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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 595 records · Page 33
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1989

Experimental study of free-shear layer transition above a cavity at Mach 3.5

The transition behavior of a free-shear layer above a cavity with high and low levels of freestream acoustic disturbances has been studied at Mach 3.5. Optical techniques, mean pitot pressure measurements, and hot-wire measurements were employed to detect transition locations. Transition Reynolds numbers of between 363,000 and 530,000 were found, in agreement with previous results. It is suggested that upstream convected disturbances may be at least partially responsible for the insensitivity of transition Reynolds numbers to the freestream acoustic disturbance field.

King, Rudolph A.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Influence of Source Propagation Direction and Shear Flow Profile in Impedance Eduction of Acoustic Liners

The acoustic impedance of liners is a key parameter for their design, and depends on the flow conditions, i.e., the sound pressure level and the presence of a grazing flow. The surface impedance of a locally reacting liner is defined as a local intrinsic property relating the acoustic pressure to the normal acoustic particle velocity at the liner surface. Impedance eduction techniques are now widely used to retrieve the impedance of liners in aeroacoustic facilities in the presence of a shear grazing flow. While surface impedance is intrinsic by definition, the educed impedance has recently been shown to depend on the direction of the incident waves relative to the mean flow. Different studies have investigated this issue by considering different acoustic propagation models used in the education process in the hope of matching the educed values. The purpose of the present work is to continue the previous investigations by evaluating the influence of the shear flow profile on the educed impedance, while considering a Bayesian inference process in order to evaluate the uncertainty on the educed values. The identified uncertainties were not able to totally account for the observed discrepancies between educed impedances.

Roncen, R.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Development Of A Photonic Doppler Velocimeter To Verify A Fabry-Perot Velocimeter

The laser shock system uses acoustic shockwaves to measure the interface strength of newly designed nuclear fuel plates. The quantitative measurement of interface strength will help understand fuel performance during irradiation. The laser shock technique imparts laser energy into a plate that then creates an acoustic shockwave. The amount of energy in the plate is proportional to the surface velocities measured on the back side of the plate. An accurate determination of surface velocity will enable better fuel performance predictions. The focus of this paper is on the implementation of a Photonic Doppler Velocimeter to corroborate the Fabry-Perot measurements from the laser shock system. Currently, a Fabry-Perot velocimeter takes the velocity measurements that are converted in stress. We have designed and implemented a Photonic Doppler Velocimeter to corroborate the Fabry-Perot measurements, which we discuss here along with implementing the short time fast Fourier transform to demodulate the heterodyne beat frequency into velocities. The Photonic Doppler Velocimeter has successfully corroborated the Fabry-Perot measurements.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS1977

Acoustic energy shaping

A suspended mass is shaped by melting all or a selected portion of the mass and applying acoustic energy in varying amounts to different portions of the mass. In one technique for forming an optical waveguide slug, a mass of oval section is suspended and only a portion along the middle of the cross-section is heated to a largely fluid consistency. Acoustic energy is applied to opposite edges of the oval mass to press the unheated opposite edge portions together so as to form bulges at the middle of the mass. In another technique for forming a ribbon of silicon for constructing solar cells, a cylindrical thread of silicon is drawn from a molten mass of silicon, and acoustic energy is applied to opposite sides of the molten thread to flatten it into a ribbon.

Wang, T. G.↗
DOE OSTI2023

A state-of-the-art review of experimental and computational studies of granular materials: Properties, advances, challenges, and future directions

Modeling of heterogeneous materials and media is a problem of fundamental importance to a wide class of phenomena and systems, ranging from condensed matter physics, soft materials, and composite media to porous media, biological systems, geosystems, ceramic engineering, pharmaceutical science and even in space discoveries. Among the most important materials are granular systems, which have received intense interest from the engineering, physics, and mathematics communities. In this review paper, the recent developments and new advances in experimental, and computational methods on a variety of scales and physics that extend understanding to a wide range of materials and phenomena are reviewed. Experimental advances include computed neutron and nanometer-scale tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, refractive index matching, digital image correlation, acoustic emission analysis, and the most recent 4D techniques. Furthermore, a tremendous shift has occurred from the continuum scale to micro-scale and developing multiscale approaches. As such, various computational methods, including, constitutive modeling, discrete modeling, and multiscale approaches, have been developed. In conclusion, aside from all these evolutions, more complicated modeling called coupled, or multiphysics, systems representing a simultaneous presence of heat, fluid, chemical variation, and mechanical effect are also explored.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Sound Velocity of Hematite up to 13 GPa

