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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 595 records · Page 33
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

TRANSP-based optimization towards tokamak scenario development

An optimization approach that incorporates the predictive transport code TRANSP is proposed for tokamak scenario development. Optimization methods are often employed to develop open-loop control strategies to aid access to high performance tokamak scenarios. Generally, the optimization approaches use control-oriented models, i.e. models that are reduced in complexity and prediction accuracy as compared to physics-oriented transport codes such as TRANSP. In the presented approach, an optimization procedure using the TRANSP code to simulate the tokamak plasma is considered for improved predictive capabilities. As a test case, the neutral beam injection (NBI) power is optimized to develop a control strategy that maximizes the noninductive current fraction during the ramp-up phase for NSTX-U. Simulation studies towards the achievement of noninductive ramp-up in NSTX-U have already been carried out with the TRANSP code. The optimization-based approach presented in this work is used to maximize the noninductive current fraction during ramp-up in NSTX-U, demonstrating that the scenario development task can be automated. An additional test case considers optimization of the current ramp rate in DIII-D for obtaining a stationary plasma characterized by a flat loop voltage profile in the flattop phase.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

The synergy between stakeholders for cellulosic biofuel development: Perspectives, opportunities, and barriers

While understanding individual stakeholders' perspectives on the adoption and conversion to a biofuel-based landscape has been a subject of many previous studies on biofuels, there has been relatively little attention given to understanding how the interaction between multiple stakeholders involved in biofuel development could influence the widespread adoption of biofuel production. Here, this paper analyzes the key stakeholder interactions utilizing various data sources including survey results, social media posts, and empirical and theoretical analyses. An intensive review is conducted for a number of surveys and research papers on different aspects of biofuel development such as land use choices, biorefinery and transportation, infrastructure development, consumer priorities, environmental impacts, etc. Following that, a stakeholder synergy approach is applied to synthesizing typical responses of stakeholders, such as producers, consumers, biorefineries, rural communities, and the government, and discussing how their responses influence each other's decisions and the overall system performance. Based on the findings of inadequate stakeholder synergy, it is recommended that new surveys and further research should be conducted to understand why synergy between stakeholders in biofuel development is absent. Additionally, this paper provides research perspectives, including (1) applying cutting-edge text-mining techniques to conduct sentiment analysis, and research and public attention analysis; (2) using an agent-based model to simulate stakeholder interactions and understand the factors that influence stakeholder synergy and the emergence of a bioeconomy.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Development of Conceptual Lead Cartridge Design to Perform Irradiation Experiments in VTR

This paper seeks to introduce the latest design of the Extended Length Test Assembly–Cartridge Lead (ELTA-CL) with associated thermal-hydraulic (TH) assessment and related experiment activities to support the critical component development performed by the ELTA-CL team (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Westinghouse Electric Company, and the University of New Mexico). The goal of the ELTA-CL program is to develop and validate an experimental capability to perform irradiation experiments in the Versatile Test Reactor (VTR) addressing Lead Fast Reactor (LFR) technology gaps, in support of the commercial development of advanced lead-cooled fast reactor concepts. Through a design maturation process and parametric study, a conceptual design is proposed to meet the requirements for material and corrosion testing. Thermal-hydraulic characteristics for the conceptual design at desired operating conditions are assessed with systems-level (one-dimensional) and computational fluid dynamics (three-dimensional) simulations. Along with the conceptual design work, experimental activities for the development of critical components such as the pump and flowmeter are undertaken. From both the modeling study and the experimental results, the design requirements of the Phase 1 ELTA-CL (e.g., 500°C and 2 m/s) are achievable with the current conceptual design. Additional design improvements and safety assessments at both steady-state and transient conditions for the final ELTA-CL design will be pursued.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

The UPR regulator IRE1 promotes balanced organ development by restricting TOR-dependent control of cellular differentiation in Arabidopsis

Proteostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is controlled by sophisticated signaling pathways that are collectively called the unfolded protein response (UPR) and are initiated by specialized ER membrane-associated sensors. The evidence that complete loss-of-function mutations of the most conserved of the UPR sensors, inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), dysregulates tissue growth and development in metazoans and plants raises the fundamental question as to how IRE1 is connected to organismal growth. To address this question, we interrogated the Arabidopsis primary root, an established model for organ development, using the tractable Arabidopsis IRE1 mutant ire1a ire1b, which has marked root development defects in the absence of exogenous stress. We demonstrate that IRE1 is required to reach maximum rates of cell elongation and root growth. We also established that in the actively growing ire1a ire1b mutant root tips the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase, a widely conserved pro-growth regulator, is hyperactive, and that, unlike cell proliferation, the rate of cell differentiation is enhanced in ire1a ire1b in a TOR-dependent manner. By functionally connecting two essential growth regulators, these results underpin a novel and critical role of IRE1 in organ development and indicate that, as cells exit an undifferentiated state, IRE1 is required to monitor TOR activity to balance cell expansion and maturation during organ biogenesis.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Scenario Development During Commissioning Operations on the National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade

The National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) will advance the physics basis required for achieving steady-state, high-beta, and high-confinement conditions in a tokamak by accessing high toroidal field (1 T) and plasma current (1.0 - 2.0 MA) in a low aspect ratio geometry (A = 1.6 - 1.8) with flexible auxiliary heating systems (12 MW NBI, 6 MW HHFW). This paper describes progress in the development of L- and H-mode discharge scenarios and the commissioning of operational tools in the first ten weeks of operation that enable the scientific mission of NSTX-U. Vacuum field calculations completed prior to operations supported the rapid development and optimization of inductive breakdown at different values of ohmic solenoid current. The toroidal magnetic field (B_T0 = 0.65 T) exceeded the maximum values achieved on NSTX and novel long-pulse L-mode discharges with regular sawtooth activity exceeded the longest pulses produced on NSTX (tpulse > 1.8s). The increased flux of the central solenoid facilitated the development of stationary L-mode discharges over a range of density and plasma current (Ip). H-mode discharges achieved similar levels of stored energy, confinement (H98y,2 > 1) and stability (beta_N/beta_N-nowall > 1) compared to NSTX discharges for Ip < 1 MA. High-performance H-mode scenarios require an L-H transition early in the Ip ramp-up phase in order to obtain low internal inductance (li) throughout the discharge, which is conducive to maintaining vertical stability at high elongation (kappa > 2.2) and achieving long periods of MHD quiescent operations. The rapid progress in developing L- and H-mode scenarios in support of the scientific program was enabled by advances in real-time plasma control, efficient error field identification and correction, effective conditioning of the graphite wall and excellent diagnostic availability.

Error field correction↗
DOE OSTI2019

TRANSP-based Optimization Towards Tokamak Scenario Development

An optimization approach that incorporates the predictive transport code TRANSP is proposed for tokamak scenario development. Optimization methods are often employed to develop open-loop control strategies to aid access to high performance tokamak scenarios. In general, the optimization approaches use control-oriented models, i.e. models that are reduced in complexity and prediction accuracy as compared to physics-oriented transport codes such as TRANSP. In the presented approach, an optimization procedure using the TRANSP code to simulate the tokamak plasma is considered for improved predictive capabilities. As a test case, the neutral beam injection (NBI) power is optimized to develop a control strategy that maximizes the non-inductive current fraction during the ramp-up phase for NSTX-U. Simulation studies towards the achievement of non-inductive ramp up in NSTX-U have already been carried out with the TRANSP code. The optimization-based approach proposed in this work is used to maximize the non-inductive current fraction during ramp-up in NSTX-U, demonstrating that the scenario development task can be automated. An additional test case considers optimization of the current ramp rate in DIII-D for obtaining a stationary plasma characterized bya flat loop voltage profile in the flattop phase.

