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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 577 records · Page 32
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Techno-economic Analysis of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Hydrogen and Natural Gas Storage

A techno-economic analysis was conducted for metal-organic framework (MOF) adsorbents, which are promising candidates for light-duty vehicle onboard natural gas and hydrogen storage. The goal of this analysis was to understand cost drivers for large-scale (2.5 Mkg/year) MOF synthesis and to identify potential pathways to achieving a production cost of less than $\$10$/kg MOF. Four MOFs were analyzed with four different metal centers and three different linkers: Ni 2 (dobdc) (dobdc 4– = 2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate; Ni-MOF-74), Mg 2 (dobdc; Mg-MOF-74), Zn 4 O(bdc) 3 (bdc 2– = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate; MOF-5), and Cu 3 (btc) 2 (btc 3– = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate; HKUST-1). Baseline costs are projected to range from $\$35$/kg to $\$71$/kg predicated on organic solvent (solvothermal) syntheses using an engineering scale-up of laboratory demonstrated synthesis procedures and conditions. Two alternative processes were analyzed to evaluate the cost impact of reducing solvent usage: liquid assisted grinding (LAG) and aqueous synthesis. Cost projections from these alternative synthesis approaches range from $\$13$/kg to $\$36$/kg (representing 34%-83% reductions), demonstrating the large impact of solvent on the baseline analysis. Lastly, sensitivity studies were conducted to identify additional opportunities for achieving MOF production costs of less than $\$10$/kg.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effect of surface-bound sulfide on oxygen reduction reaction on Pt: Breaking the scaling relationship and mechanistic insights

A combined in situ electrochemical attenuated total reflection-surface enhanced IR absorption spectroscopy, microkinetic simulation, and density functional theory calculation study shows that not only can the adsorbed sulfide disproportionally affect the surface binding of OOH* (E OOH *) vs OH* (E OH *), i.e., breaking the original scaling relationship of pure metals (Ir, Pd, Pt, Au), to enhance oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity but can also be used as a reaction pathway alternating species to help deepen our mechanistic understanding of ORR.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Transgenic Perturbation of the Decarboxylation Phase of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Alters Physiology and Metabolism But Has Only a Small Effect on Growth

Here, mitochondrial NAD-malic enzyme (ME) and/or cytosolic/plastidic NADP-ME combined with the cytosolic/plastidic pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) catalyze two key steps during light-period malate decarboxylation that underpin secondary CO 2 fixation in some Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species. We report the generation and phenotypic characterization of transgenic RNA interference lines of the obligate CAM species Kalanchoë fedtschenkoi with reduced activities of NAD-ME or PPDK. Transgenic line rNAD-ME1 had 8%, and rPPDK1 had 5% of the wild-type level of activity, and showed dramatic changes in the light/dark cycle of CAM CO 2 fixation. In well-watered conditions, these lines fixed all of their CO 2 in the light; they thus performed C 3 photosynthesis. The alternative malate decarboxylase, NADP-ME, did not appear to compensate for the reduction in NAD-ME, suggesting that NAD-ME was the key decarboxylase for CAM. The activity of other CAM enzymes was reduced as a consequence of knocking out either NAD-ME or PPDK activity, particularly phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PPC) and PPDK in rNAD-ME1 . Furthermore, the circadian clock-controlled phosphorylation of PPC in the dark was reduced in both lines, especially in rNAD-ME1 . This had the consequence that circadian rhythms of PPC phosphorylation, PPC kinase transcript levels and activity, and the classic circadian rhythm of CAM CO 2 fixation were lost, or dampened toward arrhythmia, under constant light and temperature conditions. Surprisingly, oscillations in the transcript abundance of core circadian clock genes also became arrhythmic in the rNAD-ME1 line, suggesting that perturbing CAM in K. fedtschenkoi feeds back to perturb the central circadian clock.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1983