We performed acoustic measurements on polycrystalline hematite using ultrasonic interferometric techniques in a Kawai-type multi-anvil apparatus. The elastic moduli and their pressure derivatives were determined by fitting the experimental data to third-order finite strain equations, yielding: 𝐾 𝑆,0 = 214.8 (20) GPa, 𝐺 0 = 92.0 (2) GPa, 𝐾$^{′}_{S,0}$ = 5.70 (1), and 𝐺$^{′}_{0}$ = 0.88 (4). Modeling of the velocity profiles of hematite along hot and cold slab geotherms shows that compressional (V P ) and shear (V S ) wave velocities are 22%–24% and 53%–55% lower, respectively, compared to the Preliminary Reference Earth Model at the top of the lower mantle. Furthermore, these findings likely offer a potential explanation for the low-velocity anomalies associated with slab graveyards at the base of the lower mantle.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Exploring 3D elastic-wave scattering at interfaces using high-resolution phased-array system

The elastic-wave scattering at interfaces, such as cracks, is essential for nondestructive inspections, and hence, understanding the phenomenon is crucial. However, the elastic-wave scattering at cracks is very complex in three dimensions since microscopic asperities of crack faces can be multiple scattering sources. We propose a method for exploring 3D elastic-wave scattering based on our previously developed high-resolution 3D phased-array system, the piezoelectric and laser ultrasonic system (PLUS). We describe the principle of PLUS, which combines a piezoelectric transmitter and a 2D mechanical scan of a laser Doppler vibrometer, enabling us to resolve a crack into a collection of scattring sources. Subsequently, we show how the 3D elastic-wave scattering in the vicinity of each response can be extracted. Here, we experimentally applied PLUS to a fatigue-crack specimen. We found that diverse 3D elastic-wave scattering occurred in a manner depending on the responses within the fatigue crack. This is significant because access to such information will be useful for optimizing inspection conditions, designing ultrasonic measurement systems, and characterizing cracks. More importantly, the described methodology is very general and can be applied to not only metals but also other materials such as composites, concrete, and rocks, leading to progress in many fields.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance of high-order Godunov-type methods in simulations of astrophysical low Mach number flows

High-order Godunov methods for gas dynamics have become a standard tool for simulating different classes of astrophysical flows. Their accuracy is mostly determined by the spatial interpolant used to reconstruct the pair of Riemann states at cell interfaces and by the Riemann solver that computes the interface fluxes. In most Godunov-type methods, these two steps can be treated independently, so that many different schemes can in principle be built from the same numerical framework. Because astrophysical simulations often test out the limits of what is feasible with the computational resources available, it is essential to find the scheme that produces the numerical solution with the desired accuracy at the lowest computational cost. However, establishing the best combination of numerical options in a Godunov-type method to be used for simulating a complex hydrodynamic problem is a nontrivial task. In fact, formally more accurate schemes do not always outperform simpler and more diffusive methods, especially if sharp gradients are present in the flow. For this work, we used our fully compressible Seven-League Hydro (SLH) code to test the accuracy of six reconstruction methods and three approximate Riemann solvers on two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) problems involving subsonic flows only. We considered Mach numbers in the range from 10 −3 to 10 −1 , which are characteristic of many stellar and geophysical flows. In particular, we considered a well-posed, 2D, Kelvin–Helmholtz instability problem and a 3D turbulent convection zone that excites internal gravity waves in an overlying stable layer. Although the different combinations of numerical methods converge to the same solution with increasing grid resolution for most of the quantities analyzed here, we find that (i) there is a spread of almost four orders of magnitude in computational cost per fixed accuracy between the methods tested in this study, with the most performant method being a combination of a low-dissipation Riemann solver and a sextic reconstruction scheme; (ii) the low-dissipation solver always outperforms conventional Riemann solvers on a fixed grid when the reconstruction scheme is kept the same; (iii) in simulations of turbulent flows, increasing the order of spatial reconstruction reduces the characteristic dissipation length scale achieved on a given grid even if the overall scheme is only second order accurate; (iv) reconstruction methods based on slope-limiting techniques tend to generate artificial, high-frequency acoustic waves during the evolution of the flow; and (v) unlimited reconstruction methods introduce oscillations in the thermal stratification near the convective boundary, where the entropy gradient is steep.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Temperature-dependent elastic constants of thorium dioxide probed using time-domain Brillouin scattering

