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At least 577 records · Page 32

Compressibility and shock wave interaction effects on free shear layers

Two compressible free shear layers with convective Mach numbers of .51 and .86 were studied as baseline configurations to investigate the effects of compressibility on the turbulence characteristics. These shear layers were then disturbed by the placement of an obstruction in the shear layer in an attempt to enhance the shear layer growth rate. These models produced a curved shock in the supersonic side of the shear layer. The results indicate a significant reduction in turbulence levels with increased compressibility. However, there are not any significant changes due to the bow shock interaction with the shear layer.

Samimy, M.↗

Penetrative convective flows induced by internal heating and mantle compressibility

Penetrative convective flows induced in a spherical shell by combined effects of internal heating and mantle compressibility are investigated using mathematical and numerical formulations for compressible spherical shell convection. Isothermal stress-free boundary conditions applied at the top and the bottom of the shell are solved using a time-dependent finite difference code in a temperature, vorticity, stream function formulation for Rayleigh numbers ranging from the critical Rc up to 2000 Rc. Results indicate that compressibility, together with internal heating, could be a mechanism capable of generating spontaneously layered convection and local melting in the mantle and that non-Boussinesq effects must be considered in interpretations of geophysical phenomena.

Machetel, Philippe↗

The stability of a compressible stratified shear layer

The stability of a shear layer under the effect of gravity is investigated using the compressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations, including an effective gravity term to represent the curvature effects of the flow and magnetic field line geometry. A general eigenmode equation is derived for a two-dimensional MHD fluid, and an energy-principle analysis to explain the effect of compressibility on the critical Richardson number is presented. For the case of a hyperbolic tangent shear flow and exponential density profile, it was found that, in the Boussinesq approximation, the compressibility raises the critical Richardson number from 1/4 to as much as 1/2, with the exact value depending on the value of the magnetic field at infinity. Under approximation of a strong asymptotic magnetic field, without invoking the Boussinesq approximation, it is shown both analytically and numerically that the density gradient terms cause the shear instability to be dispersive. The long-wavelength stability boundary for the Richardson number J = 0 is characterized by a normalized phase velocity c =

Wang, Z.↗

Analysis and testing of axial compression in imperfect slender truss struts

The axial compression of imperfect slender struts for large space structures is addressed. The load-shortening behavior of struts with initially imperfect shapes and eccentric compressive end loading is analyzed using linear beam-column theory and results are compared with geometrically nonlinear solutions to determine the applicability of linear analysis. A set of developmental aluminum clad graphite/epoxy struts sized for application to the Space Station Freedom truss are measured to determine their initial imperfection magnitude, load eccentricity, and cross sectional area and moment of inertia. Load-shortening curves are determined from axial compression tests of these specimens and are correlated with theoretical curves generated using linear analysis.

Lake, Mark S.↗

Surface-cooling effects on compressible boundary-layer instability

The influence of surface cooling on compressible boundary layer instability is discussed theoretically for both viscous and inviscid modes, at high Reynolds numbers. The cooling enhances the surface heat transfer and shear stress, creating a high heat transfer sublayer. This has the effect of distorting and accentuating the viscous Tollmien-Schlichting modes to such an extent that their spatial growth rates become comparable with, and can even exceed, the growth rates of inviscid modes, including those found previously. This is for moderate cooling, and it applies at any Mach number. In addition, the moderate cooling destabilizes otherwise stable viscous or inviscid modes, in particular triggering outward-traveling waves at the edge of the boundary layer in the supersonic regime. Severe cooling is also discussed as it brings compressible dynamics directly into play within the viscous sublayer. All the new cooled modes found involve the heat transfer sublayer quite actively, and they are often multi-structured in form and may be distinct from those observed in previous computational and experimental investigations. The corresponding nonlinear processes are also pointed out with regard to transition in the cooled compressible boundary layer. Finally, comparisons with Lysenko and Maslov's (1984) experiments on surface cooling are presented.