DIII-D↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cell Population–resolved Multiomics Atlas of the Developing Lung

The lung is a vital organ that undergoes extensive morphological and functional changes during postnatal development. To disambiguate how different cell populations contribute to organ development, we performed proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of four sorted cell populations from the lung of human subjects aged 0 to 8 years-old with a focus on early life. The cell populations analyzed included epithelial, endothelial, mesenchymal, and immune cells. Our results revealed distinct molecular signatures for each of the sorted cell populations that enable the description of molecular shifts occurring in these populations during post-natal development. Here, we confirmed that the proteome of the different cell populations was distinct regardless of age and identified functions specific to each population. We identified a series of cell population protein markers, including those located at the cell surface, that show differential expression and distribution on RNA in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence imaging. We validated the spatial distribution of AT1 and endothelial cell surface markers. Temporal analyses of the proteome of each of the four populations revealed processes modulated during postnatal development and disambiguating results obtained on whole tissue proteome. Finally, the proteome was compared to a transcriptomics survey performed on the same lung samples to evaluate processes under post-transcriptional control.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Nevada National Security Site Site-Directed Research and Development Report (FY 2018 Annual Report)

This report compiles multiple articles describing activities developed and performed under the Site-Directed Research and Development Program for the benefit the Nation during Fiscal Year 2018. Sustained investment and ongoing core innovation are the keys to successful research and development programs. These elements drive the Site-Directed Research and Development (SDRD) Program and provide solutions to some of the most challenging problems our nation and our allies face. Our Nevada enterprise, consisting of both our management and operating entity and our NNSA field office, is aggressively investing in SDRD and injecting innovation through strategic partnerships. Our partnerships with universities, industry, and our sister institutions within the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) build upon our core capabilities and allow us to create innovative solutions to support our mission requirements. In 2018, we raised the investment level of SDRD for only the second time in the history of the program. Nearly at our congressionally authorized limit, SDRD has substantial resources to successfully address numerous issues. Investment is only one part of the equation; innovation is generated through collaborations that bring discovery and provide the “technical differentiation” and the return on investment we seek. This report demonstrates an enduring theme of how partnerships help us drive the best outcomes and provide the maximum impact possible, while using our resources efficiently.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Advanced Energy Approaches for Mixed-Use Developments in the Front Range Urban Corridor

The primary objective of the document is to present example technical approaches and strategies that planners and developers can reference for all-electric mixed-use developments in the Rocky Mountain Front Range urban corridor that are considering advanced energy performance goals such as high levels of energy efficiency and renewable integration. The strategies are tailored toward the vision for a zero energy, all-electric, district thermal system-connected starter district. In this example, on-site solar generation is emphasized as a strategy that can be combined with electrical and thermal energy storage for enhanced community resilience and demand flexibility. Opportunities for utilizing or adapting these strategies include: sharing with vertical developers for potential integration of strategies into vertical design guidelines; incorporation into Owner Project Requirements (OPRs); providing example strategies to design teams as a starting point for design; informing structure of agenda for a building design charrette; comparing building designs to example strategies at various points in the design process to evaluate design progression. While the technical strategies outlined in this document can help inform the development of guidelines for projects in the Front Range urban corridor, this document does not set requirements for any rating, certification, program, or policy.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Strategies and Approaches for Developing Hands-On Training for Cold Climate Heat Pumps

The International Center for Appropriate and Sustainable Technology (ICAST) is in the process of implementing a program funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE) in which they are providing cold climate heat pump (CCHP) curriculum and training to HVAC workers, ranging from entry to experienced levels. They have coordinated with Santa Fe Community College (SFCC) to develop online curricula, and through their involvement with the DOE Better Buildings Workforce Accelerator, they requested technical assistance from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to help them develop programs that incorporate hands-on and on-the-job skills training and job placement services in coordination with local employers. This report offers a step-by step-overview of the process for developing a new workforce development and hands-on training program in a new region, outlining practices to help understand the market, and to effectively recruit, train, and connect people to HVAC jobs installing cold climate heat pumps.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

LDRD 2022 Annual Report: Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program Activities

