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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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594 records · Page 33
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Survey of Cybersecurity Governance, Threats, and Countermeasures for the Power Grid

The convergence of Information Technologies and Operational Technology systems in industrial networks presents many challenges related to availability, integrity, and confidentiality. In this paper, we evaluate the various cybersecurity risks in industrial control systems and how they may affect these areas of concern, with a particular focus on energy-sector Operational Technology systems. There are multiple threats and countermeasures that Operational Technology and Information Technology systems share. Since Information Technology cybersecurity is a relatively mature field, this paper emphasizes on threats with particular applicability to Operational Technology and their respective countermeasures. We identify regulations, standards, frameworks and typical system architectures associated with this domain. We review relevant challenges, threats, and countermeasures, as well as critical differences in priorities between Information and Operational Technology cybersecurity efforts and implications. These results are then examined against the recommended National Institute of Standards and Technology framework for gap analysis to provide a complete approach to energy sector cybersecurity. We provide analysis of countermeasure implementation to align with the continuous functions recommended for a sound cybersecurity framework.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Toward Wireless Smart Grid Communications: An Evaluation of Protocol Latencies in an Open-Source 5G Testbed

Fifth-generation networks promise wide availability of wireless communication with inherent security features. The 5G standards also outline access for different applications requiring low latency, machine-to-machine communication, or mobile broadband. These networks can be advantageous to numerous applications that require widespread and diverse communications. One such application is found in smart grids. Smart grid networks, and Operational Technology (OT) networks in general, utilize a variety of communication protocols for low-latency control, data monitoring, and reporting at every level. Transitioning these network communications from wired Wide Area Networks (WANs) to wireless communication through 5G can provide additional benefits to their security and network configurability. However, introducing these wireless capabilities may also result in a degradation of network latency. In this paper, we propose utilizing 5G for smart grid communications, and we evaluate the latency impacts of encapsulating GOOSE, Modbus, and DNP3 for transmission over a 5G network. The OpenAirInterface open-source library is utilized to deploy an in-lab 5G Core Network and gNB for testing with off-the-shelf User Equipment (UE). This creates an effective 5G test platform for experimenting with different OT protocols such as GOOSE. The results are validated by measuring two different Intelligent Electronic Devices’ contact closure times for each network configuration. These tests are also conducted for varying packet sizes in order to isolate different sources of network latency. Our study outlines the latency impact of communication over 5G for time-critical and non-critical applications regarding their transition toward private 5G-based OT network implementations. The conducted experiments illustrate that in the case of GOOSE packets, simple encapsulation may exceed the protocol’s time-critical nature, and, therefore, additional measures must be taken to ensure a viable transition of GOOSE to 5G services. However, non-critical applications are shown to be viable for migration to 5G.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Real-Time Alpine Measurement System Using Wireless Sensor Networks

Monitoring the snow pack is crucial for many stakeholders, whether for hydro-power optimization, water management or flood control. Traditional forecasting relies on regression methods, which often results in snow melt runoff predictions of low accuracy in non-average years. Existing ground-based real-time measurement systems do not cover enough physiographic variability and are mostly installed at low elevations. We present the hardware and software design of a state-of-the-art distributedWireless Sensor Network (WSN)-based autonomous measurement system with real-time remote data transmission that gathers data of snow depth, air temperature, air relative humidity, soil moisture, soil temperature, and solar radiation in physiographically representative locations. Elevation, aspect, slope and vegetation are used to select network locations, and distribute sensors throughout a given network location, since they govern snow pack variability at various scales. Three WSNs were installed in the Sierra Nevada of Northern California throughout the North Fork of the Feather River, upstream of the Oroville dam and multiple powerhouses along the river. The WSNs gathered hydrologic variables and network health statistics throughout the 2017 water year, one of northern Sierra’s wettest years on record. These networks leverage an ultra-low-power wireless technology to interconnect their components and offer recovery features, resilience to data loss due to weather and wildlife disturbances and real-time topological visualizations of the network health. Data show considerable spatial variability of snow depth, even within a 1 km 2 network location. In conclusion, combined with existing systems, these WSNs can better detect precipitation timing and phase in, monitor sub-daily dynamics of infiltration and surface runoff during precipitation or snow melt, and inform hydro power managers about actual ablation and end-of-season date across the landscape.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Smart System for the Contactless Measurement of Energy Expenditure

