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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 577 records · Page 32
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

Mysterious dipole synchrotron oscillations during and after adiabatic capture

Strong synchrotron oscillations were observed during and after the 2.5-MHz rf adiabatic capture of a debunched booster batch in the Main Injector. Analysis shows two possible sources for the synchrotron oscillations. One is the frequency drift of the 2.5-MHz rf after the turning off of the 53-MHz rf voltage, thus resulting in an energy mismatch with the debunched beam. The second source is the energy mismatch of the injected booster beam with the frequency of the 53-MHz rf. We have been able to rule out the first possibility.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2018

RF AND THERMO-MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGNING THE WAVEGUIDE IRIS COUPLER FOR THE DRIFT TUBE LINAC IN THE ORNL SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) employs tapered ridge waveguide iris couplers to power six drift tube linac (DTL) cavity structures with pulsed RF systems using 2.5MW klystrons at 402.5MHz. All DTL iris couplers have been operating continuously for more than a decade without replacement. Transferring high RF energy to the cavities requires robust RF and mechanical performances with the power dissipation, electrical breakdown and vacuum pressure. Considering the upcoming full 1.4MW operation and the future proton power upgrade (PPU) project, the structural design and the material selection needed to be reviewed for potential spare manufacturing. The existing design and the modified design with improvements of the coupler have been numerically studied. For the study, 3D models were used for RF and structural characterizations of the waveguide iris couplers on the DTL cavity. RF and thermo-mechanical co-simulations were performed to assess the effects of using the different materials and the structural modification.

Lee, Sung-Woo↗
DOE OSTI2015

Simulations of Field-Emission Electron Beams from CNT Cathodes in RF Photoinjectors

Average field emission currents of up to 700 mA were produced by Carbon Nano Tube (CNT) cathodes in a 1.3 GHz RF gun at Fermilab High Brightness Electron Source Lab. (HBESL). The CNT cathodes were manufactured at Xintek and tested under DC conditions at RadiaBeam. The electron beam intensity as well as the other beam properties are directly related to the time-dependent electric field at the cathode and the geometry of the RF gun. This report focuses on simulations of the electron beam generated through field-emission and the results are compared with experimental measurements. These simulations were performed with the time-dependent Particle In Cell (PIC) code WARP.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

N 2 vibrational excitation in atmospheric pressure ns pulse and RF plasma jets

Time-resolved N 2 vibrational temperature and translational–rotational temperature in quasi-two-dimensional atmospheric pressure plasma jets sustained by ns pulse and RF discharges in nitrogen/noble gas mixtures are measured by the broadband vibrational Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) . The results indicate a much stronger vibrational excitation in the RF plasma jet, due to the lower reduced electric field and higher discharge power. In a ns pulse discharge in N 2 /He, N 2 vibrational temperature is significantly lower compared to that in N 2 /Ar, due to the more rapid vibration–translation (V–T) relaxation of nitrogen by helium atoms. In the RF plasma jets in N 2 /Ne and N 2 /Ar, the vibrational excitation increases considerably as the nitrogen fraction in the mixture is reduced. The experimental data in the RF plasma jet in N 2 /Ar jet are compared with the kinetic modeling predictions. The results indicate that nitrogen vibrational excitation in N 2 /Ar plasma jets with a small N 2 fraction in the mixture (several percent) is controlled primarily by electron impact, anharmonic vibration–vibration (V–V) pumping, and V–T relaxation by N atoms. In comparison, V–V energy transfer from the vibrationally excited molecules in the first excited electronic state, N 2 (A 3 Σ u + , v), which are generated primarily by the energy transfer from the metastable Ar atoms, has a minor effect on the vibrational populations of the ground electronic state, N 2 (X 1 Σ g + , v). Although the discharge energy fraction going to electronic excitation is significant, the predicted quasi-steady-state N 2 (A 3 Σ u + ) number density, controlled by the energy pooling and quenching by N atoms, remains relatively low. Because of this, the net rate of N 2 (X 1 Σ g + ) vibrational excitation by the V–V energy transfer from N 2 (A 3 Σ u + ) is much lower compared to that by the direct electron impact. Furthermore, the results show that atmospheric pressure RF plasma jets can be used as sources of highly vibrationally excited N 2 molecules and N atoms.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Improvements to the internal and external antenna H{sup −} ion sources at the Spallation Neutron Source

