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NASA NTRS2020

Model Validation for Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) with Stowage

The Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) was a collaboration between NASA and Bigelow Aerospace to develop an expandable habitat technology that could be used for future space exploration missions such as the Artemis program. On April 26, 2016, the BEAM was launched and berthed to the International Space Station (ISS) on the aft port of Node 3. After the originally planned two-year mission life, BEAM was approved for use as a stowage module for a 109-cargotransfer bag equivalent (CTBE) to alleviate stowage limitations onboard the ISS. The present work builds on the previous 2017 model validation to flight data that demonstrated that BEAM could generally accommodate cargo stowage without adversely affecting BEAM thermal control, primarily for condensation management. Once the stowage was configured in early 2019, model validation efforts resumed. The thermal model revisions included the CTBE stowage and updated CFD-derived heat transfer coefficients for various intra-module ventilation (IMV) flow rates. The coefficients were provided by the Crew and Thermal Systems Division (EC) at NASA JSC and Jacobs Technology. The model is now revalidated and able to predict minimum temperatures with good agreement to flight temperatures (within 1 °C) for both historic and recurring minimum values. Additionally, the model is partially validated for reduced flow rates. With this model, the team was able to provide new flight rule recommendations for condensation and IMV operations management.

Sydney Taylor↗

DOE OSTI2023

ALTRIOS - Advanced Locomotive Technology and Rail Infrastructure Optimization System

The Advanced Locomotive Technology and Rail Infrastructure Optimization System (ALTRIOS) is a unique, fully integrated, open-source software tool to evaluate strategies for deploying advanced locomotive technologies and associated infrastructure for cost-effective decarbonization. ALTRIOS simulates energy conversion and storage dynamics, locomotive and train dynamics, meet-pass planning (detailed train timetabling), and freight-demand-driven train scheduling in a Pareto optimization. Because new locomotives represent a significant long-term capital investment and new technologies must be thoroughly demonstrated before deployment, this tool provides guidance on the risk/reward tradeoffs of different technology rollout strategies. An open, integrated simulation tool will be invaluable for identifying future research needs and making decisions on technology development, routes, and train selection. ALTRIOS development is a collaboration between NREL, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) RailTEC, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), and BNSF.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,MATHEMATICS AND COMPUT↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Lunar Surface Position Determination using Perceived Signal Strength

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of transmitters and receivers on the lunar surface for Position Determination (PD) without any form of lunar Global Positioning System (GPS). The early Artemis program may lack GPS satellites orbiting the Moon, and it is critical that activities with the lander, rover, and crew EVA identify their position on the lunar surface at all times. This project creates a prototype system that trilaterates user position based upon the perceived signal from at least 3 nearby transmission towers, called “Lunar Access Points”. The application of perceived signal strength for surface PD has historically been used in terrestrial systems such as Long Range Navigation (LORAN), which was popular with the maritime industry prior to the Global Positioning System (GPS). The ease of installing such a local system for early Artemis missions provides a critical resource until satellite-based position determination systems are deployed. A surface-based PD can also be used in GPS-denied environments such as deep craters or lava tubes where satellite visibility is compromised. By demonstrating the basic capability of surface PD, this student team has learned about issues with power, distance, thermal, dust, radiation, data processing, and communication problems applicable to the lunar surface. This knowledge can feed into future NASA requirements to improve the capability of a LunaNET implementation for the Artemis program. This project follows 10 years of successful collaboration between NASA JSC/ARES, Texas Space, Technology, Applications and Research (T STAR) and Texas A&M University in a Public, Private, Academic (PPA) Partnership. NASA funds T STAR to mentor undergraduate Capstone teams in the College of Engineering Department to design, built, and test prototypes meeting NASA requirements. TAMU faculty lead the student teams in their academic class, and NASA Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) provide T STAR and students insight on requirements evolution, prior design projects, and future development goals.

