Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “H- source”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 577 records · Page 32

The H-poor nature of incompletely melted planetesimals: The view from acapulcoites and lodranites

The abundance of H in planetary building blocks is of fundamental importance for constraining the evolution of the terrestrial planets. It is commonly assumed that chondrites are the principal sources of Earth’s H; however, recent studies have suggested that primitive achondrites and achondrites may retain a small complement of H. There are few constraints on the H budgets of primitive achondrites, which represent the transition from unmelted to melted planetesimals, but prior work suggests that bulk parent body H contents are several orders of magnitude lower than typical chondritic values. Therefore, to provide further constraints on H retention during the transition from unmelted to melted planetesimals, we have measured the H contents of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase from a suite of acapulcoite-lodranite clan meteorites. Acapulcoite-lodranite clan meteorites represent the “prototypical” primitive achondrite parent body and have bulk major element compositions more akin to the Earth than previously studied primitive achondrites (e.g., the ureilites). We find that the H 2 O contents of olivine (∼5–12 µg/g H 2 O), orthopyroxene (∼3–10 µg/g H 2 O), and clinopyroxene (∼5–8 µg/g H 2 O) are broadly similar, while plagioclase (∼2.5–5 µg/g H 2 O) tends to be offset to lower values. Using a simple, single-stage batch-melting model, we calculate a preferred maximum acapulcoite-lodranite parent body H 2 O content of 38 µg/g, which is similar to other estimates for primitive achondritic and achondritic parent bodies. Furthermore, assuming chondrite-like precursor materials, our data are consistent with efficient loss of H prior to or during the onset of melting of early-formed planetesimals. This requires that Earth’s H-budget was dominated by building blocks that underwent minimal thermal processing.

Primitive achondrite↗

Stress-Activated Positive Holes (O− in a Matrix of O2–) Cause DNA Damage in Surface-Dwelling Organisms: Unveiling Mutation-Induced Secrets of Nature

Peroxy defects consist of pairs of tightly bonded oxygen anions in the –1 valence state such as in O3X/OO\YO3 with X, Y = Si4+, Al3+ etc. They commonly occur in igneous, metamorphic and many sedimentary rocks. When such rocks are stressed by tectonic forces, peroxy defects break up, releasing highly mobile electronic charge carriers: defect electrons in the O2– sublattice, i.e. unbound O–, known as “positive holes”, h•. The h• can flow out of stressed rock volumes, spreading far and wide, causing electric currents and electrochemical reactions. This study explores how the h• impact the electron flow in the electron transport chain (ETC) of organisms on the surface of rocks such as gabbro and granite. We found that, by forming hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, the h• disrupt the in vivo coordination of reduction-oxidation reactions that are essential for the timing of the redox cycle. Our observations show that stress activation of h• delays the sprouting of certain plant seeds and impedes the growth of yeast cultures, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The h• induce mutations and affect plant development as evidenced by reduced stem length and leaf size. At the same time, the h• serve as a source of abiotic oxidation, capable of forming various organic compounds in situ. Through the generation of radical species that create new carbon-carbon bonds the h• facilitate the abiotic synthesis of hydrocarbons and other organic molecules essential to life, including porphyrins. Our findings highlight the intricate interplay between positive holes, redox timing, and biological processes, revealing their significant role in influencing the growth and development of organisms in tectonically stressed crustal environments. Understanding these effects enhances our broader comprehension of redox biology and the influence of environmental factors on cellular development in natural settings.