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), a large scale neutron production facility, routinely operates with 30–40 mA peak current in the linac. Recent measurements have shown that our RF-driven internal antenna, Cs-enhanced, multi-cusp ion sources injects ∼55 mA of H{sup −} beam current (∼1 ms, 60 Hz) at 65-kV into a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator through a closely coupled electrostatic Low-Energy Beam Transport system. Over the last several years a decrease in RFQ transmission and issues with internal antennas has stimulated source development at the SNS both for the internal and external antenna ion sources. This report discusses progress in improving internal antenna reliability, H{sup −} yield improvements which resulted from modifications to the outlet aperture assembly (applicable to both internal and external antenna sources) and studies made of the long standing problem of beam persistence with the external antenna source. The current status of the external antenna ion source will also be presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Terahertz radiation source based on self-wake beam bunching

A table top device for producing high power T-ray beams is described. A rectangular electron beam that can be produced out of a photoinjector via stacking of the laser pulse, and running off-crest of the photoinjector rf is sent through a dielectric loaded waveguide. Due to the beam's self-wake its energy becomes modulated. In the chicane beamline following the dielectric energy-bunching section this energy modulation is converted to a density modulation-a bunch train. The density modulated beam can be sent through a power extraction section, like a dielectric loaded accelerating structure, or simply can intercept a foil target, producing THz radiation of various bandwidths and power levels.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Steady State Microbunching for High Brilliance and High Repetition Rate Storage Ring-Based Light Sources

Electron-based light sources have proven to be effective sources of high brilliance, high frequency radiation. Such sources are typically either linac-Free Electron Laser (FEL) or storage ring types. The linac-FEL type has high brilliance (because the beam is microbunched) but low repetition rate. The storage ring type has high repetition rate (rapid beam circulation) but comparatively low brilliance or coherence. We propose to explore the feasibility of a microbunched beam in a storage ring that promises high repetition rate and high brilliance. The steady-state-micro-bunch (SSMB) beam in storage ring could provide CW sources for THz, EUV, or soft X-rays. Several SSMB mechanisms have been suggested recently, and in this report, we review a number of these SSMB concepts as promising directions for high brilliance, high repetition rate light sources of the future. The trick of SSMB lies in the RF system, together with the associated synchrotron beam dynamics, of the storage ring. Considering various different RF arrangements, there could be considered a number of scenarios of the SSMB. In this report, we arrange these scenarios more or less in order of the envisioned degree of technical challenge to the RF system, and not in the chronological order of their original references. Once the stored beam is steady-state microbunched in a storage ring, it passes through a radiator repeatedly every turn (or few turns). The radiator extracts a small fraction of the beam energy as coherent radiation with a wavelength corresponding to the microbunched period of the beam. In contrast to an FEL, this radiator is not needed to generate the microbunching (as required e.g. by SASE FELs or seeded FELs), so the radiator can be comparatively simple and short.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

3D full wave fast wave modeling with realistic HHFW antenna geometry and SOL plasma in NSTX-U

This paper reports the significant advancement of our ability to model and to understand how RF waves interact with the SOL plasma, by developing for the full torus 3D scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma simulation together with the antenna and core plasma in the NSTX-U device in HHFW frequency regime for a cold plasma model. The present paper extends the previous modeling (Bertelli et al 2020 AIP Conf. Proc. 2254 030001) to a full 3D device geometry including realistic antenna geometry in order to capture a more realistic experimental situation including the fully 3D wave field effects and the antenna plasma interaction in the SOL plasma, and, at the same time, resulting core wave propagation. Here, the central tool of the present work is the Petra-M code, which is a newly developed state-of-the-art generic electromagnetic simulation tool for modeling RF wave propagation based on MFEM (http://mfem.org), an open source scalable C++ finite element method library.