Position Determination↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Using Mesh Networking for A Dynamic Lunar Internet of Things (Liot)

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of an IEEE 802.11 mesh protocol for lunar surface computing. This standard for wireless networking boosts speed, dependability and range of wireless transmissions. The concept is to integrate sensors (such as deployed science instruments) or Astronaut tools (such as a handheld spectrometer) that communicate with a node on a common cell. The nodes can extend the range of the cell and can dynamically reconfigure the data routing in case of another node failure. All of the data in a cell pass through a modem that communicates with a distant base station across a 4G link. The application of mesh networking to a potential lunar surface network increases robustness and fault tolerance over a traditional single-point modem system. By demonstrating the basic capability of a mesh network, the student team has learned about issues with power, distance, thermal, dust, radiation, data processing, and communication problems applicable to the lunar surface. This knowledge can feed into future NASA requirements to improve the capability of a LunaNET implementation for the Artemis program. This project follows 10 years of successful collaboration between NASA ARES, Texas Space, Technology, Applications and Research (T STAR) and Texas A&M University in a Public, Private, Academic (PPA) Partnership. NASA funds T STAR to mentor undergraduate Capstone teams in the College of Engineering Department to design, built, and test prototypes meeting NASA requirements. TAMU faculty lead the student teams in their academic class, and NASA Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) provide T STAR and students insight on requirements evolution, prior design projects, and future development goals.

Lunar Mesh Networking↗

DOE OSTI2021

U.S. Building Stock Characterization Study: A National Typology for Decarbonizing U.S. Buildings

To support the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Advanced Building Construction (ABC) Collaborative, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has been tasked with characterizing the U.S. building stock and developing a national typology of buildings. The potential use cases of such a typology are flexible and evolving, but in this initial phase, the primary intention is to help identify technology requirements and engineering solutions for moving the U.S. building stock toward a zero-carbon future by midcentury. This study was developed by NREL, with input from the ABC Analysis Working Group, which is a subset of the ABC Collaborative led by the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI).

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

NASA NTRS1999

Research Data Acquired in World-Class, 60-atm Subsonic Combustion Rig

NASA Lewis Research Center's new, world-class, 60-atmosphere (atm) combustor research facility, the Advanced Subsonic Combustion Rig (ASCR), is in operation and producing highly unique research data. Specifically, data were acquired at high pressures and temperatures representative of future subsonic engines from a fundamental flametube configuration with an advanced fuel injector. The data acquired include exhaust emissions as well as pressure and temperature distributions. Results to date represent an improved understanding of nitrous oxide (NOx) formation at high pressures and temperatures and include an NOx emissions reduction greater than 70 percent with an advanced fuel injector at operating pressures to 800 pounds per square inch absolute (psia). ASCR research is an integral part of the Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) Propulsion Program. This program is developing critical low-emission combustion technology that will result in the next generation of gas turbine engines producing 50 to 70 percent less NOx emissions in comparison to 1996 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) limits. The results to date indicate that the AST low-emission combustor goals of reducing NOx emissions by 50 to 70 percent are feasible. U.S. gas turbine manufacturers have started testing the low-emissions combustors at the ASCR. This collaborative testing will enable the industry to develop low-emission combustors at the high pressure and temperature conditions of future subsonic engines. The first stage of the flametube testing has been implemented. Four GE Aircraft Engines low-emissions fuel injector concepts, three Pratt & Whitney concepts, and two Allison concepts have been tested at Lewis ASCR facility. Subsequently, the flametube was removed from the test stand, and the sector combustor was installed. The testing of low emissions sector has begun. Low-emission combustors developed as a result of ASCR research will enable U.S. engine manufacturers to compete on a worldwide basis by producing environmentally acceptable commercial engines.

Lee, Chi-Ming↗

DOE OSTI2022

Future Trends in Nuclear Physics Computing

In nuclear physics (NP) today the study of quarks, gluons and their strong interactions extends across a broad research program at a varied range of collaborative scales, from a few collaborators up to large experiments at scales comparable to those typical of high energy physics (HEP). Overall, the software and computing efforts vary accordingly, from pragmatic do-it-yourself approaches among a few, to substantial organized software and computing activities within large experiments. With new experiments starting up and on the horizon [1], and rapidly increasing data volumes [2, 3] and processing demands even at small experiments, the NP community has in recent years been thinking about the next generation of data processing and analysis workflows that will maximize the science output. One context for this discussion has been a series of workshops, “Future Trends in Nuclear Physics Computing” [4]. The most recent in this series took place in Fall 2020, organized by the authors together with colleagues. The workshop focused on identifying the unique aspects of software and computing in NP, and discussing how the NP community could strengthen common efforts and chart a path forward for the next decade, sure to be an exciting one with rich ongoing scientific programs at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Jefferson Lab (JLab), and other NP facilities, and culminating in datataking at the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) [5,6,7] in the early 2030s. Without claiming to present a collective view from the workshop and discussions since—fortunately this is not expected of us in this opinion editorial—we offer here our reflections on the topic, informed by the workshop and the summary we authored with our colleagues [8], as well as discussions and developments in the eventful time since.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

