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NASA NTRS2006

Desert Research and Technology Studies 2005 Report

During the first two weeks of September 2005, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Johnson Space Center (JSC) Advanced Extravehicular Activity (AEVA) team led the field test portion of the 2005 Research and Technology Studies (RATS). The Desert RATS field test activity is the culmination of the various individual science and advanced engineering discipline areas year-long technology and operations development efforts into a coordinated field test demonstration under representative (analog) planetary surface terrain conditions. The purpose of the RATS is to drive out preliminary exploration concept of operations EVA system requirements by providing hands-on experience with simulated planetary surface exploration extravehicular activity (EVA) hardware and procedures. The RATS activities also are of significant importance in helping to develop the necessary levels of technical skills and experience for the next generation of engineers, scientists, technicians, and astronauts who will be responsible for realizing the goals of the Constellation Program. The 2005 Desert RATS was the eighth RATS field test and was the most systems-oriented, integrated field test to date with participants from NASA field centers, the United States Geologic Survey (USGS), industry partners, and research institutes. Each week of the test, the 2005 RATS addressed specific sets of objectives. The first week focused on the performance of surface science astro-biological sampling operations, including planetary protection considerations and procedures. The second week supported evaluation of the Science, Crew, Operations, and Utility Testbed (SCOUT) proto-type rover and its sub-systems. Throughout the duration of the field test, the Communications, Avionics, and Infomatics pack (CAI-pack) was tested. This year the CAI-pack served to provide information on surface navigation, science sample collection procedures, and EVA timeline awareness. Additionally, 2005 was the first year since the Apollo program that two pressurized suited test subjects have worked together simultaneously. Another first was the demonstration of recharge of cryogenic life support systems while in-use by the suited test subjects. The recharge capability allowed the simulated EVA test duration to be doubled, facilitating SCOUT proto-type rover testing. This paper summarizes Desert RATS 2005 test hardware, detailed test objectives, test operations and test results.

Ross, Amy J.↗

NASA NTRS2012

Lunar Science

Lunar Laser Ranging will provide critical data to determine the initial composition of the Moon and the Earth-Moon system. Specifically, LLR uniquely measures the properties of the lunar core via librations. LUNAR is advancing LLR: APOLLO recovery of Lunokhod 1, thus dramatically improving measurements of librations; Technology development of next generation retroreflectors; New drilling techniques. Dual-use Low Frequency Radio arrays will constrain: Lunar ionosphere density via riometry; Nano-size interplanetary dust particles responsible for surface weathering.

lunar laser ranging↗

NASA NTRS2000

Can Distributed Volunteers Accomplish Massive Data Analysis Tasks?

The science community is accustomed to interacting with the public for two main purposes: outreach to adults (since they are the patrons upon whose good will future funding will depend), and education for children (since they are the reservoir from which the next generation's talent must be drawn). We suggest that a third relationship can now be fruitful, one that has been little used until now - with the notable exception of the astronomy community. Astronomy has a long history of relying on non-professionals for some observations. Important contributions have been made by amateur astronomers in several areas of research including monitoring dust storms on Mars, timing asteroid occultations, and discovering comets. Note that three distinct contributions are being made by amateur astronomers: they supply their own instrumentation, provide access to observing sites around the Globe, and contribute their innate powers of perception.

Kanefsky, Bob↗

NASA NTRS2015

Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission Products and Services at the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC)

The NASA Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center (DISC) hosts and distributes GPM data within the NASA Earth Observation System Data Information System (EOSDIS). The GES DISC is also home to the data archive for the GPM predecessor, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Over the past 17 years, the GES DISC has served the scientific as well as other communities with TRMM data and user-friendly services. During the GPM era, the GES DISC will continue to provide user-friendly data services and customer support to users around the world. GPM products currently and to-be available: -Level-1 GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) and partner radiometer products, DPR products -Level-2 Goddard Profiling Algorithm (GPROF) GMI and partner products, DPR products -Level-3 daily and monthly products, DPR products -Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) products (early, late, and final) A dedicated Web portal (including user guides, etc.) has been developed for GPM data (http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/gpm). Data services that are currently and to-be available include Google-like Mirador (http://mirador.gsfc.nasa.gov/) for data search and access; data access through various Web services (e.g., OPeNDAP, GDS, WMS, WCS); conversion into various formats (e.g., netCDF, HDF, KML (for Google Earth), ASCII); exploration, visualization, and statistical online analysis through Giovanni (http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov); generation of value-added products; parameter and spatial subsetting; time aggregation; regridding; data version control and provenance; documentation; science support for proper data usage, FAQ, help desk; monitoring services (e.g. Current Conditions) for applications. The United User Interface (UUI) is the next step in the evolution of the GES DISC web site. It attempts to provide seamless access to data, information and services through a single interface without sending the user to different applications or URLs (e.g., search, access, subset, Giovanni, documents).