Herein we report the adiabatic elastic constants of single-crystal thorium dioxide over a temperature range of 77–350 K. Time-domain Brillouin scattering, an all-optical, non-contact picosecond ultrasonic technique, is used to generate and detect coherent acoustic phonons that propagate in the bulk perpendicular to the surface of the crystal. These coherent acoustic lattice vibrations have been monitored in two hydrothermally grown single-crystal thorium dioxide samples along the (100) and (311) crystallographic directions. The three independent elastic constants of the cubic crystal (C 11 , C 12 , and C 44 ) are determined from the measured bulk acoustic velocities. The longitudinal wave along the (100) orientation provided a direct measurement of C 11 . Measurement of C 44 and C 12 was achieved by enhancing the intensity of quasi-shear mode in a (311) oriented crystal by adjusting the polarization angle relative to the crystal axes. We find the magnitude of softening of the three elastic constants to be ~2.5% over the measured temperature range. Good agreement is found between the measured elastic constants with previously reported values at room temperature, and between the measured temperature-dependent bulk modulus with calculated values. We find that semi-empirical models capturing lattice anharmonicity adequately reproduce the observed trend. We also determine the acoustic Grüneisen anharmonicity parameter from the experimentally derived temperature-dependent bulk modulus and previously reported temperature-dependent values of volumetric thermal expansion coefficient and heat capacity. This work presents measurements of the temperature-dependent elasticity in single-crystal thorium dioxide at cryogenic temperature and provides a basis for testing ab initio theoretical models and evaluating the impact of anharmonicity on thermophysical properties.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
NASA NTRS1973

Benefits of advanced propulsion technology for the advanced supersonic transport

Future supersonic transports will have to provide improvement in the areas of economics, range, and emissions relative to the present generation of supersonic transports, as well as meeting or improving upon FAR 36 noise goals. This paper covers the promising propulsion systems including variable-cycle engine concepts for long-range supersonic commercial transport application. The benefits of applying advanced propulsion technology to solve the economic and environmental problems are reviewed. The advanced propulsion technologies covered are in the areas of structures, materials, cooling techniques, aerodynamics, variable engine geometry, jet noise suppressors, acoustic treatment, and low-emission burners. The results of applying the advanced propulsion technology are presented in terms of improvement in overall system takeoff gross weight and return on investment.

Hines, R. W.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Propulsion integration for a hybrid propulsive-lift system

In a discussion of STOL vehicles with conventional high-lift devices, the need for efficient power-augmented lift systems is presented, and the implications of quiet operation are noted. The underlying philosophy of a promising hybrid lift system with major interactions between aerodynamic, thermodynamic, acoustic, and configuration design technologies is derived. The technique by which engine and airframe-related characteristics for this application may be matched in an optimum manner is described and illustrated by describing the features of a particular short-haul commercial STOL vehicle.

Bowden, M. K.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Ultra sound absorption measurements in rock samples at low temperatures

A new technique, comparable with the reverberation method in room acoustics, is described. It allows Q-measurements at rock samples of arbitrary shape in the frequency range of 50 to 600 kHz in vacuum (.1 mtorr) and at low temperatures (+20 to -180 C). The method was developed in particular to investigate rock samples under lunar conditions. Ultrasound absorption has been measured at volcanics, breccia, gabbros, feldspar and quartz of different grain size and texture yielding the following results: evacuation raises Q mainly through lowering the humidity in the rock. In a dry compact rock, the effect of evacuation is small. With decreasing temperature, Q generally increases. Between +20 and -30 C, Q does not change much. With further decrease of temperature in many cases distinct anomalies appear, where Q becomes frequency dependent.

Herminghaus, C.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Nondestructive evaluation of electroformed outer shells for regeneratively cooled thrust chambers

Electroforming is presently a prime technique for producing the outer jackets of regeneratively cooled thrust chambers for rocket engines. Good bond integrity of the electroformed joints adjacent to the coolant passages is important to the useful service life of these aerospace systems. This investigation demonstrated that nondestructive evaluation techniques such as ultrasonic 'C' scan, holography, and acoustic emission are capable of detecting low integrity bonds which could lead to premature failures in the subject hardware.

Malone, G. A.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Prediction of light aircraft interior noise

A computerized interior noise prediction method for light aircraft is described. An existing analytical program, development for commercial jets, forms the basis of some modal analysis work which is described. The accuracy of this modal analysis technique for predicting low-frequency coupled acoustic-structural natural frequencies is discussed along with trends indicating the effects of varying parameters such as fuselage length and diameter, structural stiffness, and interior acoustic absorption.