RadLab: A Comprehensive Database and Graphical and Programming Interfaces for Space Radiation Data

RadLab, a component of the NASA Open Science Data Repository (OSDR), is a database of radiation measurements from multiple instruments and spacecraft that provides visual and programmatic interfaces for interrogation and retrieval of these data. The attributes of data available through RadLab include spacecraft, types of radiation sensing instruments, locations within the spacecraft (e.g. ISS modules), associated celestial bodies, trajectories, and spacecraft coordinates; the primary type of data is the absorbed dose rate, as well as flux and dose equivalent rate where available. The application programming interface (API) implements a request syntax for retrieval of timestamped data filtered by various combinations of such attributes; the graphical user interface (GUI) extends this functionality with visualizations (time series plots, comparison plots, geospatial visualizations) which provide easy means to assess data availability, iteratively refine search parameters, interactively inspect the data, and export target data subsets. Datasets are continuously being added to the RadLab database as part of the rolling release process. Investigators from multiple countries, including the US, Canada, Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Russia and the Czech Republic, have committed to provide data from their instruments in and beyond low Earth orbit. The current release contains datasets provided by US and international collaborators and includes readings from multiple modules of the ISS, the BioSentinel CubeSat, Chang’e 4, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, the ExoMars Orbiter, and the Curiosity rover. Datasets are associated with respective RadLab knowledgebase articles which include instrument descriptions and provide bibliographical references. RadLab aims to provide a comprehensive, dynamic compendium of space radiation data, enabling the scientific community to perform analyses of data from multiple detectors and to determine the radiation environment of research missions and experiments. Some of its applications include inference of absorbed radiation dose for NASA GeneLab payloads, and training predictive models as part of the 2024 FDL-X challenge. The platform is actively expanding and seeking additional data, with plans to also cover past (e.g. Shuttle, Mir) and future (e.g. Artemis) missions. The RadLab Working Group has been created to aid in this process as well as to foster collaborations among data contributors and users, to develop standards for data harmonization, and to guide the development of the platform, with the goal to establish the use of RadLab in space radiation research and to advance our understanding of the radiation environment in outer space.

Kirill Grigorev↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

RadLab: A Comprehensive Database and Graphical and Programming Interfaces for Space Radiation Data

Kirill Grigorev↗

DOE OSTI2025

Historical and Future Learning for the New Era of Multi-Terawatt Photovoltaics

Solar photovoltaics (PV) is entering a new era of multi-terawatt deployment, with 2 TW already in service and more than 75 TW predicted in many scenarios by 2050. This next era has been enabled by over five decades of cumulative advances in PV module cost reduction, performance and reliability. The current scale of deployment also introduces new needs, opportunities and challenges. In this Perspective we frame a path forwards based on learning, broadly defined as a combination of expansion of knowledge and advances through research and development, experience and collaboration. We discuss historical topics where learning has driven PV deployment until now, and emerging areas that are required to sustain high levels of future deployment. We expect progress to continue in terms of module price, performance and reliability, driven by advances in PV cell and module design, the emergence of tandem devices and increased focus on extending module lifetimes. Large-scale deployment also means large-scale sustainability and responsibility. We therefore posit that additional metrics, such as the impact on global CO2 emissions, resource consumption and design for reuse and recycling, will become increasingly important to the PV industry and provide opportunities for further learning.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Investigating the effects of cooperative transmission expansion planning on grid performance during heat waves with varying spatial scales