Small transport aircraft technology propeller study

A study to define potential benefits of advanced technology propeller for 1985-1990 STAT commuter airplanes was completed. Two baselines, a Convair, 30 passenger, 0.47 Mach number airplane and a Lockheed, 50 passenger, 0.70 Mach number airplane, were selected from NASA-Ames sponsored airframe contracts. Parametric performance, noise level, weight and cost trends for propellers with varying number of blades, activity factor, camber and diameter incorporating blade sweep, tip proplets, advanced composite materials, advanced airfoils, advanced prevision synchrophasing and counter-rotation are presented. The resulting DOC, fuel burned, empty weight and acquisition cost benefits are presented for resizings of the two baseline airplanes. Six-bladed propeller having advanced composite blades, advanced airfoils, tip proplets and advanced prevision synchrophasers provided the maximum DOC improvements for both airplanes. DOC and fuel burned were reduced by 8.3% and 17.0% respectively for the Convair airplane and by 24.9% and 41.2% respectively for the Lockheed airplane. The larger reductions arose from a baseline definition with very heavy fuselage acoustic treatment. An alternate baseline, with a cabin noise 13dB in excess of the objective, was also studied.

Black, B. M.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Advanced propulsion for the Mars Rover Sample Return Mission

The present evaluation of highly detailed advanced propulsion system design concepts for the Mars Rover Sample Return Mission proceeded by comparing a baseline chemical propulsion option with both storable and cryogenic advanced chemical propulsion alternatives and solar- and nuclear-based electric propulsion OTVs. Substantial launch mass reductions and commensurate payload mass increases were obtainable with both advanced chemical and electric propulsion cycles.

Palaszewski, Bryan↗
NASA NTRS1994

Modulation and synchronization technique for MF-TDMA system

This report addresses modulation and synchronization techniques for a multi-frequency time division multiple access (MF-TDMA) system with onboard baseband processing. The types of synchronization techniques analyzed are asynchronous (conventional) TDMA, preambleless asynchronous TDMA, bit synchronous timing with a preamble, and preambleless bit synchronous timing. Among these alternatives, preambleless bit synchronous timing simplifies onboard multicarrier demultiplexer/demodulator designs (about 2:1 reduction in mass and power), requires smaller onboard buffers (10:1 to approximately 3:1 reduction in size), and provides better frame efficiency as well as lower onboard processing delay. Analysis and computer simulation illustrate that this technique can support a bit rate of up to 10 Mbit/s (or higher) with proper selection of design parameters. High bit rate transmission may require Doppler compensation and multiple phase error measurements. The recommended modulation technique for bit synchronous timing is coherent QPSK with differential encoding for the uplink and coherent QPSK for the downlink.

Faris, Faris↗
NASA NTRS1996

Application of pneumatic lift and control surface technology to advanced transport aircraft

The application of pneumatic (blown) aerodynamic technology to both the lifting and the control surfaces of advanced transport aircraft can provide revolutionary changes in the performance and operation of these vehicles, ranging in speed regime from Advanced Subsonic Transports to the High Speed Civil Transport, and beyond. This technology, much of it based on the Circulation Control Wing blown concepts, can provide aerodynamic force augmentations of 80 to 100 (i.e., return of 80-100 pounds of force per pound of input momentum from the blowing jet). This can be achieved without use of external mechanical surfaces. Clever application of this technology can provide no-moving-part lifting surfaces (wings/tails) integrated into the control system to greatly simplify aircraft designs while improving their aerodynamic performance. Lift/drag ratio may be pneumatically tailored to fit the current phase of the flight, and takeoff/landing performance can be greatly improved by reducing ground roll distances and liftoff/touchdown speeds. Alternatively, great increases in liftoff weights and payloads are possible, as are great reductions in wing and tail planform size, resulting in optimized cruise wing designs. Furthermore, lift generation independent of angle of attack provides much promise for increased safety of flight in the severe updrafts/downdrafts of microbursts and windshears, which is further augmented by the ability to sustain flight at greatly reduced airspeeds. Load-tailored blown wings can also reduce tip vorticity during highlift operations and the resulting vortex wake hazards near terminal areas. Reduced noise may also be possible as these jets can be made to operate at low pressures. The planned presentation will support the above statements through discussions of recent experimental and numerical (CFD) research and development of these advanced blown aerodynamic surfaces, portions of which have been conducted for NASA. Also to be presented will be predicted performance of advanced transports resulting from these devices. Suggestions will be presented for additional innovative high-payoff research leading to further confirmation of these concepts and their application to advanced efficient commercial transport aircraft.