precipitation↗

NASA NTRS2015

Commercialization and Standardization Progress Towards an Optical Communications Earth Relay

NASA is planning to launch the next generation of a space based Earth relay in 2025 to join the current Space Network, consisting of Tracking and Data Relay Satellites in space and the corresponding infrastructure on Earth. While the requirements and architecture for that relay satellite are unknown at this time, NASA is investing in communications technologies that could be deployed to provide new communications services. One of those new technologies is optical communications. The Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) project, scheduled for launch in 2018 as a hosted payload on a commercial communications satellite, is a critical pathfinder towards NASA providing optical communications services on the next generation space based relay. This paper will describe NASA efforts in the on-going commercialization of optical communications and the development of inter-operability standards. Both are seen as critical to making optical communications a reality on future NASA science and exploration missions. Commercialization is important because NASA would like to eventually be able to simply purchase an entire optical communications terminal from a commercial provider. Inter-operability standards are needed to ensure that optical communications terminals developed by one vendor are compatible with the terminals of another. International standards in optical communications would also allow the space missions of one nation to use the infrastructure of another.

lasers↗

NASA NTRS2018

Artificial Intelligence - The Future of Space Communications

Presentation focus on the Cognitive Communications Project Overview. The project aims to develop cognitive communications technologies to increase mission science return and improve resource efficiencies. Another key aspect of the project is understanding the fundamental aspects of cognitive technology and developing artificial intelligence to advance the future of space communications. This involves the use of machine learning algorithms in the next generation architecture for space communications in the effort to increase efficiency, autonomy and increased performance of the space communication and navigations next generation architecture.

Briones, Janette C.↗

NASA NTRS2019

Cognitive Communications and Networking Technology Infusion Study Report

As the envisioned next-generation SCaN Network transitions into an end-to-end “system of systems” with new enabling capabilities, it is anticipated that the introduction of machine learning, artificial intelligence, and other cognitive strategies into the network infrastructure will result in increased mission science return, improved resource efficiencies, and increased autonomy and reliability. This enhanced set of cognitive capabilities will be implemented via a “space cloud” concept to achieve a service-oriented architecture with distributed cognition, de-centralized routing, and shared, on-orbit data processing. The enabling cognitive communications and networking capabilities that may facilitate the desired network enhancements are identified in this document, and the associated enablers of these capabilities, such as technologies and standards, are described in detail.

Knoblock, Eric J.↗

NASA NTRS2020

Adventures in Lunar Core Processing: Timeline of and Preparation for Opening of Core Sample 73002 for the ANGSA Program

The Apollo mission returned 382 kg of rocks, soil and core samples, which have helped to advance our knowledge of lunar science. Studies of these lunar samples are crucial for our understanding of the Moon’s geological evolution. Here, we present the meticulous process that involves preparing for, and ultimately opening, the unopened Apollo 17 drive tube: 73002,0, so that the next generation of lunar scientists can further our insight into the Moon’s history.

