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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 595 records · Page 33
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Large Impact Features on Icy Galilean Satellites: Implications for Ice Shell Thickness and Habitability.

Nowhere in the solar system are impact morphologies observed in greater variety than on the icy Galilean satellites. This is very likely a consequence of the structural and thermal state of the crust at the time of impact, and perhaps impact velocity. We have conducted a multi-disciplinary investigation to study how these features formed. The particular combination of geophysical factors and impactor characteristics that is shared by these satellites is likely responsible for these features. We have derived Digital Terrain Models for a number of these features, which have been used as a tool for producing facies maps. Impact features on Ganymede and Callisto are relatable to impact features on Europa, with implications for its ice shell history. We have identified two broad classes of these impact features: (a) Crater forms, which variously include pits, central domes, and crater rims; and (b) Palimpsests (including pene-palimpsests), which all have smooth enclosed central plains, an extensive outer undulating plains unit, concentric arcuate ridges(in the case of pene-palimpsests), and no recognizable rim. The very large, measured volume of the undulating plains unit of the pene-palimpsest Buto, Ganymede, substantially exceeds the amount of target material that could have been both melted and excavated by the impact event itself. Therefore, we conclude that the undulating plains material was derived from a fluid or “slushy” layer in the near-surface target at the time of impact. The recognition of undulating plains as the dominant unit in Memphis and Nidaba, two other palimpsests on Ganymede that we have mapped(which display highly variable crater counts, with Buto being the least cratered),leads us to a working hypothesis that these plains only form where and when the target has substantial near surface fluid or “slush.” By extension, all other impact features on Ganymede and Callisto, such as those with central pits and central domes, formed in targets with no pre-existing, or at most inconsequential, amounts of fluid or “slush.” Supporting this conclusion, modeling by members of our group indicates that the present topography of impact features with central pits and domes can be largely explained by the behavior of ice alone, with no or little contribution from fluids. Our study supports explanations for the formation and final appearance of palimpsests (and pene-palimpsests) that are entirely applicable to this feature class, and sharply distinct from explanations for other impact features (crater forms) on Ganymede and Callisto.

Jeffrey M Moore↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Plasma-Based Sustainability Architecture for Space Habitation: Perspective

Increasing independence from Earth is essential for sustained life off-planet. New technologies are constantly being developed to further drive innovation. As commercial and public interest in the space sector has grown, technological improvements have shone a spotlight towards the field of plasma science. Although they have been studied for two centuries, plasma physics and plasma chemistry have advanced significantly in the last two decades. Recent years have advanced electrical power supplies and diagnostic equipment to a point where plasma is able to provide complex processing with little to no consumables beyond electrical power. This work presents a perspectives discussion to provide an overview of the applications and versatility of plasma systems. In this perspectives paper, we discuss the development and infusion of plasma-based architecture that would allow plasma to act as an excellent addition to many applications, a perfect side dish for many meals.

Plasma↗
NASA NTRS2024

Investigation of a Magma-Sediment Hydrothermal Dike System in Utah: Constraints on the Habitability Potential of Martian Noachian Hydrothermal Systems

The Martian crust is predominantly composed of basalt and hosts a large variety of alteration materials produced by wide-ranging processes from volcanic hydrothermal processes to sedimentary and post-magmatic (e.g., see [2] and reference within). High temperature hydrothermal systems from volcanic processes, as well as meteorite impacts, should have occurred through time. However, finding evidence of high-temperature hydrothermal activity has been challenging. To better understand how to detect such a system on Mars, Earth analogs can be used to constrain mineral changes in such a system, then applied to locations on Mars. Here we investigate a mafic dike and the surrounding metamorphic contact zone that has been hydrothermally altered from contact with ground water as it was emplaced.