Englar, Robert J.↗
NASA NTRS2000

An Entry Flight Controls Analysis for a Reusable Launch Vehicle

The NASA Langley Research Center has been performing studies to address the feasibility of various single-stage to orbit concepts for use by NASA and the commercial launch industry to provide a lower cost access to space. Some work on the conceptual design of a typical lifting body concept vehicle, designated VentureStar(sup TM) has been conducted in cooperation with the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works. This paper will address the results of a preliminary flight controls assessment of this vehicle concept during the atmospheric entry phase of flight. The work includes control analysis from hypersonic flight at the atmospheric entry through supersonic speeds to final approach and landing at subsonic conditions. The requirements of the flight control effectors are determined over the full range of entry vehicle Mach number conditions. The analysis was performed for a typical maximum crossrange entry trajectory utilizing angle of attack to limit entry heating and providing for energy management, and bank angle to modulation of the lift vector to provide downrange and crossrange capability to fly the vehicle to a specified landing site. Sensitivity of the vehicle open and closed loop characteristics to CG location, control surface mixing strategy and wind gusts are included in the results. An alternative control surface mixing strategy utilizing a reverse aileron technique demonstrated a significant reduction in RCS torque and fuel required to perform bank maneuvers during entry. The results of the control analysis revealed challenges for an early vehicle configuration in the areas of hypersonic pitch trim and subsonic longitudinal controllability.

Calhoun, Philip↗
DOE OSTI2011

HEAVY WATER COMPONENTS TEST REACTOR DECOMMISSIONING

The Heavy Water Components Test Reactor (HWCTR) Decommissioning Project was initiated in 2009 as a Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) Removal Action with funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA). This paper summarizes the history prior to 2009, the major D&D activities, and final end state of the facility at completion of decommissioning in June 2011. The HWCTR facility was built in 1961, operated from 1962 to 1964, and is located in the northwest quadrant of the Savannah River Site (SRS) approximately three miles from the site boundary. The HWCTR was a pressurized heavy water test reactor used to develop candidate fuel designs for heavy water power reactors. In December of 1964, operations were terminated and the facility was placed in a standby condition as a result of the decision by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission to redirect research and development work on heavy water power reactors to reactors cooled with organic materials. For about one year, site personnel maintained the facility in a standby status, and then retired the reactor in place. In the early 1990s, DOE began planning to decommission HWCTR. Yet, in the face of new budget constraints, DOE deferred dismantlement and placed HWCTR in an extended surveillance and maintenance mode. The doors of the reactor facility were welded shut to protect workers and discourage intruders. In 2009 the $1.6 billion allocation from the ARRA to SRS for site footprint reduction at SRS reopened the doors to HWCTR - this time for final decommissioning. Alternative studies concluded that the most environmentally safe, cost effective option for final decommissioning was to remove the reactor vessel, both steam generators, and all equipment above grade including the dome. The transfer coffin, originally above grade, was to be placed in the cavity vacated by the reactor vessel and the remaining below grade spaces would be grouted. Once all above equipment including the dome was removed, a concrete cover was to be placed over the remaining footprint and the groundwater monitored for an indefinite period to ensure compliance with environmental regulations.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Shapes, Sizes, and Faceting of Nanoscale Metal Particles for Applications in Catalysis

