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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 559 records · Page 31
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1984

Statistical severe storm nowcasting comparison of VAS and Rawinsonde soundings

The statistical severe storm nowcasting technique using upper air soundings (VAS or radiosonde) is translated to the IBM McIDAS system. The severe storm information content of Visible infrared spin scan radiometer Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) and rawinsonde sounding data is compared. The contours of the likelihood of severe storms based only upon upper air VAS and rawinsonde data are shown, as well as the outlook based upon surface data, radar, operational computer models, and other data sources.

Keller, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Using second-sound shock waves to probe the intrinsic critical velocity of liquid helium II

A critical velocity truly intrinsic to liquid helium II is experimentally sought in the bulk fluid far from the apparatus walls. Termed the 'fundamental critical velocity,' it necessarily is caused by mutual interactions which operate between the two fluid components and which are activated at large relative velocities. It is argued that flow induced by second-sound shock waves provides the ideal means by which to activate and isolate the fundamental critical velocity from other extraneous fluid-wall interactions. Experimentally it is found that large-amplitude second-sound shock waves initiate a breakdown in the superfluidity of helium II, which is dramatically manifested as a limit to the maximum attainable shock strength. This breakdown is shown to be caused by a fundamental critical velocity. Secondary effects include boiling for ambient pressures near the saturated vapor pressure or the formation of helium I boundary layers at higher ambient pressures. When compared to the intrinsic critical velocity discovered in highly restricted geometries, the shock-induced critical velocity displays a similar temperature dependence and is the same order of magnitude.

Turner, T. N.↗
NASA NTRS1984

A parametric study of the effect of inlet lip shape upon the radiated sound field

Far field sound radiation predictions for four different axisymmetric inlet lips excited by different tangential acoustic modes at several cut-off ratios are presented. These results were obtained by numerical integration of a special cylindrically symmetric integral representation of the external solutions of the Helmholtz equation which yields unique solutions at all wave numbers. The paper presents plots which detail the dependence of the relative SPL (dB) in the field upon the engine inlet lip shape, the modal input, and the cut-off ratio. Examination of these data indicate that: (1) as the inlet lip becomes larger the predominant acoustic radiation peak in the field becomes narrower and moves towards the centerline of the inlet; (2) as the order of the tangential acoustic mode of the driver increases the radiated sound peak again becomes narrower but moves away from the inlet centerline; and (3) as the cut-off ratio is increased for a specific tangential acoustic mode the predominant radiation peak becomes narrower and moves towards the centerline of the inlet.

Meyer, W. L.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Sound generated by instability waves of supersonic flows. I Two-dimensional mixing layers. II - Axisymmetric jets

An investigation is conducted of the phenomenon of sound generation by spatially growing instability waves in high-speed flows. It is pointed out that this process of noise generation is most effective when the flow is supersonic relative to the ambient speed of sound. The inner and outer asymptotic expansions corresponding to an excited instability wave in a two-dimensional mixing layer and its associated acoustic fields are constructed in terms of the inner and outer spatial variables. In matching the solutions, the intermediate matching principle of Van Dyke and Cole is followed. The validity of the theory is tested by applying it to an axisymmetric supersonic jet and comparing the calculated results with experimental measurements. Very favorable agreements are found both in the calculated instability-wave amplitude distribution (the inner solution) and the near pressure field level contours (the outer solution) in each case.

Tam, C. K. W.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Hurricane Debby - Analysis and numerical forecasts using VAS soundings

The utility of VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) temperature and moisture soundings in defining the storm and its surroundings at subsynoptic scales has been examined using a numerical analysis and prognosis system. In particular, VAS temperature and moisture soundings and cloud and water vapor motion winds have been used in numerical analysis for three time periods. It is shown that the VAS temperature and moisture data which specify temperature and moisture well in cloud free regions are complemented by cloud and water vapor wind data which provide horizontal gradient information for the cloudy areas. The loss of analysis integrity due to the reduction of VAS data density in the cloudy regions associated with synoptic activity is ameliorated by using cloud and water vapor motion winds. The improvement in numerical forecasts resulting from the addition of these data to the numerical data base is also recorded.

Le Marshall, J. F.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Use of satellite soundings and imagery for nowcasting and very-short-range forecasting

Examples of GOES-East satellite imagery and sounding channel information are used to show how atmospheric behavior in the vicinity of intense mesoscale weather events can be analyzed. Mesoscale spatial and temporal information on atmospheric thermal structure and moisture distribution can be determined using satellite sounding and multispectral image data. Clouds and cloud patterns in a satellite image or animated series of images represent the integrated effect of ongoing dynamic and thermodynamic processes in the atmosphere. When information from satellite data is combined with radar, surface and upper air observations, important processes in storm development can be better understood.

