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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS2018

The Second European Service Module (ESM-2) Evolutions, Production and Challenges

This paper presents an overview of the Second European Service Module (ESM-2), the second in a series of European Service Modules produced as part of the Barter agreement between NASA and ESA for the Orion Program. The European Industrial consortium is led by the ESA prime contractor Airbus Defence and Space in Bremen. ESA and Airbus signed the ESM-2 contract on 16 February 2017, for this key element of the Orion Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2). EM-2 is the first crewed mission for Orion and will take astronauts farther into the solar system than humanity has ever travelled. EM-2 will also be a historic mission for Europe, as the ESM-2 will be the first European spacecraft to be part of a human transportation system carrying humans beyond low Earth orbit. ESM-2 is mainly a recurring production following ESM-1. Nevertheless, there are a number of important changes being implemented, for example, to incorporate upgrades to further enhance safety and reliability. The challenging delivery schedule for ESM-2 has driven the need to commence manufacturing prior to completion of the qualification on ESM-1. In addition, some requirement deviations and non-compliances approved for ESM-1 have resulted in modifications for ESM-2. In order to manage the competing constraints effectively, the ESM-2 Team has put in place a number of novel approaches to manage schedule, risk, and technical changes. Airbus has set up multi-functional teams according to an approach known as "Major Spacecraft Deliveries" consisting of quality assurance, engineering and procurement. The risk of starting manufacturing prior to qualification is managed through a special risk share agreement. This agreement necessitates rigorous risk reviews across the board for all manufacturing, assembly, integration and test milestones. The ESM-2 changes are managed by Configuration Management, but Airbus has also introduced the Technical Baseline Matrix to provide a transparent top-level overview of the changes from ESM-1 to ESM-2. The tool provides the basis for ESM-2 design and development needs, decisions, as well as the input for the Orion EM-2 Critical Design Review (CDR). The main technical evolutions, status of the production and the novel management approaches for ESM-2 are presented and discussed in the paper.

Orion European Service Module Programme↗
NASA NTRS2019

Prognostics As-A-Service: A Scalable Cloud Architecture for Prognostics

Comprehensive aircraft system health-state awareness is critical for maintaining safe, efficient growth in global operations, enabling higher levels of autonomy, and facilitating new forms of aviation. Maintainers, vehicle operators, air traffic controllers, dispatchers, pilots, autonomous systems, and other decision-makers must have reliable real-time knowledge of the vehicle health, the health of its critical composite systems, predictions of how health changes with time, and forecasts of how its capabilities change with health degradation to preserve safety and efficiency. Providing this information in a reliable manner in computationally constrained environments and across a wide range of vehicles and systems continues to be a challenge. This challenge can be partially resolved through cloud computing, where the execution of prognostic and diagnostic algorithms is performed on a network of remote servers hosted on the internet. NASA is developing a cloud computing service, Prognostics As-A-Service (PaaS), that explores the feasibility and challenges of cloud-enhanced prognostics. Though such a system has broad applicability, this research effort is focused on aviation applications.

Prognostics↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

ATD-2 Digital Services / DIP

The path to NAS-wide implementation for ATD-2 multi-airport IADS is as a digital service for flight operators that builds on and supplements FAA TBO investments. This session will focus on a suite of Machine Learning (ML) services the ATD-2 team developed to model airport surface operations. The approach used to leverage SWIM data sets will be described and a preliminary analysis of ML model accuracy will be presented. NASA’s plans to build on this work under the ATM-X Digital Information Platform (DIP) sub-project will be discussed.