Energy Expenditure (EE) (kcal/day), a key element to guide obesity treatment, is measured from CO 2 production, VCO 2 (mL/min), and/or O 2 consumption, VO 2 (mL/min). Current technologies are limited due to the requirement of wearable facial accessories. A novel system, the Smart Pad, which measures EE via VCO 2 from a room’s ambient CO 2 concentration transients was evaluated. Resting EE (REE) and exercise VCO 2 measurements were recorded using Smart Pad and a reference instrument to study measurement duration’s influence on accuracy. The Smart Pad displayed 90% accuracy (±1 SD) for 14–19 min of REE measurement and for 4.8–7.0 min of exercise, using known room’s air exchange rate. Additionally, the Smart Pad was validated measuring subjects with a wide range of body mass indexes (BMI = 18.8 to 31.4 kg/m2), successfully validating the system accuracy across REE’s measures of ~1200 to ~3000 kcal/day. Furthermore, high correlation between subjects’ VCO 2 and λ for CO 2 accumulation was observed (p < 0.00001, R = 0.785) in a 14.0 m3 sized room. This finding led to development of a new model for REE measurement from ambient CO 2 without λ calibration using a reference instrument. The model correlated in nearly 100% agreement with reference instrument measures (y = 1.06x, R = 0.937) using an independent dataset (N = 56).

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Concept of a Quantum Edge Simulator: Edge Computing and Sensing in the Quantum Era

Sensors, enabling observations across vast spatial, spectral, and temporal scales, are major data generators for information technology (IT). Processing, storing, and communicating this ever-growing amount of data pose challenges for the current IT infrastructure. Edge computing—an emerging paradigm to overcome the shortcomings of cloud-based computing—could address these challenges. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as quantum computing, quantum sensing, and quantum communications have the potential to fill the performance gaps left by their classical counterparts. Here, we present the concept of an edge quantum computing (EQC) simulator—a platform for designing the next generation of edge computing applications. An EQC simulator is envisioned to integrate elements from both quantum technologies and edge computing to allow studies of quantum edge applications. The presented concept is motivated by the increasing demand for more sensitive and precise sensors that can operate faster at lower power consumption, generating both larger and denser datasets. These demands may be fulfilled with edge quantum sensor networks. Envisioning the EQC era, we present our view on how such a scenario may be amenable to quantification and design. Given the cost and complexity of quantum systems, constructing physical prototypes to explore design and optimization spaces is not sustainable, necessitating EQC infrastructure and component simulators to aid in co-design. We discuss what such a simulator may entail and possible use cases that invoke quantum computing at the edge integrated with new sensor infrastructures.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Skyfall: Signal Fusion from a Smartphone Falling from the Stratosphere

A smartphone plummeted from a stratospheric height of 36 km, providing a near-real-time record of its rapid descent and ground impact. An app recorded and streamed useful internal multi-sensor data at high sample rates. Signal fusion with external and internal sensor systems permitted a more detailed reconstruction of the Skyfall chronology, including its descent speed, rotation rate, and impact deceleration. Our results reinforce the potential of smartphones as an agile and versatile geophysical data collection system for environmental and disaster monitoring IoT applications. We discuss mobile environmental sensing capabilities and present a flexible data model to record and stream signals of interest. The Skyfall case study can be used as a guide to smartphone signal processing methods that are transportable to other hardware platforms and operating systems.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2017

The Birth of the Web at Fermilab

Fermilab's website was born in June 1992, thanks in part to Tim Berners-Lee, who invented the World Wide Web in 1989. Fermilab's Ruth Pordes tells the origin story.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Quantum Link: Building the U.S. Quantum Superhighway

The Quantum Link is an ambitious project by Argonne, Fermilab and the University of Chicago to bring the property of entanglement into the real world. Entangling objects 30 miles apart, between Argonne and Fermi, the Quantum Link seeks to answer questions like, “What is the meaning of entanglement?” and “Can you use entangled states, separated 30 miles apart, as a type of superhighway to transfer information from one point to the other?” Using an optical fiber network built 12 years ago by the state of Illinois to link hi-speed data centers, the project gives researchers a real-world view of what a quantum network might look like.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Multi-User Capacity for Cyclic Prefix Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum with Linear Detection and Precoding

Cyclic Prefix Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (CP-DSSS) is a promising solution for futuristic 6G ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) and massive machine type communication (mMTC) applications, where the CP-DSSS waveform would operate as a secondary network at the same frequencies as the primary network but at much lower SNR. In this paper, we show per-user capacity for multi-user scenarios, where simple matched filtering (MF) is performed on the uplink (UL) and time-reversal (TR) precoding is used on the downlink (DL). When operating in the low SNR regime, CP-DSSS achieves per-user capacity near the optimum single-user capacity by using a MF detector at the receiver for the UL. TR precoding converges to the optimal capacity as the number of antennas at the hub/gateway increases. Given the near-optimal performance of MF detection and TR precoding for each of the users, CP-DSSS can be implemented with simple device transceiver structures, reducing per-unit cost for massively deployed 6G networks.