3D RF modeling↗
DOE OSTI2015

NSLS-II Digital RF Controller Logic and Applications

The National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II) accelerator consists of the Storage Ring, the Booster Ring and Linac along with their associated cavities. Given the number, types and variety of functions of these cavities, we sought to limit the logic development effort by reuse of parameterized code on one hardware platform. Currently there are six controllers installed in the NSLS-II system. There are two in the Storage ring, two in the Booster ring, one in the Linac and one in the Master Oscillator Distribution system.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Some wakefield effects in the superconducting RF cavities of LCLS-II

Due to the very short longitudinal bunch length, the LCLS-II beam current spectrum extends into the THz range. This means that, as the bunches traverse the superconducting RF (SRF) cavities, some sizable fraction of their wakefield energy is radiated into modes that are above the cut-off frequency and are not trapped. In the LCLS-II the main source for such radiation is the irises of the RF cavities. However, the transitions at the ends of linacs L1, L2, L3, also are sources of THz radiation loss. The terahertz radiation is a source of dissipation in SRF cavities that is in addition to the losses of the fundamental mode, which can lead to extra wall heating and to Cooper pair breaking.

ACCPHY↗
NASA NTRS1993

Development and calibration of UV/VUV radiometric sources

A program exists at NIST to calibrate radiometric sources for the spectral range from 118-350 nm. These include deuterium lamps, hollow-cathode lamps, RF-excited dimer lamps, and wall-stabilized argon arcs. Sources have been calibrated for and used by researchers in solar physics, astrophysics, atmospheric physics (ozone measurements), magnetically controlled fusion, and photobiology. The argon arcs were developed in our laboratory, and provide intense sources of both radiance and irradiance. Calibrations are performed relative to two primary sources, a wall-stabilized hydrogen arc and a 12,000 K black-body line arc, both developed in our laboratory. Also we recently have begun periodic calibrations on the NIST storage ring, SURF II, to insure consistency between our respective radiometric bases. Various sources have been calibrated for space' applications, including several which are flyable. Also, some development and testing of radiometers for semiconductor lithography were recently carried out with an intense argon arc source.

Bridges, J. M.↗
DOE OSTI2012

Operational Results of Pulse Shaping Techniques for the High Voltage Convertor Modulator

The High Voltage Converter Modulators (HVCMs) are used to power the RF klystrons used throughout the accelerator systems at Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). The output voltage of the HVCM has significant droop and ripple which, combined with low level RF (LLRF) system limitations, affect performance and efficiency of accelerator cavities. In conjunction with the progress in development of the new HVCM controller, different pulse modulation techniques were implemented and studied on the test modulator. This paper discusses the results of implementation of frequency modulation and phase modulation on output voltage. Operational data, including full average power operation, of test modulator is also discussed. Future plans for the new modulation scheme will be presented.

Patel, Gunjan P↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Illumination of Thunderclouds by Lightning: 3. Retrieving Optical Source Altitude

Abstract Optical space‐based lightning sensors such as the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) detect and geolocate lightning by recording rapid changes in cloud top illumination. While lightning locations can be determined to within a pixel on the GLM imaging array, these instruments are not individually able to natively report lightning altitude. It has previously been shown that thunderclouds are illuminated differently based on the altitude of the optical source. In this study, we examine how altitude information can be extracted from the spatial distributions of GLM energy recorded from each optical pulse. We match GLM “groups” with Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) source data that accurately report the 3‐D positions of coincident Radio‐Frequency (RF) emitters. We then use machine learning methods to predict the mean LMA source altitudes matched to GLM groups using metrics from the optical data that describe the amplitude, breadth, and texture of the group spatial energy distribution. The resulting model can predict the LMA mean source altitude from GLM group data with a median absolute error of <1.5 km, which is sufficient to determine the location of the charge layer where the optical energy originated. This model is able to capture changes to the source altitude distribution in response to convective processes in the thunderstorm, and the GLM predictions can reveal the vertical structure of individual flashes ‐ enabling 3‐D flash geolocation with GLM for the first time. Future work will account for differences in thunderstorm charge/precipitation structures and viewing angle across the GLM Field of View.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Accoustic Localization of Breakdown in Radio Frequency Accelerating Cavities