astrobiology↗

Identification of an NADP/thioredoxin system in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The protein components of the NADP/thioredoxin system, NADP-thioredoxin reductase (NTR) and thioredoxin h, have been purified and characterized from the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The analysis of this system confirms that photoautotrophic Chlamydomonas cells resemble leaves in having both an NADP- and ferrodoxin-linked thioredoxin redox system. Chlamydomonas thioredoxin h, which is smaller on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis than thioredoxin m from the same source, cross-reacted with antisera to thioredoxin h from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and wheat germ (Triticum vulgaris L.) but not with antisera to m or f thioredoxins. In these properties, the thioredoxin h resembled a thioredoxin from Chlamydomonas, designated Ch1, whose sequence was reported recently (P. Decottignies et al., 1991, Eur. J. Biochem. 198, 505-512). The differential reactivity of thioredoxin h with antisera was used to demonstrate that thioredoxin h is enriched outside the chloroplast. The NTR was purified from Chlamydomonas using thioredoxin h from the same source. Similar to its counterpart from other organisms, Chlamydomonas NTR had a subunit size of approx. 36 kDa and was specific for NADPH. Chlamydomonas NTR effectively reduced thioredoxin h from the same source but showed little activity with the other thioredoxins tested, including spinach thioredoxin h and Escherichia coli thioredoxin. Comparison of the reduction of Chlamydomonas thioredoxins m and h by each of the endogenous thioredoxin reductases, NTR and ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase, revealed a differential specificity of each enzyme for thioredoxin. Thus, NTR showed increased activity with thioredoxin h and ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase with thioredoxins m and f.

Non-NASA Center↗

A comparison of H-alpha intensity and radio wave scattering on eight low-latitude lines of sight

Radio scattering and H-alpha measurements for eight sources in Cygnus are compared. The diameter of the radio scattering disk at 1 GHz is found to be correlated with emission measure as determined from the H-alpha measurements, and that strong radio scattering characterized by a diameter of about 30 milliarcsec is produced in regions with emission measures of about 100/cm exp 6 pc or less. The slope of diameter-emission measure correlation is steeper than would be the case if all lines of sight were characterized by the same turbulent outer scale and modulation index. It is suggested that the lines of sight to unscattered or lightly scattered sources traverse only a diffuse medium which is revealed by H-alpha observations at high latitudes. Heavily scattered sources are viewed through an additional component of interstellar H II which has turbulence with different properties.

Spangler, Steven R.↗

SU-C-BRA-05: Delineating High-Dose Clinical Target Volumes for Head and Neck Tumors Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Purpose: To develop and test population-based machine learning algorithms for delineating high-dose clinical target volumes (CTVs) in H&N tumors. Automating and standardizing the contouring of CTVs can reduce both physician contouring time and inter-physician variability, which is one of the largest sources of uncertainty in H&N radiotherapy. Methods: Twenty-five node-negative patients treated with definitive radiotherapy were selected (6 right base of tongue, 11 left and 9 right tonsil). All patients had GTV and CTVs manually contoured by an experienced radiation oncologist prior to treatment. This contouring process, which is driven by anatomical, pathological, and patient specific information, typically results in non-uniform margin expansions about the GTV. Therefore, we tested two methods to delineate high-dose CTV given a manually-contoured GTV: (1) regression-support vector machines(SVM) and (2) classification-SVM. These models were trained and tested on each patient group using leave-one-out cross-validation. The volume difference(VD) and Dice similarity coefficient(DSC) between the manual and auto-contoured CTV were calculated to evaluate the results. Distances from GTV-to-CTV were computed about each patient’s GTV and these distances, in addition to distances from GTV to surrounding anatomy in the expansion direction, were utilized in the regression-SVM method. The classification-SVM method used categorical voxel-information (GTV, selected anatomical structures, else) from a 3×3×3cm3 ROI centered about the voxel to classify voxels as CTV. Results: Volumes for the auto-contoured CTVs ranged from 17.1 to 149.1cc and 17.4 to 151.9cc; the average(range) VD between manual and auto-contoured CTV were 0.93 (0.48–1.59) and 1.16(0.48–1.97); while average(range) DSC values were 0.75(0.59–0.88) and 0.74(0.59–0.81) for the regression-SVM and classification-SVM methods, respectively. Conclusion: We developed two novel machine learning methods to delineate high-dose CTV for H&N patients. Both methods showed promising results that hint to a solution to the standardization of the contouring process of clinical target volumes. Varian Medical Systems grant.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