5G and Beyond Communications↗
DOE OSTI2022

Protecting Smart Buildings with STIG

This is a submission for the 2022 Intern Poster Session. The abstract of the poster is: Smart buildings are getting more common, and so are hackers that target them. The physical systems in our businesses and homes are now vulnerable to cyber attacks. Using STIG, an INL program that turns cybersecurity data into graphs, buildings can be better protected.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Waste Information Management System with 2017-18 Waste Streams - 18302

The Waste Information Management System (WIMS) 2017-18 was updated to support the Department of Energy (DOE) accelerated cleanup program. The schedule compression required close coordination and a comprehensive review and prioritization of the barriers that impeded treatment and disposition of the waste streams at each site. Many issues related to waste treatment and disposal were potential critical path issues under the accelerated schedule. In order to facilitate accelerated cleanup initiatives, waste managers at DOE field sites and at DOE Headquarters in Washington, D.C., needed timely waste forecast and transportation information regarding the volumes and types of radioactive waste that would be generated by DOE sites over the next 35 years. Each local DOE site historically collected, organized, and displayed waste forecast information in separate and unique systems. In order for interested parties to understand and view the complete DOE complex-wide picture, the radioactive waste and shipment information of each DOE site needed to be entered into a common application. The WIMS application was therefore created to serve as a common application to improve stakeholder comprehension and improve DOE radioactive waste treatment and disposal planning and scheduling. WIMS allows identification of total forecasted waste volumes, material classes, disposition sites, choke points, technological or regulatory barriers to treatment and disposal, along with forecasted waste transportation information by rail, truck and intermodal shipments. The Applied Research Center (ARC) at Florida International University (FIU) in Miami, Florida, developed and deployed the web-based forecast and transportation system and is responsible for updating the radioactive waste forecast and transportation data on a regular basis to ensure the long-term viability and value of this system. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2018

NAMP Radiochemistry Webinars: The Next Educational Tool for the Next Generation Workforce - 18386

With an aging work force and only a few universities offering programs in radiochemistry, laboratories are increasingly finding it more challenging to hire and retain qualified radiochemists. Further, this challenge is a growing trend being seen worldwide. Expertise in radiochemistry is vital to advance our nation's progress in development of the next generation of nuclear reactor technology, drug discovery, environmental stewardship, and the development of technologies to prevent and respond to nuclear terrorist events. The National Analytical Management Program (NAMP) Education and Training subcommittee was established in response to the challenge of promoting radiochemistry and maintaining a well-educated work force to meet the projected growth in nuclear medicine, nuclear energy, safeguards, and nuclear forensics. The NAMP Education and Training subcommittee has offered radiochemistry webinars to a broad audience and is educating and strengthening the knowledge of participants in applications related to actinide and fission products chemistry, sample preparation, detection, dosimetry, nuclear forensics, nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear forensics, and risk assessment. These webinars are presented by renowned experts in the field of Radiochemistry. Additionally, through the partnering of the Education and Training subcommittee with various universities, the NAMP webinars offer a platform for graduate students, PhD candidates, and postdoctoral students to present their research to a wider audience. Since 2012, NAMP has conducted monthly, live webinars - all of which are recorded and archived as an online educational resource to the public from the NAMP web site (http://www.wipp.energy.gov/namp). With over 50 archived presentations, the NAMP webinars provide a comprehensive and interdisciplinary examination of radiochemistry topics. By partnering with university professors and renowned scientific professionals, the NAMP continues to expand the list of webinar topics, increasing the depth of knowledge in this online resource and rapidly becoming the next educational tool in radiochemistry for the next generation workforce. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2018

Media Relations Strategies in a Post-Information Age - 18452

Many organizations that deal with radioactive materials reluctantly engage in media relations and social media. This paper explores the drivers behind the dramatic coverage of clean-up activities nearest to large media markets. Interviews and media analysis reveal how companies and government actors responded to aggressive media investigations. Insights from professional journalists demonstrate the significance of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests and computer assisted reporting on past and future coverage. Coverage of Hanford and Santa Susana Field Laboratory set the stage for creative engagement strategies developed to support public interest in clean-up efforts. Industrial and engineering firms, particularly small to mid-sized subcontractors, often place less priority on media and public relations. However, recent examples demonstrate that organizations that deal with scientific risk must evolve. Firms that acknowledge changing media trends update their communication strategies in ways that improve public trust and understanding. It's easy to understand why many organizations resist communicating when public concerns arise. Legal issues and contract restrictions may limit communications. The return on investment may seem low. Understanding exposure and hazard requires perspective, context and accuracy. Reporters and citizens also have better access to primary sources. Computer assisted reporting (CAR) and the dramatic rise of requests under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) lay bare details of the inner workings of complex situations, often without context. Examples from FOIA requests and challenges filed in the U.S. district courts, are described to help project administrators understand the points of view that can take shape on government projects from filings and disclosures. The range of benefits and risks of ongoing interaction with reporters provides a framework for assessing the right level of effort. For remediation efforts near large media markets, the influence of effective communication is magnified. (authors)

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