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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2018

Evaluating Energy Impacts and Costs from PV Component Failures

The PV Reliability PerformanceModel (PV-RPM) tool is used to simulate the cost and energy impacts of component faults and failures for a hypothetical PV system. This model, originally developed by Sandia National Laboratories, is a new feature in the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's System Advisor Model (SAM), which performs stochastic analysissampling of probability distributions for faults, failures, and repairs. One PV system was created for this analysis to be representative of a portfolio of maintenance data maintained by Sandia National Laboratories. Fault,failure, and repair distributions from this system are varied from current baseline conditions to simulate different reliability and repair scenarios and resulting energy and cost impacts. Results highlight ways to express the uncertainty around PV system performance when considering the probabilistic behavior of components inthe system, and ways the PV-RPM model can be used to explore different failure and repair scenarios.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2018

Evaluating Energy Impacts and Costs from PV Component Failures: Preprint

The PV Reliability Performance Model (PV-RPM) tool is used to simulate the cost and energy impacts of component faults and failures for a hypothetical PV system. This model, originally developed by Sandia National Laboratories, is a new feature in the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's System Advisor Model (SAM), which performs stochastic analysis sampling of probability distributions for faults, failures, and repairs. One PV system was created for this analysis to be representative of a portfolio of maintenance data maintained by Sandia National Laboratories. Fault, failure, and repair distributions from this system are varied from current baseline conditions to simulate different reliability and repair scenarios and resulting energy and cost impacts. Results highlight ways to express the uncertainty around PV system performance when considering the probabilistic behavior of components in the system, and ways the PV-RPM model can be used to explore different failure and repair scenarios.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

BENEFIT with Northeastern University: HVAC Hardware-in-the-Loop Experimental Testing of a Heat Pump and Air Conditioner

This dataset includes HVAC Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) experimental results for a single stage, SEER 16, HSPF 9.5, 3-ton single-speed air source heat pump with 15 kW of backup auxiliary heating tested in both cooling and heating mode, and a two stage, SEER 21, 2-ton central air conditioner tested in cooling mode for a set of outdoor temperatures and indoor setpoint temperatures. In addition to these tests, experimental tests focused on the operation of auxiliary heating for the heat pump for winter condition were also conducted. The laboratory experiments for transient testing of the heat pump and air conditioner were conducted using the two HIL systems in the Systems Performance Laboratory (SPL) at NREL’s Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF). Further information on laboratory design and capabilities of the SPL along with the architecture of HVAC HIL system can be found in: Sparn, B. F. 2018. Laboratory Resources and Techniques to Evaluate Smart Home Technology (No. NREL/CP-5500-71696). National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy18osti/71696.pdf and the experimental setup and validation of HVAC HIL platform can be found in: Ramaraj, S. and Sparn, B. 2022. Validation of HVAC Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation for Advanced Control Strategies in Smart Homes (No. NREL/CP-5500-82562). National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/82562.pdf. These experimental results can be used to validate how we currently model the cycling behavior of heat pumps and air conditioners. Additionally, many demand response programs implement heat pump and air conditioner control by changing the thermostat set point – these data may also be used to verify our models for heat pump and air conditioner demand response control are implemented correctly. The Test_Matrix file describes all the indoor and outdoor test conditions for heat pump and air conditioner and the file names of data sets include information about the test conditions. A wide range of outdoor air temperatures were chosen to accommodate summer and winter conditions. In addition to operating the HVAC equipment with different outdoor temperatures, we also operate the system with different indoor temperature set points to represent different grid signals or different operating conditions. For cooling conditions, the baseline set point is 72°F. To represent Load Up signals, the setpoint is changed to 68°F. The Load Shed set point is 76°F. For heating conditions, the baseline set point was assumed to be 68°F. The Load add set point is 72°F and the Load shed set point is 64°F. The starting indoor temperature for cooling conditions was set ~2°F above the indoor setpoint temperature so that the equipment turned on quickly. Similarly, the initial indoor temperature was set ~2°F lower than setpoint for heating mode tests to ensure that heating began quickly. The return air temperature was assumed to be equal to the indoor setpoint temperature in all cases. The experimental data are sampled at 1-second intervals. The data from ecobee thermostat at 5-minute interval are resampled and added to the corresponding file. The content of each data set is as follows: • T_Return (C): Measured return air temperature [C] • T_Return_SP (C): Return air temperature setpoint from E+ model, sent to HIL [C] • T_Supply (C): Measured supply air temperature at evaporator outlet [C] • T_Outdoor (C): Measured outdoor air temperature [C] • T_Outdoor_SP (C): Outdoor air temperature setpoint from weather file, sent to HIL [C] • T_Indoor (C): Measured indoor air temperature [C] • T_Indoor_SP (C): Indoor air temperature setpoint from E+ model, sent to HIL [C] • Outdoor Unit Power (W): Measured power of the outdoor unit [W] • Indoor Unit Power (W): Measured power of the indoor unit [W] • Evaporator Airflow Rate (CFM): Measured evaporator or indoor unit airflow rate sent to E+ model [CFM] • Cooling/Heating Capacity (kW): Calculated cooling/heating capacity sent to E+ model [kW] • T_SP_Thermostat (C): Thermostat cooling/heating setpoint temperature [C] • T_Indoor_Thermostat (C): Thermostat indoor air temperature [C]