3D Monte Carlo Modeling of the EEDF in Negative Hydrogen Ion Sources

For optimization and accurate prediction of the amount of H{sup -} ion production in negative ion sources, analysis of electron energy distribution function (EEDF) is necessary. We are developing a numerical code which analyzes EEDF in tandem-type arc-discharge sources. It is a three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation code with the realistic geometry and magnetic configuration. Coulomb collision between electrons is treated with 'Binary Collision' model and collisions with hydrogen species are treated with 'Null-collision (NC)' method. We have applied this code to the analysis of the JAEA 10 ampere negative ion source. The numerical result shows that the obtained EEDFs reasonably agree with experimental results.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

Solar wind control of the Geomagnetic Mass Spectrometer

Evidence from Dynamics Explorer retarding-ion mass-spectrometer data collected between 1981 and 1983 for the mass dispersion of ionospheric plasma in the polar cap, known as the Geomagnetic Mass Spectrometer, is discussed, and implications of this new source of ionospheric ions for the magnetosphere are considered. A localized source of energization of ionspheric H(+), He(+), O(+) and N(+) ions in the polar cusp yields a source of upswelling plasma that is transported into the magnetosphere, and equal heating of the ion species results in field-aligned flow velocities which are inversely proportional to the square root of the ion mass. The present phenomenon is produced by the resulting velocity filter effect of solar-driven ExB ion convection. The influence of solar wind conditions on the outflow via the polar cap ExB convection pattern is also discussed.

Waite, J. H., Jr.↗

Far-infrared and submillimeter survey of the galactic plane from l = 11.5 deg to l = 17.5 deg

Medium resolution (11 min) maps of the galactic plane are presented from l = 11.5 deg to l = 17.5 deg at wavelengths of 93 microns, 154 microns, and 190 microns. The maps are interpreted in terms of the temperature and spatial structure of diffuse far-infrared/submillimeter sources associated with evolved H II regions and a continuous ridge of galactic emission. The emission regions are found to be more extended at the longer wavelengths which implies that there must be a range of dust temperatures in the sources. The properties of the galactic ridge are similar to those of the sources.

Campbell, M. F.↗

H II REGION LUMINOSITY FUNCTION OF THE INTERACTING GALAXY M51

We present a study of H II regions in M51 using the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys images taken as part of the Hubble Heritage Program. We have cataloged about 19,600 H II regions in M51 with H{alpha} luminosity in the range of L = 10{sup 35.5}-10{sup 39.0} erg s{sup -1}. The H{alpha} luminosity function of H II regions (H II LF) in M51 is well represented by a double power law with its index {alpha} = -2.25 {+-} 0.02 for the bright part and {alpha} = -1.42 {+-} 0.01 for the faint part, separated at a break point L = 10{sup 37.1} erg s{sup -1}. This break was not found in previous studies of M51 H II regions. Comparison with simulated H II LFs suggests that this break is caused by the transition of H II region ionizing sources, from low-mass clusters (with {approx}10{sup 3} M{sub sun}, including several OB stars) to more massive clusters (including several tens of OB stars). The H II LFs with L < 10{sup 37.1} erg s{sup -1}are found to have different slopes for different parts in M51: the H II LF for the interarm region is steeper than those for the arm and the nuclear regions. This observed difference in H II LFs can be explained by evolutionary effects: H II regions in the interarm region are relatively older than those in the other parts of M51.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Classical H II regions in the Magellanic Clouds. 2: Stellar content

In this second in a series of papers on the nature of classical H II regions in the Magellanic Clouds I investigate the properties of the underlying stellar content of the nebulae. Particular emphasis is placed on identifying and classifying the ionizing source(s) for each H II region. With the exception of the LMC H II regions DEM 20 and DEM 8c, I find that all of the objects in this sample are ionized by more than one O or B star. Even the faintest H II regions reflect the formation of a handful of massive, albeit early B type, stars. Typically, one star accounts for 60% - 70% of the ionizing photons and 2 - 5 less massive stars provide the remaining 30% - 40%. From the statistics of the hottest stars in these H II regions, and from considering all the blue stars contained within each region, the distribution of massive stars with spectral type is consistent with results found in similar galactic H II regions.