ATD TIM, ATD-2 Digital Services, DIP↗
NASA NTRS2022

In-space Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing (ISAM) State of Play 2022 Edition

The future of spaceflight will yield increasingly more ambitious missions to support civil, national security, and commercial space sectors. Achieving these ambitious missions is not feasible using the traditional paradigm of launching an integrated, fully functioning system on a single launch vehicle. For example, science and human exploration missions will desire payloads that are larger than any foreseeable launch vehicle fairing, national security missions will require persistent assets that are mobile and resilient, and commercial space missions will require cost-effective ways to update to the latest technology on orbit. In-space Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing (ISAM) can vastly expand the performance, availability, and lifetime of space systems compared to the traditional paradigm of launching an asset with no intent to ever touch it again. ISAM capabilities foster an ecosystem that changes the space operations paradigm, creating the foundation for sustainable exploration and serving as a multiplier for other capabilities like space logistics, power generation, and reusability. Previous achievements in ISAM have enabled ambitious human and robotic space missions. NASA’s International Space Station (ISS) operations and maintenance, servicing missions of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and Northrop Grumman’s Mission Extension Vehicle (MEV) demonstrate the dramatic operational missions that can be achieved using ISAM capabilities. Many current and upcoming flight demonstrations are advancing areas that will enable the next generation of civil, national security, and commercial space missions. This document describes the current state of ISAM missions, capabilities, and developments. Compiling and organizing the available ISAM capabilities will help mission designers incorporate ISAM technologies into their concepts, create the starting point for technology development plans and roadmaps, and provide technologists a survey of the field they are developing. This document divides the ISAM capabilities into 11 capability areas that describe the functions or activities that would be performed in space using ISAM. This version of the ISAM State of Play is part of a continuing journey to encourage the use of ISAM capabilities in space. Compiling and organizing the current state of ISAM provides a simple resource for those working in the ISAM ecosystem to ensure that the advancements being made build upon the investments of the past. The state of play is ever changing as new capabilities are developed, and this document will be periodically updated to ensure that it is relevant to those who need it in the future.

ISAM↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Ideas For Infusing In-Space Servicing, Assembly and Manufacturing Concepts into Nuclear Electric Propulsion Architectures

NASA is currently investigating nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) for human Mars transport within the space nuclear propulsion portfolio. NEP spacecraft have the following characteristics, they: 1) include very large structures (~100-meter length); 2) are comprised of many components/modules; and 3) have very long lifetimes (e.g., 50 years for fuel rods). Thus, NEP spacecraft can be classified as a “persistent asset,” which is any zero-g or planetary surface system that benefits from in-space assembly (ISA) or multiple visits for servicing, repairs, and upgrades. NEP spacecraft will benefit from taking advantage of, and incorporating, In-space Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing (ISAM) capabilities in the spacecraft architecture from the onset, enabling system maintenance, repair, and evolution. ISA has a long history of being proposed for, and studied as, a means for achieving large systems in space. More recently, the benefits of ISA have been recognized by NASA, the Department of Defense (DOD), other government agencies, and commercial space companies, and thus, ISAM is being actively pursued at a national level. Past and current strategies for achieving large structures in space have relied largely on two strategies; the first is to launch monolithic structures (designed to meet launch vehicle requirements for payload size and mass) that are docked or berthed to other monolithic structures on-orbit to form a larger structure (e.g., the International Space Station [ISS]); the second is folding and packaging large structures to fit inside a payload fairing and deploying the full-sized structure (unaided) once on-orbit (e.g., the James Webb Space Telescope [JWST]). To date, conceptual architecture studies performed for NEP spacecraft capable of human-rated Mars transport have only included a combination of the two previously mentioned strategies. This paper will propose ideas for infusing ISAM strategies into NEP vehicle architectures that leverage existing and near future technologies and enable the resulting NEP systems to be realized in a more time- and cost-efficient manner.

in-space assembly↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Ideas for Infusing In-Space Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing Concepts into Nuclear Electric Propulsion Architectures