In an effort to reduce the world's dependence on fossil fuels, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are commonly considered as a prime candidate for alternative energy sources. The efficiency of fuel cells is limited by the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) which is driven by platinum based catalysts. Numerous methods have been developed to synthesize particles which contain more active surfaces by tuning shapes, sizes and facets. Here, we will present a study of a well known wet chemical reduction method targeting specific morphologies and the resulting electrochemical activity. Studying the relationship between Pt facets at the bulk phase single crystal level versus the nanoscale correlates the effects of faceting on activities. Studying the formation of crystals during the course of the synthesis via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) provides mechanistic insight on growth, while electrochemical studies correlate physical properties to performance.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Simulation of a PCM Integrated Heat Pump Using Time-of-Use Utility Structure based Control Strategy for Demand Response

To mitigate the variation in demand on the electric grid, thermal energy storage (TES) is an alternative to electric batteries and constructing new peaking power plants. The aggressive carbon reduction goals of the United States are accelerating the electrification of building equipment. If space heating and cooling in the US were electrified using conventional heat pump technologies, the winter electric grid peak would approximately double. Integrating TES with heat pump (HP) enables electrification of space cooling and heating devices without overtaxing the grid.This paper evaluates the benefits of a novel phase change material (PCM) integrated heat pump configuration via simulation. A one-dimensional PCM heat exchanger model which discretizes the PCM tank and refrigerant tubes into small control volumes is developed. Each control volume can have different PCM temperatures, PCM properties, and heat transfer coefficients. The PCM tank is charged by a wrapped tank condenser and discharged by an internal refrigerant coil. The PCM heat exchanger model is integrated into DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Design Model for heat pump system simulation.To demonstrate the performance of the PCM integrated heat pump, a case study in Chicago was performed. A Time-of-Use utility structure-based control strategy is implemented to schedule the PCM tank charging and discharging mode switching. Compared with a conventional electric heat pump, the PCM integrated heat pump shows superior performance on load shifting and utility cost reduction. As a result, the proposed system demonstrates 24.6% utility saving for cooling application and 25.8% utility saving for heating application.

Li, Zhenning↗
DOE OSTI2017

Neutron-Gamma flux and Dose calculations in a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

The Institute of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) acts as technical support to the French nuclear safety authorities. In this context, one of its missions is to improve nuclear safety through the enhancement of knowledge regarding operating nuclear power reactors. The issues concerning the aging and the characterisation of the reactor vessel require knowledge of the neutron and gamma radiation environment on the vessel and beyond. Since few years, ENEA (Energia Nucleare e Energie Alternative, i.e. Nuclear Energy and Alternative Energy agency) and IRSN collaborate on Monte-Carlo simulations and Variance Reduction Techniques (VRT), which are used to determine neutron and gamma spectra in and out of the core. Additionally, IRSN participates in the DISCOMS project, which stands for 'Distributed Sensing for Corium Monitoring and Safety', aiming at examining the status of the third barrier of confinement, in order to define possible mitigation strategies in case of a severe accident, namely: i) reactor pressure vessel breakthrough and corium relocation outside the vessel, ii) reactor pit concrete erosion and iii) corium cooling. One of the IRSN tasks in the frame of the DISCOMS project is to provide the radiation level in terms of neutron and gamma doses and flux energy spectra at various locations. This paper summarizes the study performed on the radiation transport in the Tihange-I Belgian nuclear reactor and contributes to several issues requiring the knowledge of the radiation environment in and outside the reactor vessel. This paper gives an overview of the work presented at the ICRS-13 and RPSD-2016 conference (for more details see the proceedings paper)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Use of Lignin-Based Admixture as Water Reducer (WRA) for Tailoring the Rheological Properties of Mortars for 3D-Printing