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2021

A Low Cost SIPM Evaluation and Control Prototyping System including accurate bias voltage generation, leakage current measurement, and temperature control using Peltier cooling

We describe an electronics system to operate SIPMs in the laboratory. The system is comprised of a single channel amplifier board (SIPM Amp) and a 4-channel control board to which up to 4 SIPM Amp boards can be connected. The control board supplies a common low voltage power for the amplifiers. All channels feature individually regulated bias and Peltier power voltages, along withPt10K RTD readout. A graphical user interface allows control of the bias voltages, amplifier voltage, Peltier voltages, and also provides for readback of leakage currents and other voltages. The GUI app has a feedback loop to measure the SIPM temperature (with the PT10K) and generate correction voltages to the Peltier to regulate the temperature. The temperatures, which can be achieved by Peltier cooling depend on the thermal design of the setup, the practical limit being about 50C below ambient. The SIPM Amp. board is a small (3x5cm) PCB that has a single SIPM readout channel. The SIPM scan be surface mounted on the pcb or connected to a 2-pin 0.100" socket. The area around the SIPM footprint is thermally isolated by perforations in the PCB. The RTD is located inside the thermal break. Onboard is BV and LV filtering. The 10X amplifier is based on MiniCircuits' GALI-S66+ integrated circuit, tweaked for a 6V power. The amplifier was selected for a combination of high bandwidth, low noise, and low power. An accoupled amplifier output is connected to an SMA connector. For best operation of this inverting amplifier the output signal should be in the range of 0 to -1V.The Amplifier board is connected to the Control board with a 10-conductor 0.025" pitch ribbon cable, carrying all the services. Peltier power for currents more than 1A should use a separate 2-contact connector.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

NASA NTRS1981

On a theory of temporal fluctuations in the electrostatic potential structures associated with auroral arcs

A possible mechanism is presented for the generation of large-amplitude temporal fluctuations in the structure of the electron energization region associated with auroral arcs. The mechanism is based on the observation that the auroral arc system resembles a laboratory circuit consisting of the series connection of battery, resistance and a forward biased diode containing collisionless plasma in which large-amplitude relaxation oscillations are sometimes observed to be superimposed on the steady-state current. It is shown that in both the laboratory and auroral systems, in which a localized auroral arc dynamo, the ionosphere and the electron energization region are involved, the oscillations are controlled by the times for ions and electrons to traverse the acceleration region, which also characterize the low- and high-frequency structure of the fluctuating waveform. It is demonstrated that a plausible one-dimensional double-layer model of the auroral arc acceleration region exhibits the dynamic negative resistance necessary for the generation of oscillations by the present mechanism. Finally, consideration is given to two kinds of auroral phenomena which might be associated with the mechanism: the 10-Hz quasi-periodic flickering aurora and 10-Hz modulations in the intensity of electrostatic hydrogen cyclotron waves.

Silevitch, M. B.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Hardware survey for the avionics test bed

A survey of maor hardware items that could possibly be used in the development of an avionics test bed for space shuttle attached or autonomous large space structures was conducted in NASA Johnson Space Center building 16. The results of the survey are organized to show the hardware by laboratory usage. Computer systems in each laboratory are described in some detail.

Cobb, J. M.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Orbiting quarantine facility. The Antaeus report

A mission plan for the Orbiting Quarantine Facility (OQF) is presented. Coverage includes system overview, quarantine and protocol, the laboratory, support systems, cost analysis and possible additional uses of the OQF.

Devincenzi, D. L.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Advanced operator/system interface concepts for the Space Station

Concepts and data developed as part of the Preliminary Space Station Automation and Robotics Plan are reviewed as well as candidate selection criteria, technology assessments, and preliminary candidate recommendations. A need for development of advanced operator/systems interface (OSI) concepts to support future Space Station automation and robotics applications is identified. Four candidate applications, illustrating the potential benefits of an advanced OSI, are described. These include: (1) a conversational OSI system, (2) a laboratory experiment manipulator system, (3) a module safety advisor, and (4) an integrated maintenance/training system. These specific automation and robotics applications are expected to occur relatively early in the growth of the Space Station and to provide significant commercial and station benefits throughout the life of the station.