Wilcots, Eric M.↗

Effect of Radiation from Low-Level Radioactive Waste Leachate on Antioxidant Depletion in HDPE Geo-membrane - 16087

Low-level radioactive waste (LLW) and mixed waste (MW) disposal facilities in the US are required to have a service life in excess of 1000 yr. Understanding the rate of degradation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geo-membranes (GMs) used in LLW and MW facilities is necessary to assess their service life when conducting a performance assessment for a disposal facility. In LLW and MW disposal facilities, GMs may be exposed to radionuclides that may accelerate antioxidant depletion and degradation. This paper evaluates how radiation dosage affects antioxidant depletion in HDPE GMs and makes inferences regarding the impact of radiation on GM service life. Specimens of 0.04-mm-, 0.1-mm-, and 2-mm-thick HDPE GMs were exposed to a sealed source of Am-241 to simulate alpha radiation from LLW leachate (e.g., uranium). The specimens were exposed to the sealed source for 1-50 h, followed by oxidative induction time (OIT) testing to determine depletion of antioxidants in response to exposure. Penetration of alpha particles in the HDPE GM exposed to the sealed source was evaluated with the program Geometry And Tracking (GEANT4). The GEANT4 modeling indicates that physical dose deposition for alpha particles largely occurs on the superficial layers and decreased monotonically with depth to a negligible dose (∼ 28 μm). For a 2-mm-thick HDPE GM, there was no change in OIT after exposure, whereas in much thinner GMs (e.g., 0.04 mm), significant antioxidant depletion occurred after exposure, reflecting the shallow penetration of alpha radiation at the surface of HDPE GM. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Progression to Compatibility Evaluations in Flowing Molten Salts

Molten salt compatibility with structural alloys has been identified as a key issue for the development of Generation 3 concentrating solar power (CSP) systems with thermal storage. To accelerate this evaluation to pumped systems, the goal of this project was to conduct thermal convection loop (TCL) experiments with a peak temperature of ≥700°C and a typical temperature gradient of ~100°C. The experiments indicated that conventional ~16wt.%Cr Ni-based alloys are compatible up to 700°C with purified (i.e. low O) or dried (low H₂O) industrial-sourced Mg-K-Na chloride salt with <10 μm/yr loss. This two-year project was conducted based on the experimental and mechanistic understanding developed more than 60 years ago at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The first TCL experiment met the <15 μm/yr corrosion metric for this project with specimens of Ni-based alloy 600 exposed at 580°-700°C for 1000 h and post-exposure room temperature tensile tests showed minimal degradation. The second TCL experiment successfully deployed an electrochemical sensor from Argonne National Laboratory and had a peak temperature of 750°C but only ran for ~110 h due to a furnace failure. Both experiments used highly purified industrial-sourced salt with an O content of ~3 μg O/g salt and a Mg addition of 0.04 wt.%. In the second year, the Chloride Collective developed a more economical drying procedure such that the O content was much higher (>20,000 μg O/g salt). A third TCL experiment was conducted with a sensor and a peak temperature of 700°C using dried salt from the same industrial source and increased NaCl content (~20 wt.%). In addition to a 0.05% Mg addition to the salt, a Mg coupon was added in the coldest part of the loop which dissolved during the experiment. Again, small mass changes were noted for specimens of alloys 600 and C276 but the values were slightly higher than those measured in purified salt with Mg. A thin non-continuous and non-adherent oxide layer was deposited on most specimens containing Mg, Si and Al but Cr depletion also was observed. Both years included facilities qualification crucible experiments and then capsule experiments to confirm a baseline isothermal reaction rate. The first year capsule experiment led to the conclusion that the two-stage ORNL purification process using NH₄Cl and CCl₄ left the salt with a high Cl potential and a Mg addition (~0.05wt.%) was needed to lower the potential. The second year capsule experiments at 600° and 700°C found little difference in depth of attack for 0-0.25%Mg additions. In general, the complex reactions where salt can be trapped in the porous surface layer of metal indicated that mass change is an unreliable metric and average depth of Cr depletion is a better metric for assessing the extent of attack. These results have created a new baseline that is contrary to the recent published literature for chloride salts where mass losses have been reported that can be extrapolated to very significant annual metal loss rates. Chloride salt corrosion can be controlled and the results also indicate that salt purification to low O levels may not be necessary. However, additional TCL experiments are needed at different times and temperatures to generate important engineering information such as temperature dependent corrosion rates and reaction rate laws for extrapolation to long-term behavior and isolate the effect of salt additives and impurities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Images in the rocket ultraviolet - Young clusters in H II regions of M83