There is growing recognition of the advantages of interregional transmission capacity to decarbonize electricity grids. A less explored benefit is potential performance improvements during extreme weather events. This study examines the impacts of cooperative transmission expansion planning using an advanced modeling chain to simulate power grid operations of the United States Western Interconnection in 2019 and 2059 under different levels of collaboration between transmission planning regions. Two historical heat waves in 2019 with varying geographical coverage are replayed under future climate change in 2059 to assess the transmission cooperation benefits during grid stress. The results show that cooperative transmission planning yields the best outcomes in terms of reducing wholesale electricity prices and minimizing energy outages both for the whole interconnection and individual transmission planning regions. Compared to individual planning, cooperative planning reduces wholesale electricity prices by 64.3 % and interconnection-wide total costs (transmission investments + grid operations) by 34.6 % in 2059. It also helps decrease greenhouse gas emissions by increasing renewable energy utilization. However, the benefits of cooperation diminish during the widespread heat wave when all regions face extreme electricity demand due to higher space cooling needs. Despite this, cooperative transmission planning remains advantageous, particularly for California Independent System Operator with significant diurnal solar generation capacity. This study suggests that cooperation in transmission planning is crucial for reducing costs and increasing reliability both during normal periods and extreme weather events. It highlights the importance of optimizing the strategic investments to mitigate challenges posed by wider-scale extreme weather events of the future.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2020

Developing Novel Electrode Materials for Aqueous Battery

Aqueous rechargeable batteries (ARBs) are particularly interesting for large-scale energy storage due to their inherent safety, superior rate capability and environmental friendliness. However, ARBs are not widely explored as yet, so we proposed designing, preparing, and testing new intercalation materials for ARBs. Development of these electrodes will enrich the electrode chemistry of existing ARBs, open up new avenues for high-performance electrode and system design, offer opportunities to improve energy efficiency of water purification, and inform future development of controls strategies and management systems for stationary aqueous energy storage. Researchers from Bosch and LBNL collaborated on relevant materials to pursue and the general design of experiments to implement. Bosch researchers prepared and fabricated the electrodes and used various characterization facilities at LBNL to evaluate electrode performance in-device. The research collaboration resulted in identifying electrode materials capable of Na + and Ca 2+ intercalation in aqueous systems, and their application for desalination was explored using testing platform available at LBNL. Besides the specific materials and their performance, the data collected during the study was also used to inform a broader techno-economic analysis to compare intercalation-desalination technique to commercially available capacitive desalination approach. Outcomes of this research effort will be published in peer-reviewed journals.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Sustainable Low-Carbon Building Materials Workshop Report

The virtual Sustainable Low-Carbon Building Materials Workshop, organized and held by the US Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) on January 25, 2022, focused on identifying the technical barriers to the research, development, and deployment (RD&D) of low-carbon building materials, and on determining what can be done to overcome these technical barriers in the short-, mid-, and long-term future. The meeting brought together key players in the construction chain from industry, academia, and ORNL to promote collaborations that could help meet the goals of accelerating the development and deployment of low-carbon building materials in the United States, and of developing a net-zero (or even negative) carbon neighborhood in the Southeast United States by 2030.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Dissection of Grass Cell Wall Lignin Formation and their Associated Dirigent Protein

This Final Report describes work underway to establish why monocot (e.g. grasses) lignins are more readily (bio)degradable than their woody gymnosperm, angiosperm, and fern counterparts. Our hypothesis is that monocot specific dirigent protein (DP) sub-families are wholly or partly involved in generating these more readily (bio)degradable lignins. Three approaches are underway: metabolomics and lignin analyses of stem and leaf tissues of the grass, Brachypodium; Crispr/Cas9 gene editing of monocot specific DP sub-families in this species, and recombinant protein expression of Brachypodium’s 44 DPs. Metabolomic and lignin analyses were completed for 6 and 8 week old Brachypodium in order to establish the molecular diversity of its largely phenolic metabolites: Crispr/Cas9 gene editing has also been done on specific DPs known to be expressed in lignifying stems, and T 2 generation plant lines are now being generated, prior to establishing the effects on lignin composition and content; in the recombinant DP work (which addresses establishing the biochemical function of the monocot specific DPs and other DPOs as needed), all 44 constructs have been generated (in collaboration with DOE JGI) and are being systematically expressed in either E. coli or yeast (Pichia sp.) for future studies. Future work will be directed towards bringing the current studies to completion, and in establishing the biochemical basis as to how these more readily (bio)degradable lignins are generated/assembled.