Each year, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is required to provide a report of its completed Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program (LDRD) projects to the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Scientific and Technical Information in accordance with DOE Order 413.2C Chg1 (MinChg) dated August 2, 2018. This report provides a detailed look at the scientific and technical activities for each of the LDRD projects funded by BNL in FY 2022, in fulfillment of that requirement. In FY 2022, the BNL LDRD Program funded 70 projects, 30 of which were new starts, at a total cost of $17.2M. The investments that BNL makes in its LDRD program support the Laboratory’s strategic goals. BNL has identified seven scientific initiatives that define the Laboratory’s scientific future and that will enable it to realize its overall vision. This requires simultaneous excellence in all aspects of BNL’s work – from science and operations, to external partnerships with the local, state, and national communities, and beyond. This is enabled by safe, efficient, and secure operations; by an unwavering commitment to a diverse, equitable, and inclusive environment, including workforce development, both with staff and reaching out to the community; and by a strong focus on renewed infrastructure. The seven scientific initiatives are: 1) Nuclear Physics: uncover the structure of visible matter by constructing and operating the Electron-Ion Collider at BNL to maintain international leadership in nuclear physics for decades; 2) Clean Energy and Climate: support a net-zero U.S. economy through fundamental research in basic energy and climate sciences to revolutionize grid-scale storage, renewable integration, and the study of atmospheric processes with a new facility to improve climate predictability; 3) Quantum Information Science and Technology: discover new quantum materials to enhance quantum computers and develop an entanglement sharing quantum network as a prototype for the first quantum internet; 4) Discovery Science Driven by the Human-AI Facility Integration: revolutionize the operation of experiments across the sciences at user facilities and in core programs; 5) High Energy Physics: understand the origin of space and time with the ATLAS high luminosity upgrade at CERN and the future Long Baseline Neutrino Facility/Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment; 6) Isotope Production: accelerate and expand isotope production to ensure the security of the Nation’s supply; 7) Accelerator Science and Technology: harness the cross-cutting accelerator science expertise at BNL to develop new facilities, improve and expand its user facilities, and promote the use of accelerators in industry. The funded projects support BNL’s seven scientific initiatives and priority programs as well as new areas of research and competencies at the Laboratory that are consistent with the Laboratory’s vision and mission. In total, these LDRD investments supported 43 postdoctoral researchers in whole or in part and resulted in 138 publications and 7 awards. This Program Activities Report represents the future of BNL science; it is an impressive body of exploratory work that investigates many scientific and technical directions in support of the DOE and BNL missions.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Research and Development on Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices Enabling a Spectrum of Electrified Vehicles

The USABC Advanced Battery development plan had the following three focus areas: 1. Existing technology validation, implementation, and cost reduction 2. Identification of the next viable technology with emphasis on the potential to meet USABC cost and energy density goals. 3. Support high-risk, high-reward battery technology R&D The primary aim of this project was focused on the barriers that most impede wider public adoption of electrification in vehicles-cost, energy density, low-temp performance, calendar life, and improvements in abuse tolerance. The specific objectives are as follows: Cost Reduction: drive to significantly reduce battery cost to be in-line with the $\$$100/kWh or less (by the end of calendar year 2020) DOE cost goals. Additionally, goals of $\$$75/KWh were set for 2023 aligned with fast charge and some offset of energy density. Energy Density Increase: focus on improving the cell-level specific energy and energy densities to >350 watt hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) and >750Wh/L. Low Temperature Performance Increase: strive toward developments that improve the discharge power and eliminate or dramatically reduce the life limiting lithium plating associated with regenerative braking at low temperatures, during the program. Calendar Life Increase: drive to achieve a 15-year calendar life. Abuse Tolerance Improvement: strive to develop improvements in Li-ion abuse tolerance and/or development of electrochemical energy storage technologies with inherently better response to abuse circumstances. Emerging Areas: initiate new programs that address emerging technologies that arise during the contract period.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Bench-Scale Development of Promoted High-Capacity Structured Sorbents (Final Technical Report)