Krysher, C. H.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Preliminary Examination Process of Apollo Core 73002 - Insights and Lessons Learned From ANGSA for Future Sample Return Missions

Apollo Sample 73002 is part of a 2-foot long “drive tube” (73001/73002) of regolith that was collected from a landslide deposit near Lara Crater at the Apollo 17 site, Station 3. The double drive tube is believed to have penetrated a lunar landslide deposit that was transported from the slope of the South Massif into the TLV [1]. As part of the ANGSA (Apollo Next Generation Sample Analyses) initiative, preparing preliminary examination (PE) catalog of 73002 is a crucial first step for the early identification of material types such as rock fragments, and potential stratigraphy within the core. PE of Apollo core 73002 is distinct from science activities with the main goal to produces a sample catalog with a level of detail about sample characterization that is sufficient for the ANGSA PIs (and later on the lunar sample community) to select and request the samples to conduct their individual, scientific studies. Ultimately, the PE catalog of 73002 will help to establish a better understanding of the stratigraphy of the land slide deposit; the processes of the landslide including the trigger(s) and possibly number of landslide events, as well as the role of volatiles [1] and will aid in the careful preservation of the material for future studies [2].

Apollo↗

DOE OSTI2025

Local Thermal Conductivity Patterning in Rotating Lattice Crystals of Anisotropic Sb 2 S 3

The ability to control material heat transport properties over space and time can drive advanced functionalities in thermal management for electronics and system-on-chip, and enable thermal circuits. Despite the technological relevance, there are limited demonstrations of local thermal property control. Rotating lattice single (RLS) crystals—formed via laser-induced crystallization of an amorphous substrate—offer a novel avenue for local crystal engineering, unlocking opportunities for microscale property patterning. Here, thermal conductivity (𝜅) imaging is applied to RLS crystals of Sb2S3 to resolve microscale 𝜅 variations across patterned regions. Amorphous areas exhibit 𝜅 as low as 0.6 Wm −1 K −1 , while crystalline regions display periodic 𝜅 variations from 0.7 to over 2.5 Wm −1 K −1 . These variations correspond to changes in crystal orientation, revealing marked 𝜅 anisotropy. The crystal out-of-plane direction (c axis)—featuring van der Waals bonds—shows amorphous-like transport, whereas in-plane directions (a, b axes) exhibit 3.5x and 1.7x larger 𝜅, respectively. First-principles calculations, in excellent agreement with experiments, suggest that the in-plane anisotropy originates from expressed Sb lone pairs, which impart a corrugation along the b axis affecting bond stiffness and 𝜅. These findings demonstrate microscale control of thermal properties via laser-processed metastructures, with significant implications for next-generation thermal management.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Revealing the Nature of Binary-Phase on Structural Stability of Sodium Layered Oxide Cathodes

The emergence of layered sodium transition metal oxides featuring a multiphase structure presents a promising approach for cathode materials in sodium-ion batteries, showcasing notably improved energy storage capacity. However, the advancement of cathodes with multiphase structures faces obstacles due to the limited understanding of the integrated structural effects. Herein, the integrated structural effects by an in-depth structure-chemistry analysis in the developed layered cathode system Na x Cu 0.1 Co 0.1 Ni 0.25 Mn 0.4 Ti 0.15 O 2 with purposely designed P2/O3 phase integration, are comprehended. The results affirm that integrated phase ratio plays a pivotal role in electrochemical/structural stability, particularly at high voltage and with the incorporation of anionic redox. In contrast to previous reports advocating solely for the enhanced electrochemical performance in biphasic structures, it is demonstrated that an inappropriate composite structure is more destructive than a single-phase design. The in situ X-ray diffraction results, coupled with density functional theory computations further confirm that the biphasic structure with P2:O3 = 4:6 shows suppressed irreversible phase transition at high desodiated states and thus exhibits optimized electrochemical performance. Finally, these fundamental discoveries provide clues to the design of high-performance layered oxide cathodes for next-generation SIBs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Mesoporous Thin Film Architectures: Addressing Material Demands through Molecular Self-Assembly