UV images of M83 at 1540 and 2360 A reveal 18 compact sources that are associated with H II regions. E(B - V) values were estimated individually from the observed UV and optical colors and the Galactic UV extinction curve, using theoretical flux distributions. The dereddened colors are consistent with ages up to 3 x 10 to the 6th yr. A maximum possible age of 6.5 x 10 to the 6th yr is obtained assuming foreground reddening only. The distribution of observed colors is consistent with the Galactic reddening curve but not with enhanced far-UV extinction, as in the LMC 30 Dor curve. The H-alpha fluxes suggest either that dust within the H II regions absorbs up to 70 percent of the Lyman continuum radiation or that a similar fraction of the H-alpha flux is below the surface brightness detection limit. Cluster mass estimates depend on the range of stellar masses present but are probably in the range 10,000-100,000 solar masses.

Bohlin, Ralph C.↗

Operation Status of the J-PARC Negative Hydrogen Ion Source

A cesium-free negative hydrogen ion source driven with a lanthanum hexaboride (LaB{sub 6}) filament is being operated without any serious trouble for approximately four years in J-PARC. Although the ion source is capable of producing an H{sup -} ion current of more than 30 mA, the current is routinely restricted to approximately 16 mA at present for the stable operation of the RFQ linac which has serious discharge problem from September 2008. The beam run is performed during 1 month cycle, which consisted of a 4-5 weeks beam operation and a few days down-period interval. At the recent beam run, approximately 700 h continuous operation was achieved. At every runs, the beam interruption time due to the ion source failure is a few hours, which correspond to the ion source availability of more than 99%. The R and D work is being performed in parallel with the operation in order to enhance the further beam current. As a result, the H{sup -} ion current of 61 mA with normalized rms emittance of 0.26 {pi}mm.mrad was obtained by adding a cesium seeding system to a J-PARC test ion source which has the almost same structure with the present J-PARC ion source.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Phase-control synthesis and catalytic property of magnetic Ni@NixPy core-shell microstructures

Highlights: • Ni@Ni{sub x}P{sub y} core-shell microstructures are synthesized by a low-temperature phosphidation route. • The initial Ni/NaH{sub 2}PO{sub 2} molar ratio can strongly affect the phase of the final product. • Ni@Ni{sub x}P{sub y} microstructures present good catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. • The catalytic property of Ni@Ni{sub x}P{sub y} microstructures presents markedly phase-dependent features. - Abstract: Magnetic Ni@Ni{sub x}P{sub y} core-shell microstructures were successfully synthesized by a simple low-temperature phosphidation route, employing Ni nanospheres as the initial nickel source, NaH{sub 2}PO{sub 2}·H{sub 2}O as the phosphorus ion source. The phosphidation reaction was carried out in N{sub 2} atmosphere at 300 °C for 2 h. Experiments showed that the initial Ni/NaH{sub 2}PO{sub 2} molar ratio could strongly affect the phase of the final product. When the Ni/NaH{sub 2}PO{sub 2} molar ratio of 1:2.77 was used, hexagonal Ni{sub 2}P phase was obtained; while the Ni/NaH{sub 2}PO{sub 2} molar ratio was 1:5.54, hexagonal Ni{sub 5}P{sub 4} phase was produced. It was found that the magnetic properties of the products gradually decreased with the conversion from Ni nanospheres, to Ni@Ni{sub 2}P and to Ni@Ni{sub 5}P{sub 4}. Moreover, initial Ni nanospheres, Ni@Ni{sub 2}P and Ni@Ni{sub 5}P{sub 4} core-shell microstructures presented outstanding catalytic activities for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in excess NaBH{sub 4} solution. Ni@Ni{sub 5}P{sub 4} core-shell microstructures owned the best catalytic activity.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Quartz-hosted inclusions and embayments reveal storage, fluxing, and ascent of the Mesa Falls Tuff, Yellowstone