Purdom, J. F. W.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Low-frequency sound absorption measurements in air

Thirty sets of sound absorption measurements in air at a pressure of 1 atmosphere are presented at temperatures from 10 C to 50 C, relative humidities from 0 to 100 percent, and frequencies from 10 to 2500 Hz. The measurements were conducted by the method of free decay in a resonant tube having a length of 18.261 m and bore diameter of 0.152 m. Background measurements in a gas consisting of 89.5 percent N2 and 10.5 percent Ar, a mixture which has the same sound velocity as air, permitted the wall and structural losses of the tube to be separated from the constituent absorption, consisting of classical rotational and vibrational absorption, in the air samples. The data were used to evaluate the vibrational relaxation frequencies of N2 and/or O2 for each of the 30 sets of meteorological parameters. Over the full range of humidity, the measured relaxation frequencies of N2 in air lie between those specified by ANSI Standard S1.26-1978 and those measured earlier in binary N2H2O mixtures. The measured relaxation frequencies could be determined only at very low values of humidity, reveal a significant trend away from the ANSI standard, in agreement with a prior investigation.

Zuckerwar, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Sound propagation studies for a large horizontal axis wind turbine

Systematic noise measurements in three directions with respect to the wind vector, over a range of distances to 1050 m, over a range of frequencies from 8 Hz to 2000 Hz, and for a stable wind turbine noise source (WTS-4) in windy conditions (V = 9.4 to 13.0 m/s) are presented. At frequencies above 63 Hz in the downwind and crosswind directions the sound pressure levels decay with distance according to predictions based on atmospheric absorption and spherical spreading, assuming no excess attenuation due to ground effects. In the upwind direction there is excess attenuation due to an acoustic shadow zone. The assumption of a distributed noise source leads to better noise estimates in the upwind direction. For very low frequencies 8 to 16 Hz no excess attenuation was observed in the upwind direction at distances up to 1050 m and a sound pressure level decay rate of approximately 3 dB per doubling of distance was observed in the downwind direction.

Shepherd, K. P.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Improvement of the basic knowledge of the climatology of the vertical ozone layer by enhanced balloon sounding

Balloon sounding of the ozone in the Earth atmosphere was performed in order to determine the natural behavior of ozone and its recognizable deviations. The importance of ozone in the Earth atmosphere and the orographic situation of observatories and ozone sounding statistics since 1966 are explained. The physical processes governing the total amount of ozone, and the behavior of stratospheric ozone are described. Measurements in the upper stratosphere show a decrease of the ozone partial pressure above 26 km altitude since 1977. The behavior of tropospheric ozone is discussed. Data since 1977 show increasing ozone values in the troposphere, up to 50% to 70%. This increase is independent of the solar radiation intensity and the reinforced transport of stratospheric ozone into the troposphere. The increase in the troposphere cannot compensate the stratospheric decrease.

Attmannspacher, W.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Vertical temperature sounding of the atmosphere

Attention is given to physical principles that affect the determination of atmospheric temperature profiles from observations of outgoing IR and microwave radiation. Simultaneous analysis of IR and microwave observations enhances observations in each spectral region. While IR soundings have higher sensitivity to lower tropospheric temperatures, ground temperatures, and sea surface temperatures, microwave observations are not only more suited to stratospheric sounding but are sensitive to snow and ice cover. They significantly aid correction of IR observations for cloud effects. Because effective cloud parameters and snow and ice cover can be inferred from the observations, 'temperature sounders' also yield data for a number of important climatic parameters.

Suskind, J.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Sound generation and upstream influence due to instability waves interacting with non-uniform mean flows

Attention is given to the sound produced by artificially excited, spatially growing instability waves on subsonic shear layers. Real flows that always diverge in the downstream direction allow sound to be produced by the interaction of the instability waves with the resulting streamwise variations of the flow. The upstream influence, or feedback, can interact with the splitter plate lip to produce a downstream-propagating instability wave that may under certain conditions be the same instability wave that originally generated the upstream influence. The present treatment is restricted to very low Mach number flows, so that compressibility effects can only become important over large distances.

Goldstein, M. E.↗
NASA NTRS1985

A new look at sound generation by blade/vortex interaction

As a preliminary attempt to understand the dynamics of blade/vortex interaction, the two-dimensional problem of a rectilinear vortex filament interacting with a Joukowski airfoil is analyzed in both the lifting and nonlifting cases. The vortex velocity components could be obtained analytically and integrated to determine the vortex trajectory. With this information, the aeroacoustic low-frequency Green's function approach could then be employed to calculate the sound produced during the encounter. The results indicate that the vortex path deviates considerably from simple convection due to the presence of the airfoil and that a reasonably sharp sound pulse is radiated during the interaction whose fundamental frequency is critically dependent upon whether the vortex passes above or below the airfoil. Determination of this gross parameter of the interaction is shown to be highly nonlinearly dependent upon airfoil circulation, vortex circulation, and initial position.