Mesoporous thin films spark interest across a wide range of disciplines due to their tunable nanostructures, large internal surface areas, and strong compatibility with planar optical, electronic, and microfluidic devices. While attention in the porous materials community has shifted toward macroporous or disordered nanoporous systems, a resurgence in mesoporous thin film research is underway, driven by new molecular self-assembly methods, advanced materials chemistry, and improved characterization techniques. The integration of high-χN block copolymer design, kinetically persistent micelle templating, and postdeposition processing protocols now allows control over structural parameters such as pore size, wall thickness, porosity, and connectivity. These advances have overcome many of the thermodynamic and processing constraints that previously limited widespread adoption. Rather than serving only as high-surface-area supports, mesoporous thin films are engineered as active interfaces where responsive chemistries and nanoscale confinement act in tandem. Embedding switchable ligands, thermoresponsive polymers, redox mediators, or ion-selective groups directly within the pore walls enables real-time control over transport, optical, and electrochemical properties. These capabilities open up new directions in adaptive coatings, gated membranes, and fast-response biosensors. To further expand their functional scope, mesoporous films are integrated into hierarchical and multicomponent architectures. Techniques such as triblock terpolymer templating, crack-directed assembly, and nanoimprint lithography allow for control over spatial organization on the micron and submicron scale and pore system orientation. This enables programmable anisotropy, enhanced molecular diffusion, and wavelength-selective photonic behavior, essential for next-generation sensing, catalysis, and energy applications. Such structural and functional complexity requires equally sophisticated characterization. Multimodal and in situ techniques can track material dynamics under operational conditions. Recent progress includes extended-range ellipsometric porosimetry (EP) for hierarchical architectures, vacuum EP for interface energetics, time-resolved EP for diffusion kinetics, and correlative AFM-SAXS mapping. The introduction of advanced neutron-based spectroscopies, particularly quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS), promises to provide real-time access to ion transport dynamics and segmental motion under nanoscale confinement, offering a path toward deeper mechanistic understanding of structure-performance correlations in mesoporous systems. This Account reflects the technical advances made and the interdisciplinary collaborations that have shaped our collective vision. The particular dimensions of mesopores enable us to subtly tune interactions at the molecular, interfacial, and mesoscopic levels that permit us to harness nanoconfinement. What emerges is a versatile, modular platform capable of chemical gating, energy transduction, and sensing with a level of tunability unmatched by other porous materials. We highlight critical challenges including the need for more robust large-area processing, a deeper understanding of dynamic behavior under cycling, and better integration with device-level architectures. Our strategies support the transition of mesoporous thin films into active high-performance components in next-generation energy, environmental, and biomedical systems.

oxides↗

DOE OSTI2025

All-Atom Modeling and Simulation of Biopolymer Interface: Dual Role of Antifouling Polymer Brushes

Antifouling polymer brushes are well-known for their exceptional resistance to unwanted protein adsorption. While experimental studies have extensively characterized protein–polymer brush interactions, computational investigations remain limited, largely due to the challenges in accurately modeling and integrating these complex, multicomponent systems without resorting to oversimplification. To address this challenge, this study presents one of the most comprehensive and realistic model systems to date, comprising the substrate, grafted polymers, and proteins. Our work interprets the interactions between polymer brush and protein based on realistic modeling without simplification. In particular, this study utilizes molecular modeling and simulation of polycationic and polyzwitterionic brushes─poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), poly(2-(N-oxide-N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PNOMA), and poly(2-(N-3-sulfopropyl-N,N-dimethylammonium)ethyl methacrylate) (PSBMA)─grafted onto α-quartz substrates via polymerization initiator linkers. The brush models were developed to closely replicate experimentally synthesized samples and to provide detailed insights into structural and dynamical changes at the molecular level during protein adsorption. Using steered molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the PSBMA brush, due to its high local density, exhibits the greatest resistance to protein insertion. Cα root-mean-square deviation and interaction pattern analyses further reveal that the PSBMA brush also induces the most significant destabilization of lysozyme, while the PDMAEMA brush enhances protein stability through ion-mediated interactions. The PNOMA brush, while requiring the lowest force for protein adsorption, induces greater protein destabilization than the PDMAEMA brush, primarily due to electrostatic repulsion caused by a short carbon spacer length. Hydration analysis reveals that both the PSBMA brush and the lysozyme interacting with it exhibit the most rapid dehydration, attributed to the brush’s high local chain density, which results in the greatest lysozyme destabilization and the highest adsorption force. These findings highlight the dual role of antifouling polymer brushes: resisting protein adsorption and modulating protein structural dynamics. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights for the rational design of next-generation antifouling materials and offers a framework for realistic model development in complex multicomponent systems.