NASA is currently investigating nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) for human Mars transport within the space nuclear propulsion portfolio. NEP spacecraft have the following characteristics, they: 1) include very large structures (~100-meter length); 2) are comprised of many components/modules; and 3) have very long lifetimes (e.g., 50 years for fuel rods). Thus, NEP spacecraft can be classified as a “persistent asset,” which is any zero-g or planetary surface system that benefits from in-space assembly (ISA) or multiple visits for servicing, repairs, and upgrades. NEP spacecraft will benefit from taking advantage of, and incorporating, In-space Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing (ISAM) capabilities in the spacecraft architecture from the onset, enabling system maintenance, repair, and evolution. ISA has a long history of being proposed for, and studied as, a means for achieving large systems in space. More recently, the benefits of ISA have been recognized by NASA, the Department of Defense (DOD), other government agencies, and commercial space companies, and thus, ISAM is being actively pursued at a national level. Past and current strategies for achieving large structures in space have relied largely on two strategies; the first is to launch monolithic structures (designed to meet launch vehicle requirements for payload size and mass) that are docked or berthed to other monolithic structures on-orbit to form a larger structure (e.g., the International Space Station [ISS]); the second is folding and packaging large structures to fit inside a payload fairing and deploying the full-sized structure (unaided) once on-orbit (e.g., the James Webb Space Telescope [JWST]). To date, conceptual architecture studies performed for NEP spacecraft capable of human-rated Mars transport have only included a combination of the two previously mentioned strategies. This paper will propose ideas for infusing ISAM strategies into NEP vehicle architectures that leverage existing and near future technologies and enable the resulting NEP systems to be realized in a more time- and cost-efficient manner.

in-space assembly↗
NASA NTRS2023

Human Factors Support for On-Orbit Servicing, Assembly and Manufacturing Mission 1 (OSAM-1)

The NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) Human Factors Technical Discipline Team was requested by the Satellite Servicing Projects Division at Goddard Space Flight Center to provide support in assessing the design of the On-Orbit Servicing, Assembly and Manufacturing Mission 1 (OSAM-1) Mission Operations Center in light of concerns about overcrowding and potential for distractions, as well as assistance in creating a Human-Machine Interface style guide for OSAM-1 user interface design. This report contains the outcome of the NESC assessment.

On-Orbit Servicing, Assembly and Manufacturing Mis↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Service Provider Agnostic Adaptive Coding and Modulation System Design

Commercial service providers (CSPs) are increasingly used to provide communications services to near-Earth science and exploration missions. CSPs commonly utilize modems that are designed to implement adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) in unique ways with modems from the same vendor. However, some missions cannot fly a matching vendor modem, either because the vendor only designs modems for terrestrial use, or the mission needs to fly a software defined radio. We present an ACM system design that allows missions to implement ACM on DVB-S2 compliant CSP links without needing to fly a modem from the same vendor the CSP uses. We implement and test our design in an emulated communications testbed. These tests demonstrate that our ACM system design can successfully adapt to link quality changes up to 6.12 dB/second.

Adaptive coding and modulation↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Service Provider Agnostic Adaptive Coding and Modulation System Design

Commercial service providers (CSPs) are increasingly used to provide communications services to near-Earth science and exploration missions. CSPs commonly utilize modems that are designed to implement adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) in unique ways with modems from the same vendor. However, some missions cannot fly a matching vendor modem, either because the vendor only designs modems for terrestrial use, or the mission needs to fly a software defined radio. We present an ACM system design that allows missions to implement ACM on DVB-S2 compliant CSP links without needing to fly a modem from the same vendor the CSP uses. We implement and test our design in an emulated communications testbed. These tests demonstrate that our ACM system design can successfully adapt to link quality changes up to 6.12 dB/second.