The project objective was to develop high-capacity structured sorbent capable of achieving low CO 2 removal from air. The sorbent framework consists of an amine-functionalized onto hydrophobic polymer backbone with an added promoter. The functionalized amine provides high CO 2 capacity and adsorption rates and the polymer backbone to reduce water uptake. For the sorbent development, multiple functionalized amines and promoters were assessed to select a candidate that achieved high CO 2 capacity, high adsorption rate, and high stability. A sorbent-coated filter design was selected as the structured sorbent, which provides high sorbent loading capacity and contains an electrically conductive nonwoven filter substrate that can be Joule-heated to provide efficient utilization of available electricity for sorbent regeneration. A commercial partner operated a pilot filter manufacturing line to produce the filter panels coated with the developed sorbent. A 1 kg CO 2 /day bench unit was designed and fabricated to test the structured filter sorbent. The key achievements from the structured sorbent development activity were demonstrating that existing filter industrial-scale processes can be used for manufacturing Susteon’s structured sorbent and completing a proof-of-concept demonstration of the commercially manufactured structured sorbent filters for CO 2 capture from air with direct, Joule-heated regeneration. A techno-economic assessment with sensitivity analysis was conducted on a 100,000 TPY facility with 85% operating capacity. Through sorbent optimization and process design improvements, it is estimated that the cost of capture was reduced from $\$$349/tCO 2 to $\$$241/tCO 2 . The TEA projects further reductions to $165/tCO 2 through enhancements in CO 2 adsorption rate and sorbent capacity and reducing manufacturing and scale up risks. A life cycle analysis was conducted on the same 100,000 TPY facility and confirmed that the facility’s electricity demand drives its greenhouse gas impact. It was determined that electricity supplied through the current grid mix would result in net-positive CO 2 emissions and that achieving net-negative emissions is only possible by powering the system with renewable electricity or fossil fuel sources equipped with carbon capture and sequestration.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

A Dynamic Co-expression Map of Early Inflorescence Development in Setaria viridis Provides a Resource for Gene Discovery and Comparative Genomics

The morphological and functional diversity of plant form is governed by dynamic gene regulatory networks. In cereal crops, grain and/or pollen-bearing inflorescences exhibit vast architectural diversity and developmental complexity, yet the underlying genetic framework is only partly known. Setaria viridis is a small, rapidly growing grass species in the subfamily Panicoideae, a group that includes economically important cereal crops such as maize and sorghum. The S. viridis inflorescence displays complex branching patterns, but its early development is similar to that of other panicoid grasses, and thus is an ideal model for studying inflorescence architecture. Here we report a detailed transcriptional resource that captures dynamic transitions across six sequential stages of S. viridis inflorescence development, from reproductive onset to floral organ differentiation. Co-expression analyses identified stage-specific signatures of development, which include homologs of previously known developmental genes from maize and rice, suites of transcription factors and gene family members, and genes of unknown function. This spatiotemporal co-expression map and associated analyses provide a foundation for gene discovery in S. viridis inflorescence development, and a comparative model for exploring related architectural features in agronomically important cereals.

Plant Sciences↗
DOE OSTI2019

Status Report on Photothermal Radiometry Development

Thermal transport properties such as thermal conductivity and diffusivity, are critical parameters in the development of improved nuclear fuels and components. It is well known that thermal transport properties change temporally and spatially due to dynamic microstructural evolution as a result of neutron irradiation. Laser based photothermal techniques are an ideal candidate for thermal properties measurement of irradiated materials because they are non contact, non destructive and can be performed remotely. In this report, we present the progress in the development of a photothermal radiometry (PTR) system to measure the thermal diffusivity of solid samples. The PTR technique measures the local temperature response from a modulated heat source by detecting the sample radiation heat flux. Initially, a well developed thermal wave analytical model was fit to the data to obtain the thermal diffusivity. However, systematic errors from the diffraction effect and non linearity issues resulted in thermal diffusivity measurements higher than literature values. These effects have been studied, an improved analytical model has been developed, and the physics behind the phenomena are still under investigation. A procedure for optimizing measurements from the benchtop system has been provided.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Development of an Electrochemical Impedance Instrument for Monitoring Corrosion Formation (Oxide and Hydride) on Cladding Materials