Efforts towards decarbonizing construction materials and industrial processes related to cement and concrete can be aided via multifaceted approaches that target alternative admixtures as well as precision control of fabrication. Chemical admixtures for water reduction have played a crucial role in the development of advanced mortar and concrete mixtures. Newer biomass processing techniques developed for aviation fuel production from corn stover biomass produce a highly reactive lignin byproduct that is suitable for chemical modifications to mimic the properties of commonly used polycarboxylate ethers (PCEs) with a smaller carbon footprint. These lignin-based plasticizers developed at NREL can be used in place of petrochemical-derived superplasticizers to tailor the rheological properties of cement-based systems for applications such as additive manufacturing while reducing the carbon intensity of the concrete mix. Lignosulfonates derived from paper pulping were historically used as water reducers only to be displaced with the rise of PCEs. The present study examines the use of a NREL produced lignin-based water reducing admixture (WRA), in cement pastes and mortar mixtures for 3D-printing at small- (mm) scale. The experimental program consisted of different formulations of oxidized lignin-based WRAs added in variable dosages to cement pastes with a fixed water-to-cement ratio. The objective is to achieve an appropriate workability, extrudability and buildability of mortar mixtures to produce 3D-printed specimens. The rheological characterization was performed to compare the initial yield stress and viscosity of the different mixtures with lignin-based admixture with respect to conventional PCE superplasticizers. The rheological characterization shows that the proposed material act as an effective water-reducer in cement systems, affecting the yield stress, plastic viscosity, and structuration rate of the mixtures evaluated. On the other hand, the effect on early hydration process of the cement pastes containing lignin-based admixtures is comparable to conventional superplasticizers.

3D-printing↗
DOE OSTI2020

Investigation into Reductive Separation of Tc-99 from Low Activity Waste Off-Gas Condensate by Zero Valent Iron Materials - 20311

This study is investigating the potential for reductive separation of technetium-99 (Tc) from off-gas condensate generated from vitrification of legacy tank waste at the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant. Management of Tc is a high-priority activity for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Environmental Management (EM) complex, which must be addressed based on knowledge gaps and technology development needs outlined in the DOE-EM Technetium Management Program Plan [1]. Technetium is one of the main risk drivers in the permanent disposal of low activity waste (LAW) by vitrification at the Hanford Site due to its high volatility and only fractional incorporation into borosilicate glass. Volatilized Tc will be captured by an off-gas treatment system, and the current plan is to continuously recycle generated condensate back to the LAW glass melter feed. Off-gas recycling is effective at increasing Tc loading in the LAW glass, but it also disproportionately increases concentrations of sulfate, halides, and other volatile compounds impeding overall LAW processing leading to significantly greater waste glass volume requirements. Removal of Tc from secondary liquid waste offers an alternative disposal route to continuous off-gas recycling which may result in significant reduction of the volumes of LAW waste glass and substantial cost savings. The objective of this research funded by the DOE-EM Minority Serving Institutions Partnership Program (MSIPP) is to determine the suitability of zero valent iron (ZVI) as a separation technology to remove Tc from the off-gas condensate stream to minimize its recycle. While ZVI has been proposed for various remediation applications with Tc, it has not been studied for its suitability for removing Tc from the LAW off-gas condensate. The goal is to identify the optimal conditions for which Tc{sup (VII)} will be reduced to Tc{sup (IV)} species and incorporated into an iron matrix. This paper presents a programmatic overview of our evaluation of commercial ZVI materials for their efficiency towards Tc{sup (VII)} reductive removal from simplified off-gas simulant solutions under aerobic conditions. Tc concentrations in solutions were monitored for up to 30 days to determine efficiency and kinetics of reductive removal of Tc. The best performing candidate materials were selected for further experiments evaluating the effects of (1) variable ionic strength, (2) the presence of chromium and corrosive anions, and (3) ZVI aging on Tc{sup (VII)} reductive removal in batch experiments. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2018

Comprehending the occupying preference of manganese substitution in crystalline cement clinker phases: A theoretical study