Seddougui, Sharon O.↗

Open hole and post-impact compression fatigue of stitched and unstitched carbon/epoxy composites

The performance is studied of a stitched uniweave fabric composite and that of a toughened tape composite. The effects of stitching on compression fatigue life are addressed. Post impact compression fatigue and open hole fatigue tests were run on an AS4/3501-6 uniweave with stitching and a toughened IM7/8551-7 tape without stitching. Stitching was found to increase the thickness and consequently the weight of the composite material. The two materials were compared on an equal carbon content basis as well as on an equal weight basis. The excess thickness in the stitched uniweave composite was responsible for the lower fatigue life, on an equal carbon basis, compared to the toughened resin tape composite. Comparison of fatigue lives on an equal carbon content basis indicated that puncture or crimp type damage from stitching has very little effect on compression failure. Post impact fatigue test showed that although the damage area in the stitched uniweave composite was twice that of the toughened tape composite, the fatigue lives of the stitched composite were significantly longer than those of the toughened composite. Thus, it appears that the increase in thickness from stitching is much more of a penalty than crimped fibers or puncture type damage from stitching.

Portanova, M. A.↗

Direct numerical simulation of compressible free shear flows

Direct numerical simulations of compressible free shear layers in open domains are conducted. Compact finite-difference schemes of spectral-like accuracy are used for the simulations. Both temporally-growing and spatially-growing mixing layers are studied. The effect of intrinsic compressibility on the evolution of vortices is studied. The use of convective Mach number is validated. Details of vortex roll up and pairing are studied. A simple explanation of the stabilizing effect of compressibility is offered. Acoustic radiation from vortex roll up, pairing and shape oscillations is studied and quantified.

Lele, Sanjiva K.↗

1100 to 1300 K slow plastic compression properties of Ni-38.5Al composites

Compressive properties of Ni-38.5Al (in at. pct) composites containing 4, 7.5, and 15 vol pct Al2O3 whiskers or 20 vol pct TiB2 particles were investigated in samples compacted to full density by vacuum hot pressing at 20.7 MPa and 1725 K, followed by HIP at 207 MPa and 1725 K. Constant-velocity compression tests were conducted in air at 1100, 1200, and 1300 K to 8 percent strain. It was found that the elevated-temperature compressive properties of Ni-38.5Al+Al2O3 whisker composites were only marginally better than those of the matrix, and that the composite containing 20 vol pct TiB2 particles was only slightly stronger than unreinforced Ni-38.5Al.

Whittenberger, J. Daniel↗

Compressive strength of a B2 matrix NiAl-Nb intermetallic at 1200 and 1300 K

The effect of a large Nb addition to a NiAl, to a final composition 43.5Ni-45.2Al-0.8Fe-10.5Nb (in at. pct), on the high-temperature compressive strength of NiAl was investigated using cylindrical samples which were compression tested in air at 1200 K and 1300 K under constant-velocity conditions. The compressive strength of the Ni-45Al-10.5Nb was compared to data from all known solid solution-strengthened and/or precipitation-strengthened NiAl-based materials. It was found that, for strain rates higher than 5 x 10 to the -6th/sec, the Ni-45Al-10.5Nb is stronger than NiAl. However, this advantage disappears at lower strain rates. A comparison of NiAl-based materials indicated that a NiAl+TiB2 composite containing 20 vol pct 1-micron-diam particles has a strength superiority over all the solid solution and precipitation-hardened aluminides at strain rates below 10 to the -7th/sec.