Case, C. M.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Space Shuttle communications and tracking system

This paper is intended to provide a comprehensive description of the Space Shuttle communications and tracking system design, development, and system operations. Areas of special innovative communications techniques implemented by the Space Shuttle such as source encoding, channel encoding, spread spectrum, and digital modulation are emphasized. In addition, the role of the Electronics Systems Test Laboratory in the development of the system is discussed.

Tu, Kwei↗

NASA NTRS1998

Steps Towards the Integration of Conflict Resolution with Metering and Scheduling

NASA Ames Research Center is developing decision support tool technology for air traffic controllers to improve the efficiency and capacity of National Airspace System. The goal is to provide technology, tools and procedures that result in the highest possible level of user preferred trajectories whenever possible with safe and efficient traffic management when necessary. The work is being conducted under the NASA Advanced Air Transportation Technology Program in cooperation with the FAA through the Inter-Agency Integrated Product Team. The objective is to develop technology and procedures that lead towards a seamless integration of conflict resolution with metering and scheduling for arrival aircraft and en route aircraft that are under metering restrictions. A requirement is that the integration incorporate user preferred trajectories. The ultimate goal is the implementation and validation of the Descent Advisor (DA) concept which provides clearance advisories to a sector controller that simultaneously meet metering constraints, are conflict free, incorporate a user preferred (e.g., minimum fuel) descent profile, and generally require no further corrective clearance as the aircraft transitions from en route cruise into the TRACON. The DA concept may also be applied to en route aircraft under metering constraints, e.g., miles-in-trail. To achieve the DA concept a stepwise development and field evaluation is anticipated. This paper addresses the initial steps towards implementation of the DA. The Traffic Management Advisor (TMA) computes arrival time sequence and required delay information for display to the sector controller during periods when arrivals must be metered due to landing rate restrictions at the airport. The Initial Conflict Probe (ICP) compares trajectory predictions for all aircraft and alerts the controller when any two aircraft are predicted to violate separation standards (5 mi. and 2000 ft. in en route airspace). ICP also includes a trial planning function allowing the controller to develop and check a separate "what if" trajectory for conflict resolution. TMA and ICP currently operate independent of one another and have separate controller displays. The TMA meter list is on the radar controller's plan view display. The ICP is still under development, but the current concept calls for a list of predicted conflicts at the data controller position. The research described herein address two steps towards the implementation of DA. The first is to develop a concept for integrated display of conflict and metering information on a controller's display. The objective is to provide the controller with situational awareness of one problem while he develops a solution to the other. The next step is to expand the concept for display of automated clearance advisories for one problem (e.g., metering) which take into account the other problems (e.g., conflicts). Information to be communicated between TMA and ICP to facilitate' manual or automated advisories is being identified as the concept matures. In order to study the ICP/TMA integration concept the CTAS conflict probe capability has been adapted to Ft. Worth Center. The system is being validated in the laboratory with all-track data and for non -interference with TMA, TMA is already running as a daily use prototype at Ft. Worth Center. A laboratory prototype system has been developed under the CTAS baseline which combines conflict and metering information on a common user interface. Elements of the user interface are shown in Figure 1. In this simple illustration the user sees the simultaneous effect of a trial plan on meter fix delay and conflict status. Delay information is shown in the aircraft flight data block, the meter list, and the TMA timeline. Experience during Descent Advisor development and observations at Ft. Worth Center high and low attitude arrival sectors during metering suggests that manual trial planning will be unworkable during rush periods due to high controller workload.

McNally, B. David↗

NASA NTRS2008

Distributed Avionics and Software Verification for the Constellation Program

This viewgraph presentation reviews the planned verification of the avionics and software being developed for the Constellation program.The Constellation Distributed System Integration Laboratory (DSIL) will consist of multiple System Integration Labs (SILs), Simulators, Emulators, Testbeds, and Control Centers interacting with each other over a broadband network to provide virtual test systems for multiple test scenarios.