The objective of this work package is to develop electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) techniques for the in pile measurement of changes in cladding materials in coupling with model simulation and material characterization. This work package will involve the initial development of electrochemical sensing technologies for measuring spatial and time resolved changes in cladding chemistry. Specific attention will be paid to monitoring changes in monitor cladding corrosion including oxide and hydride formation and deformation. The planned work during this period was focused on cladding material zirconium alloy corrosion, oxide and hydride development, and to characterize samples using EIS under controlled gas atmosphere, atom probe tomography (APT), Raman Spectroscopy, and Synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion, including oxide and hydride of zirconium alloy samples, was tested in this study. The samples were treated at a gas environment containing 3% H2 (vol%) balanced with N2 gas at various temperatures (100 – 500°C) and different times (up to 60 hours) and were characterized by in situ EIS. After treatment, various characterization techniques were applied to measure the samples, including TGA, Ramen, XRD, and APT. This study found that impedance spectra can be affected significantly with (furnace/environment) temperature. Higher temperature resulted in higher overall impedance, and longer exposure time exerted similar effects. Proof of concept characterization of oxidized samples, including TGA, Raman, XRD, and APT, were accomplished on samples exposed to 700 oC gas environment containing 20% O2 and 80% N2. TGA provides observable breakaway and bulk oxide growth measurements. High-temperature, in-situ Raman provides observation of oxidation stress at the surface of the oxide. Additionally, a transition from tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia can be seen early in the oxidation experiment. Specifically, tetragonal-rich zirconia is seen at the metal/oxide interface, where a transition to monoclinic-rich zirconia is seen in the bulk of the oxide. It has also been confirmed that highly compressive residual stresses are seen near the metal/oxide interface. It is concluded that the transition from tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia is induced by massive shifts in stress as the oxide grows. APT has supplied evident differences in the distribution of zirconium and oxygen at the metal/oxide interface. On the pre-breakaway sample, the metastable Zr(O) region at the boundary is relatively thin, interfaced by Zr-rich (i.e., metal) and O-rich (i.e., ZrO2) on either side. In contrast, it has been seen on a post-breakaway sample that the Zr(O) metastable region is much greater in thickness, with evidence of four “zones” showing slightly contrasting composition between 49-54% Zr. In addition, it can be seen from the Zr-2.65Nb post-breakaway sample that secondary element concentrations are considerably different than bulk composition measurements show. Specifically, Nb concentration is much lower than expected, whereas Fe concentration is much higher than expected. These differences could play a role in each element’s contribution to oxide growth mechanisms, as well as causation for breakaway. Future work is focused on analyzing EIS spectra of hydride and its correlation with characterization features, finite element (FE) modeling of cladding materials, electrochemical sensor development, targeting cladding oxides/hydrides under thermodynamic equilibria, during transients and under irradiation.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

BETO 2021 Peer Review - Analytical Development & Support WBS 2.5.1.101

The objective of the Analytical Development and Support (ADS) Project is to produce and maintain the critical analytical methods and tools that enable evaluation of emerging biofuels R&D at NREL and in the broader biofuels research community. Our project is divided into two tasks: one task to develop novel analytical techniques and improve existing methods and one task to maintain existing analytical capabilities at NREL and provide outreach to the wider community. The ADS Project is world-recognized for our Laboratory Analytical Procedures (LAPS) which provide detailed procedures for compositional analysis of biomass and have been adopted as the de facto standards within the biofuels community largely due to the transparency of the methods and the high reputation of NREL's research. Our dialog with stakeholders allows us to provide robust, precise, accurate, and publicly available analytical procedures for better valuation of scientific tools such as our recent accomplishment in developing a cellulose assay to support the EPA and industry in calculation of converted cellulose during starch ethanol production. We continue to develop analytical capabilities to support BETO's directives to research cost advantaged fuels such as animal wastes and novel bioproducts like 2,3-Butane-diol.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2025

SMR Accelerated Development Needs with Adequate Safety

The development of advanced Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) is ongoing. A customer-focused development approach requires accelerated design and analysis of the reactor system while minimizing engineering, regulatory, and economic challenges. SMRs, although not a new concept, are being considered for rapid deployment with optimized economic scalability, and several designs are currently seeking approval. Understanding the research and development needs, with adequate safety support, accelerates reactor development.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