Current designs for muon accelerators require high-gradient radio frequency (RF) cavities to be placed in solenoidal magnetic fields. These fields help contain and efficiently reduce the phase space volume of source muons in order to create a usable muon beam for collider and neutrino experiments. In this context and in general, the use of RF cavities in strong magnetic fields has its challenges. It has been found that placing normal conducting RF cavities in strong magnetic fields reduces the threshold at which RF cavity breakdown occurs. To aid the effort to study RF cavity breakdown in magnetic fields, it would be helpful to have a diagnostic tool which can localize the source of breakdown sparks inside the cavity. These sparks generate thermal shocks to small regions of the inner cavity wall that can be detected and localized using microphones attached to the outer cavity surface. Details on RF cavity sound sources as well as the hardware, software, and algorithms used to localize the source of sound emitted from breakdown thermal shocks are presented. In addition, results from simulations and experiments on three RF cavities, namely the Aluminum Mock Cavity, the High-Pressure Cavity, and the Modular Cavity, are also given. These results demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the described technique for acoustic localization of breakdown.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Direct density modulation of photo-assisted field emission from an RF cold cathode

This paper explores direct density modulation of high-current electron beam emission from an RF cold cathode using optical excitation. We theoretically study the photo-assisted field emission of periodically bunched electron beams of various pulse shapes under the combined excitation of an RF field and an optical field, using an exact quantum model. Both continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed optical fields are considered. The emission current pulse amplitude, pulse width, electron number density per pulse, as well as pulse shape and its harmonic contents are investigated in detail. For CW photon sources in the UV to NIR range (i.e., 200–1200 nm), increasing the optical intensity under an RF bias tends to change the current pulse from a Gaussian to sinusoidal-like shape, thus offering strong flexibility to control the frequency components in beam current emission. Pulsed photon sources combined with an RF field can produce sharp, high-current electron bunches with pulse duration comparable with or even less than that of the optical pulse. A contour map of the density modulation depth is constructed for different combinations of RF and laser fields. The results provide insight into unlocking new opportunities to achieve direct density modulation during electron current emission by optical means.

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2013

Accelerator Sources for THz science: A Review

Free Electron Lasers have been around since 1977 providing not only a test bed for the physics of FELs and electron/photon interactions but as a workhorse of scientific research. More than 30 FELs are presently operating around the world spanning a wavelength range from the millimeter region to the hard x-ray using direct current and rf linear accelerators or storage rings as electron sources. The characteristics that have driven the development of these sources are the desire for high peak and average power, high micropulse energies, wavelength tunability, timing flexibility, and wavelengths that are unavailable from more conventional laser sources. Operation of FELs in the far infrared to terahertz regime poses special challenges which have been and are being addressed at a number of facilities around the world. This paper will review a number of former and existing FELs operating in this regime and discuss future efforts. Broadband collective radiation from relativistic electrons also plays a significant role in the production of FIR/THz radiation and several groups are taking advantage of this source for users. Applications for use of the radiation have evolved from simple imaging to complex pump probe tests of insulator/metal transitions and energy flow in organic molecules. We will discuss the technologies for generating the IR/FIR/THz radiation and cover some of the unique applications of such sources.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Managing Sn-Supply to Tune Surface Characteristics of Vapor-Diffusion Coating of Nb₃Sn

Nb₃Sn promises better RF performance (Q and E_{acc}) than niobium at any given temperature because of superior superconducting properties. Nb₃Sn-coated SRF cavities are now produced routinely by growing a few microns thick Nb₃Sn films inside Nb cavities via the tin vapor diffusion technique. Sn evaporation and consumption during the growth process notably affect the quality of the coating. Aiming at favorable surface characteristics that could enhance the RF performance, many coatings were produced by varying Sn sources and temperature profiles. Coupon samples were examined using different material characterization techniques, and a selected few sets of coating parameters were used to coat 1.3 GHz single-cell cavities for RF testing. The Sn supply’s careful tuning is essential to manage the microstructure, roughness, and overall surface characteristics of the coating. We summarize the material analysis of witness samples and discuss the performance of several Nb₃Sn-coated single-cell cavities linked to Sn-source characteristics and observed Sn consumption during the film growth process.

Pudasaini, U.↗