Whittenberger, J. Daniel↗

Design optimization of natural laminar flow fuselages in compressible flow

An optimization method has been developed to design axisymmetric body shapes such as fuselages, nacelles, and external fuel tanks with increased transition Reynolds numbers in subsonic compressible flow. The new design method involves a constraint minimization procedure coupled with analysis of the inviscid and viscous flow regions, and linear stability analysis of the compressible boundary layer. Boundary-layer transition is predicted by a 'hybrid' transition criterion based on Granville's transition criterion and a criterion using linear stability theory coupled with the e(n)-method. A tiptank of a business-jet is used as an example to illustrate that the method can be utilized to design an axisymmetric body shape with extensive natural laminar flow. Boundary layer transition is predicted to occur at a transition Reynolds number of 6.04 x 10 to the 6th on the original tiptank. On the designed body shape, a transition Reynolds number of 7.22 x 10 to the 6th is predicted using compressible linear stability theory coupled with e(n)-method.

Dodbele, Simha S.↗

Long-term compression effects on elastomeric O-ring behavior

This paper discusses the results of testing performed on elastomeric seal materials that had been under compression for extended periods of time. Elastomeric seals used in the Space Shuttle redesigned solid rocket motors can experience compression times of up to six months. These seals must be capable of sealing internal motor pressure upon ignition. The tests described herein were performed in order to verify that the seals, which had experienced long-term compression could seal throughout motor operation. Testing was divided into two phases: (1) dynamic high pressure testing, and (2) resiliency testing. Dynamic testing was performed using specialized test fixtures that allowed simulation of the field joint movements during initial motor operation along with high pressure gas. Resiliency testing was performed using specialized test fixtures that also simulated field joint movements and also had the ability to measure the sealing force of the O-ring. Results from all testing indicated that the current elastomeric seals used in the redesigned solid rocket motors will seal during motor operations in the currently defined launch environments.

Clinton, R. G.↗

New numerical solutions of three-dimensional compressible hydrodynamic convection

Numerical solutions of three-dimensional compressible hydrodynamics (including sound waves) in a stratified medium with open boundaries are presented. Convergent/divergent points play a controlling role in the flows, which are dominated by a single frequency related to the mean sound crossing time. Superposed on these rapid compressive flows, slower eddy-like flows eventually create convective transport. The solutions contain small structures stacked on top of larger ones, with vertical scales equal to the local pressure scale heights, H sub p. Although convective transport starts later in the evolution, vertical scales of H sub p are apparently selected at much earlier times by nonlinear compressive effects.

Hossain, Murshed↗

Microstructural non-uniformity as related to unidirectional compression performance

The compression performance of unidirectional composite laminates (UDCLs) is related not only to intrinsic or local strength, but also to a sample's ability to resist propagaton of initial damage. This paper introduces a simple shear lag model which is applied to a compression loaded UDCL with initial damage. Among the information obtained are axial overload and matrix layer shear strain factors in the neighborhood of the damage zone. These factors indicate that propagation may occur with relatively little initial damage and emphasize the need for a more complete understanding of compression behavior than currently exists.

Majors, Patrick S.↗

Investigation of test methods for measuring compressive strength and modulus of two-dimensional carbon-carbon composites

An experimental evaluation has been conducted to ascertain the the usefulness of two techniques for measuring in-plane compressive failure strength and modulus in coated and uncoated carbon-carbon composites. The techniques involved testing specimens with potted ends as well as testing them in a novel clamping fixture; specimen shape, length, gage width, and thickness were the test parameters investigated for both coated and uncoated 0/90 deg and +/-45 deg laminates. It is found that specimen shape does not have a significant effect on the measured compressive properties. The potting of specimen ends results in slightly higher measured compressive strengths than those obtained with the new clamping fixture. Comparable modulus values are obtained by both techniques.