(bio)degradability↗

DOE OSTI2024

OLCF’s Advanced Computing Ecosystem (ACE): FY24 Efforts for the DOE Integrated Research Infrastructure (IRI) Program

This report highlights significant strides made by Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) in advancing computational research and infrastructure. Through the Advanced Computing Ecosystem (ACE) strategic initiative, OLCF has been successfully integrated with Doe’s Integrated Research Infrastructure (IRI) program, establishing itself as a critical framework for enhancing scientific computing capabilities across various domains. This report outlines the activities, accomplishments, and future directions of ACE, emphasizing its role in developing cutting-edge technologies, supporting science pilots, and fostering collaborations that drive scientific innovation.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

NASA NTRS1997

Minority Universities Systems Engineering (MUSE) Program at the University of Texas at El Paso

In 1995, The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) responded to the suggestion of NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA JPL) to form a consortium comprised of California State University at Los Angeles (CSULA), North Carolina Agricultural and Technical University (NCAT), and UTEP from which developed the Minority Universities Systems Engineering (MUSE) Program. The mission of this consortium is to develop a unique position for minority universities in providing the nation's future system architects and engineers as well as enhance JPL's system design capability. The goals of this collaboration include the development of a system engineering curriculum which includes hands-on project engineering and design experiences. UTEP is in a unique position to take full advantage of this program since UTEP has been named a Model Institution for Excellence (MIE) by the National Science Foundation. The purpose of MIE is to produce leaders in Science, Math, and Engineering. Furthermore, UTEP has also been selected as the site for two new centers including the Pan American Center for Earth and Environmental Sciences (PACES) directed by Dr. Scott Starks and the FAST Center for Structural Integrity of Aerospace Systems directed by Dr. Roberto Osegueda. The UTEP MUSE Program operates under the auspices of the PACES Center.

Robbins, Mary Clare↗

NASA NTRS2003

Intelligent Systems Technologies to Assist in Utilization of Earth Observation Data

With the launch of several Earth observing satellites over the last decade, we are now in a data rich environment. From NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites alone, we are accumulating more than 3 TB per day of raw data and derived geophysical parameters. The data products are being distributed to a large user community comprising scientific researchers, educators and operational government agencies. Notable progress has been made in the last decade in facilitating access to data. However, to realize the full potential of the growing archives of valuable scientific data, further progress is necessary in the transformation of data into information, and information into knowledge that can be used in particular applications. Sponsored by NASA s Intelligent Systems Project within the Computing, Information and Communication Technology (CICT) Program, a conceptual architecture study has been conducted to examine ideas to improve data utilization through the addition of intelligence into the archives in the context of an overall knowledge building system. Potential Intelligent Archive concepts include: 1) Mining archived data holdings using Intelligent Data Understanding algorithms to improve metadata to facilitate data access and usability; 2) Building intelligence about transformations on data, information, knowledge, and accompanying services involved in a scientific enterprise; 3) Recognizing the value of results, indexing and formatting them for easy access, and delivering them to concerned individuals; 4) Interacting as a cooperative node in a web of distributed systems to perform knowledge building (i.e., the transformations from data to information to knowledge) instead of just data pipelining; and 5) Being aware of other nodes in the knowledge building system, participating in open systems interfaces and protocols for virtualization, and collaborative interoperability. This paper presents some of these concepts and identifies issues to be addressed by research in future intelligent systems technology.

Ramapriyan, Hampapuram K.↗

NASA NTRS2007

Collaborative Human Engineering Work in Space Exploration Extravehicular Activities (EVA)

A viewgraph presentation on extravehicular activities in space exploration in collaboration with other NASA centers, industries, and universities is shown. The topics include: 1) Concept of Operations for Future EVA activities; 2) Desert Research and Technology Studies (RATS); 3) Advanced EVA Walkback Test; 4) Walkback Subjective Results; 5) Integrated Suit Test 1; 6) Portable Life Support Subsystem (PLSS); 7) Flex PLSS Design Process; and 8) EVA Information System; 9)

DeSantis, Lena↗