Adaptive coding and modulation↗
NASA NTRS2024

Architecture of High-Altitude Operations (HAO) Discovery and Synchronization Service (DSS)

The aviation industry is evolving at an unprecedented pace, necessitating the development of efficient, secure, and interoperable systems to manage increasingly complex air traffic. Moreover, the demand for High-Altitude Operations (HAO) is increasing. Furthermore, air traffic control services are limited in HAO environments. HAO industry participants will need airspace access and flexibility to perform their missions in this airspace that provides provisions for scalability. The Discovery and Synchronization Service (DSS) will be a cornerstone of the HAO ecosystem, enabling the effective sharing of critical airspace data, including operational intent, aircraft trajectories, and airspace usage among various stakeholders and operators. The DSS architecture addresses these challenges with a distributed, decentralized, and interoperable system that facilitates seamless integration across diverse airspaces. It prioritizes secure data exchange while safeguarding data ownership. This white paper presents the vision, architecture, and benefits of the DSS for HAO, underscoring its potential to streamline operations, reduce redundancies, and establish a foundation for safe and efficient airspace management.

HAO↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Laser Beam Welding Advancements for In-Space Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing

NASA is currently working to develop in-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing (ISAM) capabilities for low Earth orbit and the lunar surface. One crucial technology for this effort is laser beam welding. Laser systems can perform joining, cleaning, cutting, and repair activities, which will enable the construction of large in-space structures that could not fit on a single launch vehicle, such as trusses for solar panels, radiators, or communications infrastructure. Multiple projects studying laser welding for space applications are currently underway at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. One of these, the DIsk-Shaped Configurable and Modular vAcuum uNit (DISCMAN), is a compact vacuum chamber designed to support parameter development for laser welding in microgravity. It contains a rotating platen with weld samples made from aluminum, steel, and titanium, a high-power infrared laser, and integrated pumps for pulling vacuum inside the sample cartridge. The DISCMAN payload is planned to launch to the International Space Station, where welds will be performed under sustained microgravity inside the Bishop Airlock. Another effort underway at Marshall is the Lunar Assembly and Servicing by Autonomous Robotics (LASAR) initiative. This project uses a space-rated robotic arm equipped with a laser weld head, wire feeder, and multiple cameras to perform welds in a thermal vacuum chamber simulating the lunar surface environment. Some of these welds are done on snowflake joints, which are specially designed to slot together to join segments of trussN structures, allowing for the construction of tall surface infrastructure. DISCMAN, LASAR, and other projects are being carried out to advance the technological maturity of in-space laser beam welding, collect data to inform computational models, and learn reliable processes for creating weld joints in space. This work supports NASA’s greater goals to expand humanity’s presence in low Earth orbit, establish a permanent moon base, and eventually send crewed missions to Mars and beyond.

Manufacturing↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Laser Beam Welding Advancements for In-Space Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing

NASA is currently working to develop in-space servicing, assembly, and manufacturing (ISAM) capabilities for low Earth orbit and the lunar surface. One crucial technology for this effort is laser beam welding. Laser systems can perform joining, cleaning, cutting, and repair activities, which will enable the construction of large in-space structures that could not fit on a single launch vehicle, such as trusses for solar panels, radiators, or communications infrastructure. Multiple projects studying laser welding for space applications are currently underway at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. One of these, the DIsk-Shaped Configurable and Modular vAcuum uNit (DISCMAN), is a compact vacuum chamber designed to support parameter development for laser welding in microgravity. It contains a rotating platen with weld samples made from aluminum, steel, and titanium, a high-power infrared laser, and integrated pumps for pulling vacuum inside the sample cartridge. The DISCMAN payload is planned to launch to the International Space Station, where welds will be performed under sustained microgravity inside the Bishop Airlock. Another effort underway at Marshall is the Lunar Assembly and Servicing by Autonomous Robotics (LASAR) initiative. This project uses a space-rated robotic arm equipped with a laser weld head, wire feeder, and multiple cameras to perform welds in a thermal vacuum chamber simulating the lunar surface environment. Some of these welds are done on snowflake joints, which are specially designed to slot together to join segments of trussN structures, allowing for the construction of tall surface infrastructure. DISCMAN, LASAR, and other projects are being carried out to advance the technological maturity of in-space laser beam welding, collect data to inform computational models, and learn reliable processes for creating weld joints in space. This work supports NASA’s greater goals to expand humanity’s presence in low Earth orbit, establish a permanent moon base, and eventually send crewed missions to Mars and beyond.