Adsorption↗

DOE OSTI2025

Molecular engineering of ethereal electrolyte for ultrastable Si-based high voltage full cells

The successful application of Si-based high-energy Li-ion batteries (LIBs) depends on our ability to tailor electrolyte properties to achieve long-term stability and reliable performance. In this work, we demonstrate our rationale for the molecular design of ethereal solvents to address low anodic stability issues and produce a highly electrochemically stable electrolyte for Si‖LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC811) high-energy full cells. Unlike the trimethylsilyl group, the trifluoromethyl (–CF 3 ) group exerts a very strong electron-withdrawing effect on the glycol ether backbone, reducing the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the fluorinated glycol ether (FGE) and significantly enhancing its oxidation potential. The FGE-based electrolyte enables stable cycling of Si‖NMC811 full cells, delivering high specific capacity (900 mA h g −1 ) and coulombic efficiency (>99.78%) over extended (500) cycles. The improved electrochemical performance originates from the terminal fluorination of the diglyme backbone, which strengthens anion coordination in the solvation structure, leading to the preferential reduction of the FSI anion and the formation of robust solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) on the Si surface. Through molecular engineering of ethereal solvents, we have discovered a promising candidate for a next-generation stable electrolyte, paving the way for the design of practical and commercially viable Si batteries.

Silicon anode↗

DOE OSTI2024

Novel ceramic capacitors with ultrahigh energy density and efficiency (Final Technical Report)

Antiferroelectric ceramics are a special class of material that have shown great potential as the dielectric in electrical capacitors due to their high energy- and power-density. During each charge-discharge cycle, the ceramic undergoes transformation to a ferroelectric phase and resumes its antiferroelectric phase. The hysteresis associated with the transitions leads to a mediocre energy efficiency and service lifetime of antiferroelectric capacitors and, hence, their almost absence in commercial products. Under the support of this research project, we first formulated a universal lattice-compatibility theory that included electrostatic polarization energy along with elastic energy and thermal energy to understand the origin of the hysteresis in antiferroelectric oxides. Guided by this compatibility theory, we conducted high-throughput density functional theory (DFT) calculations to assess chemical modifiers and their effect on crystal structures of 400+ PbZrO 3 -based compositions. Down-selected compositions were experimentally validated for their suppressed hysteresis and higher energy efficiency. The verified low-hysteresis compositions were then expanded to an antiferroelectric ceramic library with nearly 500 new compositions (more than 1,500 samples) using high-throughput experiments involving ceramic synthesis and property screening. The large quantity of data generated (theory and experimental) in these tasks were processed by machine-learning techniques and identified trends were fed to the next iteration. In the end, we successfully discovered four compositions with near-zero hysteresis, yielding a world-record energy efficiency of 98.2% at an energy density of 3.0 J/cm 3 . Furthermore, our antiferroelectric ceramic capacitor reaches 79.5 million charge-discharge cycles lifetime, a factor of 80 enhancement over previous antiferroelectric ceramics with large hysteresis. These research accomplishments have not only met the milestones set in the SOPO, but also led to two patent filings, three journal publications (one of them was in Advanced Materials, impact factor 29.4), and nine oral presentations at various venues. Through the course of the project, three postdocs, four Ph.D. students, and one M.S. student were trained. In short, our project established a new methodology in searching next-generation functional ceramics on the fundamental side and discovered several high-efficiency antiferroelectric compositions for capacitors on the applied side. Once fabricated into the multilayer form for commercial applications, these ceramic capacitors can potentially enable the high temperature high power density DC-link capacitors that are critical for the next generation inverters in electric vehicles. The project also significantly contributed to the nation’s workforce development in the STEM fields.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Sensitivity of Next-Generation CMB Surveys to Neutrinos and Other Light Relics