Highlights: • The element distributions of manganese in clinker are successfully predicted by atomic simulations. • Occupying preference of Mn in clinker follows the ''electronic properties matching'' principle. - Abstract: Understanding the dopant behavior in cement clinker has been an important issue due to the increasing use of alternative fuels and secondary raw materials for cement manufacturing following the rising demand for reduction of CO{sub 2} emissions and energy consumption. In this work, state-of-the-art ab initio calculations have been employed to systematically investigate manganese (Mn) doping mechanism in four dominant clinker phases. Corresponding experimental studies are incorporated to verify simulated results. A conspicuous preference of Mn for occupying the Fe site in ferrite is found based on formation energy analyses, which is in accord with our experiments and vast literatures. More in-depth analyses indicate the Mn doping mechanism follows the ''electronic structure matching'' principle, which influences the stability of doped structures by inducing localized coordination distortions. The work provides a fundamental perspective to investigate doped clinker, which facilitates the searching for other doping species, thereby designing steerable doping-enhanced cement.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2010

The Bosch Process-Performance of a Developmental Reactor and Experimental Evaluation of Alternative Catalysts

Bosch-based reactors have been in development at NASA since the 1960's. Traditional operation involves the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen over a steel wool catalyst to produce water and solid carbon. While the system is capable of completely closing the loop on oxygen and hydrogen for Atmosphere Revitalization, steel wool requires a reaction temperature of 650C or higher for optimum performance. The single pass efficiency of the reaction over steel wool has been shown to be less than 10% resulting in a high recycle stream. Finally, the formation of solid carbon on steel wool ultimately fouls the catalyst necessitating catalyst resupply. These factors result in high mass, volume and power demands for a Bosch system. Interplanetary transportation and surface exploration missions of the moon, Mars, and near-earth objects will require higher levels of loop closure than current technology cannot provide. A Bosch system can provide the level of loop closure necessary for these long-term missions if mass, volume, and power can be kept low. The keys to improving the Bosch system lie in reactor and catalyst development. In 2009, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration refurbished a circa 1980's developmental Bosch reactor and built a sub-scale Bosch Catalyst Test Stand for the purpose of reactor and catalyst development. This paper describes the baseline performance of two commercially available steel wool catalysts as compared to performance reported in the 1960's and 80's. Additionally, the results of sub-scale testing of alternative Bosch catalysts, including nickel- and cobalt-based catalysts, are discussed.

Abney, Morgan B.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Electrolytic Oxide Reduction of Plutonium Oxide Surrogates

Our research team has investigated electrolytic oxide reduction (EOR) as an improved metal production process versus the currently employed multiple cycle direct oxide reduction (MCDOR) process for the conversion of plutonium oxide to plutonium metal. Inherent advantages in safety, waste generation, efficiency, and operational ease make EOR an attractive alternative to traditional metal production practices. Phase I of the project consisted of the construction of a prototype electrochemical cell, and proof of concept experiments towards the reduction of SnO 2 and CeO 2 compounds. Phase II of the project was focused on the optimization of the cerium system in preparation for future plutonium EOR experiments. We observed the electrolytic reduction of cerium oxide resulting in mixed degrees of success, and discovered this was a result of parasitic side reactions and partial reduction. We employed cyclic voltammetry (CV) to identify the products of these side reactions and characterize partially reduced species. We also observed that, when metal was successfully produced by EOR, a large amount of passed charge was required. We concluded that this observation was due to several inefficiencies of the process relating to the reduction mechanism (e.g. inefficient use of cathodically produced calcium). We used our CV results to guide our optimization of the EOR of CeO 2 by refining our electrochemical method, cell geometry, and materials of construction. Finally, we developed a next generation cell, worked to establish a new molten salt electrochemical capability in the Plutonium Facility, and completed a strategy for plutonium experiments. Our electrochemical method to produce plutonium metal clearly supports the core mission of the laboratory. Furthermore, this project has allowed for the development of capabilities that will provide valuable data to programs interested in characterization and detection, as well as science of signatures. Additionally, establishing this capability in the plutonium facility will facilitate future safeguard studies that can assist with safeguard development in molten salt reprocessing flowsheets, and molten salt reactor designs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