Quartz-hosted glasses from the Mesa Falls Tuff provide a geochemical window into the pre-eruptive magmatic system from one of Yellowstone's largest-volume caldera-forming eruptions. H 2 O and CO 2 concentrations, along with major and trace elements, were measured in both fully enclosed glass inclusions and partially enclosed embayments in the same quartz crystals. Major elements are largely consistent between the inclusions and embayments, except for K 2 O and Na 2 O. Of note, K 2 O is enriched by ~1 wt.% in embayment interiors relative to inclusions. Most trace elements are also enriched in the embayment interiors compared to inclusions from the same crystals. Fractionation trends of trace elements are consistent with ~30-60% crystallization. Quartz-hosted glass inclusions preserve 3.1±0.9 wt.% H 2 O and 493±227 ppm CO 2 whereas embayment interiors have 0.9±0.1 wt.% H 2 O and 399±229 ppm CO 2 . The CO 2 is roughly similar, but the distinct ~2 wt.% discrepancy between inclusion and embayment interior H 2 O contents may have been produced by CO 2 fluxing sourced from underplated Yellowstone basalts. H 2 O gradients within embayments are flat in their interiors and modified by sharp positive gradients near embayment exteriors which were produced by post-eruptive rehydration. CO 2 gradients occur as gently sloping concentration gradients that extend inward 150 to 250 μm from the embayment exterior. Finally, finite-difference 1D and 2D diffusion modeling indicates the distribution of H 2 O and CO 2 in embayments was produced by slow, fluid-saturated decompression that preceded rapid ascent during the caldera-forming eruption.

2D diffusion modeling↗

Are Unidentified Extreme-Ultraviolet Sources the Closest Neutron Stars?

Unidentified extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) sources, detected in the EUVE and ROSAT WFC all-sky surveys, could be isolated old neutron stars, accreting material from the interstellar medium (ISM). The closest neutron stars, which are located in the local ISM bubble of unusually low density, are faint and cool (L approximately 10(exp 27) erg/s, T approximately < 6 eV). The extreme-UV spectrum of these sources is very sensitive to the H I column density, since a large fraction of the energy is emitted just below the hydrogen Lyman edge. The EUVE sources with large count rates in the long-wavelength bandpass (600 A) seem to be the most promising candidates. These sources should have low H I column density (N(sub H I) approximately < 10(exp 18) sq cm), constraining their distances to a few tens of parsecs. Otherwise, their spectra would be significantly modified by ISM absorption, and inevitably they would appear stronger in the short-wavelength (100 A, 200 A) EUVE bandpasses. If these unidentified objects are familiar EUV sources rather than neutron stars, i.e. white dwarfs, late-type stars or cataclysmic variables, they are expected to be identifiable, and generally brighter than V approximately 14.

Shemi, A.↗

Dopant Patterning by PECVD and Mechanical Masking for Passivated Tunneling Contact IBC Cell Architectures

We present a robust, simple technique for dopant patterning onto poly-Si/SiO 2 passivated tunneling contacts on nCz wafers. Heavily doped, thin nand ptype a-Si:H overlayers serve as solid-state dopant sources for blanket intrinsic a-Si:H layer on tunneling SiO 2 . Subsequent processing results in uniformly doped, functional n- and p-type passivated contacts. Furthermore, physical masking during the PECVD of the dopant source overlayers enables an interdigitated back contact (IBC) cell structure with sufficient doped finger edge fidelity to preserve an intrinsic electrode gap. Lithography-free, passivated contact IBC cell structures are made using a set of n-, p-, and metallization masks from patterned Si wafers with mechanical alignment. Alternatively, doped a-Si:H overlayers are patterned by dielectric layer deposition and lithography.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