Neutrinos and other light relics leave characteristic imprints in the cosmic microwave background anisotropies, making their observation a sensitive probe of the particle content and thermal history of the early universe. The energy density in these relativistic species is parameterized by their effective number $N_\mathrm{eff}$. Measuring this parameter at the percent level, which is a long-standing science goal of CMB-S4 and other experiments, would test a wide range of well-motivated physics within and beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. In this paper, we present Fisher-matrix forecasts of the projected sensitivity to $N_\mathrm{eff}$ of several CMB-S4 survey configurations considered during its extensive design phase. The conceptual design reaches $σ(N_\mathrm{eff}) < 0.03$ over its seven-year observing period, while the revised configuration achieves the same precision over a longer timescale. We complement these results with a cosmic-variance-limited survey over the same multipole range to quantify the room for improvement accessible with additional instrumental, observational, and theoretical efforts. Finally, we discuss the broad implications of precise $N_\mathrm{eff}$ measurements for the radiation sector, big bang nucleosynthesis, light thermal relics, and other early-universe physics. The forecasts presented in this work are performed with the publicly released DRAFT (Dark Radiation Anisotropy Flowdown Team) tool. It provides an end-to-end pipeline from simulated foreground maps and component separation to delensing and projected sensitivities for any cosmological parameter, and it can be directly applied to other cosmic microwave background survey designs.

Trendafilova, Cynthia [Case Western Reserve U., CE↗

NASA NTRS2005

Large-Scale NASA Science Applications on the Columbia Supercluster

Columbia, NASA's newest 61 teraflops supercomputer that became operational late last year, is a highly integrated Altix cluster of 10,240 processors, and was named to honor the crew of the Space Shuttle lost in early 2003. Constructed in just four months, Columbia increased NASA's computing capability ten-fold, and revitalized the Agency's high-end computing efforts. Significant cutting-edge science and engineering simulations in the areas of space and Earth sciences, as well as aeronautics and space operations, are already occurring on this largest operational Linux supercomputer, demonstrating its capacity and capability to accelerate NASA's space exploration vision. The presentation will describe how an integrated environment consisting not only of next-generation systems, but also modeling and simulation, high-speed networking, parallel performance optimization, and advanced data analysis and visualization, is being used to reduce design cycle time, accelerate scientific discovery, conduct parametric analysis of multiple scenarios, and enhance safety during the life cycle of NASA missions. The talk will conclude by discussing how NAS partnered with various NASA centers, other government agencies, computer industry, and academia, to create a national resource in large-scale modeling and simulation.

Brooks, Walter↗

NASA NTRS2021

Astro-biological Exploration of Ocean Worlds, Enabled by an RPS Inside a Pressure Vessel

Exploring Ocean and Ice Worlds could help us to understand the origin and evolution of life in the universe. In our solar system we have identified six Ocean and Ice Worlds, namely Earth, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Enceladus, and Titan. Other potential targets include Dione, Triton, and Pluto. As documented in the Planetary Decadal Survey [1] and the NASA Roadmap to Ocean Worlds [2], these worlds are compelling science destinations, with oceans situated below their tens of kilometers thick ice shells. To reach them we need a new exploration paradigm with novel technological solutions. Key technological challenges revolve around the power for the probe and for melting, as well as protecting the payload against the extreme environments, including high pressure, low temperature, corrosion, and radiation. Far away from the Sun, and melted into the ice, we may only rely on long-lived internal power generation. Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) with either static or dynamic conversion, utilizing the heat of decaying Plutonium-238, could be good candidates. We need suitable payloads that are protected and could survive the extreme environments, as well as enabling power and thermal systems for melting through the ice shield and to swim in the ocean below the ice. RPS could support the probe’s instruments and sub-systems, as well as provide a heat source for melting the ice while keeping the components at operating temperatures. Mitigating the external pressure while immersing inside the ice shell, and in the ocean, would require a new RPS design that operates inside a Pressure Vessel. In our paper, we will discuss general mission architecture trades and the sizing of a next generation RPS housed in a pressure vessel, broadly applicable to any of the Ocean Worlds satellites of interest. Through a technology focused approach, we address interconnected design and mission architecture aspects, including considerations for: the RPS and the Pressure Vessel; extreme environmental constraints; g-load tolerance; power and thermal systems sizing for science measurements; spacecraft operations through all mission phases; subsurface mobility; and planetary protection. The findings will inform the science community on instrument accommodation possibilities; the mission planning community on possible mission concepts; and the RPS development community on the science driven technology considerations.

Donitz, Benjamin P.↗