R A Slank↗
NASA NTRS2024

Detectability of Magma-Sediment Alteration Mineralogy Via Multi-Instrument Analysis: Implications for Terrestrial Analogs and the Search for Potentially Habitable Environments on Mars

The detection of magmatically driven hydrothermal systems on Mars has met with limited success. Remote sensing efforts have detected limited exposures, though they are usually isolated occurrences, and do not necessarily represent an in-situ alteration sequence. Some of the best evidence for such a system comes from Mars Exploration Rover Spirit’s investigations of Gusev Crater. Diverse alteration minerals were investigated, including possible detections of amorphous silica and montmorillonite. The question remains whether remote sensing/spectroscopy alone is capable of detecting such an alteration front, or if more detailed in-situ analyses are required. In order to constrain this, we have used Mars relevant instrumentation to investigate a terrestrial analog on the Colorado Plateau where a mafic dike intrudes the Jurassic Curtis Sandstone.

J R Crandall↗
NASA NTRS2024

Plasma-Based Elemental Analyzer for Crewed Transit and Planetary Habitation

As NASA continues to perform research on the ISS and move towards the Moon and Mars, it is important for astronauts to have a technology capable of determining the composition of solid, liquid, and gas samples. Currently, samples are transported back to Earth for analysis, which may impact results due to the time delay of samples waiting to be returned to Earth as well as potential sample contamination from re-entry, change in environment, and various personnel handling. Therefore, researchers at the Applied Chemistry Lab at KSC have developed a proof-of-concept “Plasma-Based Elemental Analyzer,” which has the capability of testing solid, liquid, and gas samples for identification. Currently, the analysis is only qualitative, with quantitative identification left for future work. This technology is similar to ICP-OES, but differs in instrument size and sample preparation. Both technologies use plasma to ionize samples for light emission. The plasma elemental analyzer aims to be portable and lightweight, require only electrical power, and analyze solid, liquid, and gas samples. It does not use acid digestion or a nebulizer, requires less power than ICP-OES, and is able to operate with minimal to no usage of argon gas. Furthermore, the plasma elemental analyzer operates within low power constraints, which makes it feasible for usage on future missions with higher power constraints. The technology was tested at atmospheric pressure using mostly room air as the carrier gas for plasma production in the proof-of-concept study. The results showed the peak signals of the elements with an associated arbitrary signal intensity that allowed for qualitative identification. Solid samples that were tested included inedible biomass from the Golden Heirloom Cherry Tomato plant and Lunar Highlands Simulants (LHS-1). The liquid samples included elements of interest for the space crop production community. This work showed that a system smaller than the traditional ICP-OES equipment is able to be designed and implemented in future use cases, although it requires further development.

Kenneth Engeling↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to Enhance Mission Design and Operations of the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO)

One key aspect in the development of HWO is the early deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to enhance mission science and operations. Our subtask group is part of the HWO AI/ML working group and focuses on AI and ML for mission operations. Our task group seeks to educate other HWO working groups about AI and ML capabilities for mission operations, investigate how to bridge technology gaps, and enable new capabilities particularly in the areas of observational scheduling, instrument health monitoring, and downlink operations. We focus on mission tasking / scheduling both for mission analysis in development and operations. AI and ML for mission scheduling includes: tools to support proposal calls and review, ensuring fairness in calls for proposals, community peer reviews and ease workloads, as well as in-flight and ground software development (e.g., using natural language processing (NLP) to support process automation from requirements). AI and ML for the mission’s development and operations include 1) anomaly detection and prediction (from onboard and ground based tools) to monitor the spacecraft’s health, 2) ground-based automated scheduling for mission operations including long-term and short-term planning and maintenance, and 3) flight system flexible execution (as flight proven for Spitzer and JWST) to enable robust execution despite execution variations, and 4) data analysis for prioritization (e.g., real-time data evaluation leading to autonomous actions and adjustments, high-priority identification, onboard data compression, etc.). Incorporation of ML and AI will enable HWO to address the major science questions related to exoplanet characterization, general astrophysics, and solar system exploration and also extend the boundaries of space mission technologies.

Mark Moussa↗