Station, in particular the design of the pressurized modules, is discussed. Intended scientific uses of the Space Station Complex are considered.

Black, David C.↗
NASA NTRS1986

20 kHz Space Station power system

The Space Station represents the next major U.S. commitment in space. The efficient delivery of power to multiple user loads is key to that success. In 1969, NASA Lewis Research Center began a series of studies with component and circuit developments that led to the high frequency bi-directional, four quadrant resonant driven converter. Additional studies and subsequent developments into the early 1980's have shown how the high frequency ac power system could provide overall advantages to many aerospace power systems. Because of its wide versatility, it also has outstanding advantages for the Space Station Program and its wide range of users. High frequency ac power provides higher efficiency, lower cost, and improved safety. The 20 kHz power system has exceptional flexibility, is inherently user friendly, and is compatible with all types of energy sources - photovoltaic, solar dynamic, rotating machines or nuclear Lewis distribution system testbed. The testbed demonstrates flexibility, versatility, and transparency to user technology as well as high efficiency, low mass, and reduced volume.

Hansen, Irving G.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Photovoltaic power modules for NASA's manned space station

The capability and the safety of manned spacecraft are largely dependent upon reliable electric power systems. Two similar space power systems able to survive the low Earth orbit environment, are being considered for NASA's Manned Space Station (SS), scheduled to begin operation in the mid 1990's. The Space Station Electric Power System (EPS) is composed of Photovoltaic (PV) Power Modules, Solar Dynamic (SD) Power Modules, and the Power Management and Distribution (PMAD) System. One EPS configuration will deliver 37.5 kW of PV based, utility grade, ac power to SS users. A second 75 kWe PV based EPS option is also being considered for SS deployment. The two EPS options utilize common modules and differ only in the total number of PV Power Modules used. Each PV Power Module supplies 18.75 kWe of ac power and incorporates its own energy storage and thermal control. The general requirements and the current preliminary design configuration of the Space Station PV Power Modules are examined.

Tatro, Charles A.↗