Ohlhorst, Craig W.↗

The semidiscrete Galerkin finite element modeling of compressible viscous flow past an airfoil

The primary project was the numerical simulation, by a finite element/finite difference method, of the viscous flow about an airfoil. The secondary project involved the numerical simulation of the three-dimensional separated and vortex-dominated flow about a hemispherically capped cylinder in the transonic regime. Preliminary calculations were started for the hemisphere-cylinder at 0 and 5 degree angle of attack. The solution of the flow field about airfoils and wings is required to determine the important parameters of lift, moment, and drag. Viscous effects must be accounted for if the drag is to be accurately calculated. At present there are basically two approaches to the numerical simulation of the flow field, the use of fully viscous models and the inviscid/viscous models. The fully viscous models require the solution of an approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations and therefore should simulate most of the physical mechanisms. A fast, accurate, and computationally efficient inviscid flow solver was recently developed by Hartwich. It is thought that Hartwich's program coupled to a fast, accurate, and computationally efficient boundary layer code, will make an excellent tool for airfoil design. The purpose of the primary project was to develop a compressible boundary layer code using the semidiscrete Galerkin finite element method. The numerical scheme employed used the combination of a Dorodnitsyn formulation of the boundary layer equations, with a finite difference/finite element procedure (semidiscrete Galerkin method), in the solution of the compressible two-dimensional boundary layer equations. A laminar compressible boundary layer code was developed and tested for a NACA 0012 airfoil at a Mach number of 0.5, a Reynolds number of 5000, and zero angle of attack. At present the boundary layer program solves up to, but not beyond, separation.

Meade, Andrew J.↗

Mixing and non-equilibrium chemical reaction in a compressible mixing layer

The effects of compressibility, chemical reaction exothermicity, and non-equilibrium chemical modeling in a reacting plane mixing layer were investigated by means of two dimensional direct numerical simulations. The chemical reaction was irreversible and second order of the type A + B yields Products + Heat. The general governing fluid equations of a compressible reacting flow field were solved by means of high order finite difference methods. Physical effects were then determined by examining the response of the mixing layer to variation of the relevant non-dimensionalized parameters. The simulations show that increased compressibility generally results in a suppressed mixing, and consequently a reduced chemical reaction conversion rate. Reaction heat release was found to enhance mixing at the initial stages of the layer growth, but had a stabilizing effect at later times. The increased stability manifested itself in the suppression or delay of the formation of large coherent structures within the flow. Calculations were performed for a constant rate chemical kinetics model and an Arrhenius type kinetic prototype. The choice of the model was shown to have an effect on the development of the flow. The Arrhenius model caused a greater temperature increase due to reaction than the constant kinetic model. This had the same effect as increasing the exothermicity of the reaction. Localized flame quenching was also observed when the Zeldovich number was relatively large.

Steinberger, Craig J.↗

Data compression for full motion video transmission

Clearly transmission of visual information will be a major, if not dominant, factor in determining the requirements for, and assessing the performance of the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) communications systems. Projected image/video requirements which are currently anticipated for SEI mission scenarios are presented. Based on this information and projected link performance figures, the image/video data compression requirements which would allow link closure are identified. Finally several approaches which could satisfy some of the compression requirements are presented and possible future approaches which show promise for more substantial compression performance improvement are discussed.

Whyte, Wayne A., Jr.↗

On the search for evidence of fast mode compressions in the near-earth tail - ISEE observations

A search for earthward propagating fast mode compressions in the near-earth tail has been conducted. ISEE electric and magnetic field data were studied for substorm and quiet times when the spacecraft was close to the neutral sheet, near midnight, and at radial distances of 5.5 to 13 R(E) (earth radii). Due to ISEE orbit characteristics, the set of events covered 12.5 hours, during which time the satellite remained between 8.5 and 13 R(E). Contrary to earlier ideas, no evidence for fast mode compression waves was found during the substorm events studied here, since plasma data and spacecraft potential data showed no density increases at the times of rapid magnetic field increases. For the one compression event for which a temporal offset between the ISEE 1 and ISEE 2 magnetic field structures could be clearly determined, the propagation velocity was about 140 km/s, well below the fast mode speed of about 400 km/s for the measured composition. During substorm events, the largest convection flows were earthward with magnitudes of 100-350 km/sec.

Moortgat, K. T.↗