Hood, Laura E.↗

NASA NTRS2008

Technical Progress on the Ares I-X Flight Test

Ares I-X will be NASA's first test flight for a new human-rated launch vehicle since 1981, and the team is well on its way toward completing the vehicle's design and hardware fabrication for an April 2009 launch. This uncrewed suborbital development test flight gives NASA its first opportunities to: gather critical data about the flight dynamics of the integrated launch vehicle; understand how to control its roll during flight; better characterize the stage separation environments during future flight; and demonstrate the first stage recovery system. The Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle (FTV) incorporates a mix of flight and mockup hardware. It is powered by a four-segment solid rocket booster, and will be modified to include a fifth, spacer segment; the upper stage, Orion crew exploration vehicle, and launch abort system are simulator hardware to make the FTV aerodynamically similar to the same size, shape, and weight of Ares I. The Ares IX first stage includes an existing Shuttle solid rocket motor and thrust vector control system controlled by an Ascent Thrust Vector Controller (ATVC) designed and built by Honeywell International. The avionics system will be tested in a dedicated System Integration Laboratory located at Lockheed Martin Space Systems (LMSS) in Denver, Colorado. The Upper Stage Simulator (USS) is made up of cylindrical segments that will be stacked and integrated at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) for launch. Glenn Research Center is already building these segments, along with their internal access structures. The active Roll Control System (RoCS) includes two thruster units harvested from Peacekeeper missiles. Duty cycle testing for RoCS was conducted, and fuel tanking and detanking tests will occur at KSC in early 2008. This important flight will provide valuable experience for the ground operations team in integrating, stacking, and launching Ares I. Data from Ares I-X will ensure the safety and reliability of America's newest launch vehicle.

Davis, S.R.↗

NASA NTRS2016

Staffing Strategies for Maintenance of Critical Software Systems at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

The Mission Design and Navigation Software Group at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) maintains mission critical software systems. We have good empirical data and models for maintenance demand—when defects will occur, how many and how severe they will be, and how much effort is needed to address them. However, determining the level of staffing needed to address maintenance issues is an ongoing challenge and is often done ad-hoc. There are two common strategies are (1) reactive – add/remove staff as needed to respond to maintenance issues, and (2) capacitive – retain a given staff size to address issues as they occur, proactively address issues and prevent defects.

software maintenance↗

DOE OSTI2014

RADIOISOTOPE POWER SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AT THE IDAHO NATIONAL LABORATORY (INL)

--Idaho National Laboratory’s, Space Nuclear Systems and Technology Division established the resources, equipment and facilities required to provide nuclear-fueled, Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) to Department of Energy (DOE) Customers. RPSs are designed to convert the heat generated by decay of iridium clad, 238PuO2 fuel pellets into electricity that is used to power missions in remote, harsh environments. Utilization of nuclear fuel requires adherence to governing regulations and the INL provides unique capabilities to safely fuel, test, store, transport and integrate RPSs to supply power—supporting mission needs. Nuclear capabilities encompass RPS fueling, testing, handling, storing, transporting RPS nationally, and space vehicle integration. Activities are performed at the INL and in remote locations such as John F. Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Station to support space missions. This paper will focus on the facility and equipment capabilities primarily offered at the INL, Material and Fuel Complex located in a security-protected, federally owned, industrial area on the remote desert site west of Idaho Falls, ID. Nuclear and non-nuclear facilities house equipment needed to perform required activities such as general purpose heat source (GPHS) module pre-assembly and module assembly using nuclear fuel; RPS receipt and baseline electrical testing, fueling, vibration testing to simulate the launch environment, mass properties testing to measure the mass and compute the moment of inertia, electro-magnetic characterizing to determine potential consequences to the operation of vehicle or scientific instrumentation, and thermal vacuum testing to verify RPS power performance in the vacuum and cold temperatures of space.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Initial Investigation of the Small Feature Detection Capability of the ORNL Fast Neutron Tomographic Imaging System

A variety of fast neutron imaging simulations and measurements were performed to investigate the spatial resolution and small feature detection capability of a fast-neutron tomographic imaging system developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The system uses an associated particle DT (deuterium-tritium) neutron generator as the source and 25 mm × 25 mm × 100 mm plastic scintillators as the neutron detectors. Two image quality indicators were examined: 1) a variety of long steel pins embedded axially in the interior of a polyethylene cylinder and 2) a variety of short steels pins embedded radially in the surface of a shielded polyethylene cylinder. Measurements demonstrated detectability down to approximately 3 mm. Further data analysis may show improved detection performance and allow a more precise determination of the spatial resolution and small feature detection limit. The current DT generator has a neutron production spot size of about 3.5 mm, which appears to be the limiting factor in the current system configuration.

Wright, Michael C.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Energy Efficient Data Centers

Energy efficient data center strategies include thermal/environmental guidelines, air management, free cooling, and liquid-based cooling. A case study highlighting the data center cooling system at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Energy Systems Integration Facility illustrates many of these principles.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2021

Energy Efficient Data Centers

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

NASA NTRS1981

A high resolution, field portable spectrometer

The design of a high resolution, field portable spectrometer system is presented. The system provides the spectral resolution previously available only with laboratory based systems. The system's portability allows for essential in situ measurements, provides rapid acquisition and calibration of spectral reflectance data over a wavelength band from about 300 to 1000 nm. Features include a calibration scheme for normalizing data to the incident radiation, and the injection of a spectral calibration signal. Laboratory tests indicate that the system will perform as expected, and plans are being made to integrate the system with a ground based active and passive microwave data acquisition system.

Warren, G. L.↗