Hardin, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The scattering of ultrasonic third sound from substrate surface defects

The interaction of third sound with isolated surface defects is examined. Phase-inverted reflections are observed to occur at surface defects even when the wavelength of the third sound is much greater than the dimensions of the defect. The origin of the scattering mechanism is believed to be due to the change in the helium film thickness in the vicinity of the topological variations introduced by the presence of the surface defects. Data are obtained for ultrasonic frequencies in the 20-200 kHz range.

Generazio, E. R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Low-frequency absorption of sound in air

Thirty sets of sound absorption measurements in air at a pressure of 1 atmosphere are presented at temperatures from 10 C to 50 C, relative humidities from 0 to 100 percent, and frequencies from 10 to 2500 Hz. The measurements were conducted by the method of free decay in a resonant tube having a length of 18.261 m and bore diameter of 0.152 m. Background measurements in a gas consisting of 89.5 percent N2 and 10.5 percent Ar, a mixture which has the same sound velocity as air, permitted the wall and structural losses of the tube to be separated from the constituent absorption, consisting of classical rotational and vibrational absorption, in the air samples. The data were used to evaluate the vibrational relaxation frequencies of N2 and/or O2 for each of the 30 sets of meteorological parameters. Over the full range of humidity, the measured relaxation frequencies of N2 in air lie between those specified by ANSI Standard S1.26-1978 and those measured earlier in binary N2H2O mixtures. The measured relaxation frequencies could be determined only at very low values of humidity, reveal a significant trend away from the ANSI standard, in agreement with a prior investigation.

Zuckerwar, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Prediction of sound fields in acoustical cavities using the boundary element method

A method was developed to predict sound fields in acoustical cavities. The method is based on the indirect boundary element method. An isoparametric quadratic boundary element is incorporated. Pressure, velocity and/or impedance boundary conditions may be applied to a cavity by using this method. The capability to include acoustic point sources within the cavity is implemented. The method is applied to the prediction of sound fields in spherical and rectangular cavities. All three boundary condition types are verified. Cases with a point source within the cavity domain are also studied. Numerically determined cavity pressure distributions and responses are presented. The numerical results correlate well with available analytical results.

Kipp, C. R.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Cylindrical sound wave generated by shock-vortex interaction

The passage of a columnar vortex broadside through a shock is investigated. This has been suggested as a crude, but deterministic, model of the generation of 'shock noise' by the turbulence in supersonic jets. The vortex is decomposed by Fourier transform into plane sinusoidal shear waves disposed with radial symmetry. The plane sound waves produced by each shear wave/shock interaction are recombined in the Fourier integral. The waves possess an envelope that is essentially a growing cylindrical sound wave centered at the transmitted vortex. The pressure jump across the nominal radius R = ct attenuates with time as 1/(square root of R) and varies around the arc in an antisymmetric fashion resembling a quadrupole field. Very good agreement, except near the shock, is found with the antisymmetric component of reported interferometric measurements in a shock tube. Beyond the front r approximately equals R is a precursor of opposite sign, that decays like 1/R, generated by the 1/r potential flow around the vortex core. The present work is essentially an extension and update of an early approximate study at M = 1.25. It covers the range (R/core radius) = 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 for M = 1.25 and (in part) for M = 1.29 and, for fixed (R/core radius) = 1000, the range M = 1.01 to infinity.

Ribner, H. S.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Sound generation by flow over relatively deep cylindrical cavities

To develop a system for acoustic coding of moving objects containing drilled cylindrical cavities, the production of high-intensity tones by deep cylindrical cavities in a flat surface at low (0.12-0.24) Mach numbers was investigated. The sound intensity and frequency have been determined as functions of flow velocity, diameter, and depth of the cavities. It is shown that whistles can be designed for a given frequency (in the range of 5-17 kHz) and flow, and the sound pressure levels can be calculated by the equations given. Using these equations a whistle producing 106 dB at a 30.5-cm distance from a cylindrical cavity of 0.508 cm in diameter and 1.32 cm in depth with an airflow of 57.7 m/s past the cavity was designed.

Parthasarathy, S. P.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Measurement of angular distribution of sound emission from training projectiles in subsonic flight

Training projectiles with nose ring cavities that produce intense whistles in stationary free-jet tests were shot in a relatively straight-line trajectory. A ground based microphone was used to obtain the angular distribution of sound intensity produced from the subsonically flying projectile. Data reduction required calculation of Doppler and attenuation factors which were determined based on a non-linear trajectory. Also, the directional sensitivity of the microphone was measured and used in the data reduction. Significant angular variation of sound intensity produced from the projectile was found which can be used to plot an intensity contour map on the ground. A full-scale field test confirmed the validity of the aeroacoustic concept of producing a relatively intense whistle from the projectile, and the usefulness of a real-time data acquisition system.

Cho, Y. I.↗