Robotics↗
NASA NTRS1972

Residual strength and crack propagation tests on C-130 airplane center wings with service-imposed fatigue damage

Fourteen C-130 airplane center wings, each containing service-imposed fatigue damage resulting from 4000 to 13,000 accumulated flight hours, were tested to determine their fatigue crack propagation and static residual strength characteristics. Eight wings were subjected to a two-step constant amplitude fatigue test prior to static testing. Cracks up to 30 inches long were generated in these tests. Residual static strengths of these wings ranged from 56 to 87 percent of limit load. The remaining six wings containing cracks up to 4 inches long were statically tested as received from field service. Residual static strengths of these wings ranged from 98 to 117 percent of limit load. Damage-tolerant structural design features such as fastener holes, stringers, doublers around door cutouts, and spanwise panel splices proved to be effective in retarding crack propagation.

Snider, H. L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Flight service evaluation of PRD-49/epoxy composite panels in wide bodied commercial transport aircraft

L-1011 aircraft fairing panel configurations were selected as test parts to compare the fabrication, costs and service performance characteristics of PRD-49 and fiberglass. These parts are currently fiberglass reinforced structure and the purpose of this program is to evaluate the results of direct substitution of PRD-49 fabric for the fiberglass. Three ship sets of these panels have been fabricated for a five year flight service evaluation on three L-1011 commercial airlines operating in widely diverse route structures. The standard tools and machining techniques used for fiberglass parts are unacceptable for cutting, trimming, and drilling the tougher PRD-49 fibers. Therefore, a machining development study was undertaken to provide the necessary new tools and machining techniques. After incorporating these new developments in the fabrication and installation of the panels, a manufacturing cost study revealed that the labor hours were only increased by about 12.5 percent.

Wooley, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Apollo 15 mission report. Supplement 2: Service propulsion system final flight evaluation

The command and service module 112 service propulsion system performance for the Apollo 15 mission was evaluated and found to be satisfactory. The following items were considered: (1) the steady-state performance as determined from analysis of the third and eight burns; (2) techniques, problems, and assumptions; (3) flight analysis results as compared to the preflight predicted performance; (4) the propellant utilization and gaging system operation; (5) the pressurization system performance; (6) transient data; and (7) revision of estimated propellant consumption.

Smith, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Description of the attitude control, guidance and navigation space replaceable units for automated space servicing of selected NASA missions

Control elements such as sensors, momentum exchange devices, and thrusters are described which can be used to define space replaceable units (SRU), in accordance with attitude control, guidance, and navigation performance requirements selected for NASA space serviceable mission spacecraft. A number of SRU's are developed, and their reliability block diagrams are presented. An SRU assignment is given in order to define a set of feasible space serviceable spacecraft for the missions of interest.

Chobotov, V. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Some services of the Time and Frequency Division of the National Bureau of Standards

The Time and Frequency Division of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) provides several services to the general public. The radio broadcasts of WWV, WWVH, and WWVB supply reliable, unambiguous time signals to many users. The NBS telephone time-of-day service attracts several hundreds of thousands of calls each year. Periodically, the NBS provides courses on specific topics relating to time and frequency technology. In addition to numerous technical papers published each year, the NBS has prepared the first volume of a comprehensive monograph on time and frequency. The results of research in the Time and Frequency Division of the NBS have had significant impact. An active TV time system capable of serving most of the U.S. currently awaits a ruling by the FCC on a petition filed last year on behalf of the NBS by the Department of Commerce. Three more recent developments are: (1) a TV frequency comparator (patent applied for); (2) a method to perform an independent (absolute) frequency evaluation of commercial cesium beam oscillators; and (3) a method of removing one source of frequency drift in commercial cesium beam oscillators.

Barnes, J. A.↗