Howlett, J. T.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Acoustic Emissions Could Indicate Weld Quality

Preliminary tests show quality of welds can be assessed by acoustic-emission monitor mounted on welder. Nondestructive measurement technique allows operator to determine uniformity and integrity of weld as being made, evaluate equipment performance and condition, and initiate corrective action if quality is not satisfactory.

Gustafson, P. E.↗
NASA NTRS1996

An Acoustic Emission and Acousto-Ultrasonic Analysis of Impact Damaged Composite Pressure Vessels

The research presented herein summarizes the development of acoustic emission (AE) and acousto-ultrasonic (AU) techniques for the nondestructive evaluation of filament wound composite pressure vessels. Vessels fabricated from both graphite and kevlar fibers with an epoxy matrix were examined prior to hydroburst using AU and during hydroburst using AE. A dead weight drop apparatus featuring both blunt and sharp impactor tips was utilized to produce a single known energy 'damage' level in each of the vessels so that the degree to which the effects of impact damage could be measured. The damage levels ranged from barely visible to obvious fiber breakage and delamination. Independent neural network burst pressure prediction models were developed from a sample of each fiber/resin material system. Here, the cumulative AE amplitude distribution data collected from low level proof test (25% of the expected burst for undamaged vessels) were used to measure the effects of the impact on the residual burst pressure of the vessels. The results of the AE/neural network model for the inert propellant filled graphite/epoxy vessels 'IM7/3501-6, IM7/977-2 and IM7/8553-45' demonstrated that burst pressures can be predicted from low level AE proof test data, yielding an average error of 5.0%. The trained network for the IM7/977-2 class vessels was also able to predict the expected burst pressure of taller vessels (three times longer hoop region length) constructed of the same material and using the same manufacturing technique, with an average error of 4.9%. To a lesser extent, the burst pressure prediction models could also measure the effects of impact damage to the kevlar/epoxy 'Kevlar 49/ DPL862' vessels. Here though, due to the higher attenuation of the material, an insufficient amount of AE amplitude information was collected to generate robust network models. Although, the worst case trial errors were less than 6%, when additional blind predictions were attempted, errors as high as 50% were produced. An acousto-ultrasonic robotic evaluation system (AURES) was developed for mapping the effects of damage on filament wound pressure vessels prior to hydroproof testing. The AURES injects a single broadband ultrasonic pulse into each vessel at preprogrammed positions and records the effects of the interaction of that pulse on the material volume with a broadband receiver. A stress wave factor in the form of the energy associated with the 750 to 1000 kHz and 1000 to 1250 kHz frequency bands were used to map the potential failure sites for each vessel. The energy map associated with the graphite/epoxy vessels was found to decrease in the region of the impact damage. The kevlar vessels showed the opposite trend, with the energy values increasing around the damage/failure sites.

Walker, James L.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Optimizing Sensor and Actuator Arrays for ASAC Noise Control

This paper summarizes the development of an approach to optimizing the locations for arrays of sensors and actuators in active noise control systems. A type of directed combinatorial search, called Tabu Search, is used to select an optimal configuration from a much larger set of candidate locations. The benefit of using an optimized set is demonstrated. The importance of limiting actuator forces to realistic levels when evaluating the cost function is discussed. Results of flight testing an optimized system are presented. Although the technique has been applied primarily to Active Structural Acoustic Control systems, it can be adapted for use in other active noise control implementations.

Palumbo, Dan↗
NASA NTRS2003

Development of Laser-induced Grating Spectroscopy for Underwater Temperature Measurement in Shock Wave Focusing Regions

In Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) underwater shock wave focusing generates high pressures at very short duration of time inside human body. However, it is not yet clear how high temperatures are enhanced at the spot where a shock wave is focused. The estimation of such dynamic temperature enhancements is critical for the evaluation of tissue damages upon shock loading. For this purpose in the Interdisciplinary Shock Wave Research Center a technique is developed which employs laser induced thermal acoustics or Laser Induced Grating Spectroscopy. Unlike most of gasdynamic methods of measuring physical quantities this provides a non-invasive one having spatial and temporal resolutions of the order of magnitude of 1.0 mm3 and 400 ns, respectively. Preliminary experiments in still water demonstrated that this method detected sound speed and hence temperature in water ranging 283 K to 333 K with errors of 0.5%. These results may be used to empirically establish the equation of states of water, gelatin or agar cells which will work as alternatives of human tissues.

Gojani, Ardian B.↗