Space biomagnetics.
Human and subhuman organisms exposure to high intensity low gradient magnetic fields on space missions and effect on astronaut health
Busby, D. E.↗
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Magnetic fields
Effects of high and low gradient magnetic fields on human performance for space flight applications
Busby, D. E.↗
The flares of August 1972
Observations of the August, 1972 flares at Big Bear and Tel Aviv, involving monochromatic movies, magnetograms, and spectra, are analyzed. The region (McMath 11976) showed inverted polarity from its inception on July 11; the great activity was due to extremely high shear and gradients in the magnetic field, as well as a constant invasion of one polarity into the opposite; observations in lambda 3835 show remarkable fast flashes in the impulsive flare of 18:38 UT on Aug. 2 with lifetimes of 5 sec, which may be due to dumping of particles in the lower chromosphere. Flare loops show evolutionary increases of their tilts to the neutral line in the flares of Aug. 4 and 7. Spectroscopic observations show red asymmetry and red shift of the H alpha emission in the flash phase of the Aug. 7 flare, as well as substantial velocity shear in the photosphere during the flare, somewhat like earthquake movement along a fault. Finally the total H alpha emission of the Aug. 7 flare could be measured accurately as about 2.5 x 10 to the 30th power erg, considerably less than coarser previous estimates for great flares.
Zirin, H.↗
Remote measurement of ocean temperature from depolarization in Raman scattering
Ocean temperatures may be mapped in three dimensions from an aircraft down to depths of 2 to 4 attenuation lengths by monitoring Raman radiation backscattered from a laser beam. This paper describes laboratory experiments on the temperature dependence of Raman spectra of saline solutions and calculations of the expected performance of a field system. The Raman technique is of greatest potential utility in coastal and estuarine waters where gradients are relatively high. It is estimated that seawater temperature may be measured to a statistical precision of 0.5 C at depths to four attenuation lengths in two meter water, using one Joule of transmitted laser energy.
Chang, C. H.↗
An evaluation of recent quantitative magnetospheric magnetic field models
Magnetospheric field models involving dipole tilt effects are discussed, with particular reference to defined magnetopause models and boundary surface models. The models are compared with observations and with each other whenever possible. It is shown that models containing only contributions from magnetopause and tail current systems are capable of reproducing the observed quiet time field just in a qualitative way. The best quantitative agreement between models and observations take place when currents distributed in the inner magnetosphere are added to the magnetopause and tail current systems. One region in which all the models fall short is the region around the polar cusp. Obtaining physically reasonable gradients should have high priority in the development of future models.
Walker, R. J.↗
Potential applications of digital, visible, and infrared data from geostationary environmental satellites
An hourly, digital data base from the Visible/Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) instrument on the GOES-1 and SMS-2 geostationary satellites is described. Several examples of developmental applications of these quantitative digital data are presented. These include a review of recent attempts to develop products that are of use to meteorologists who provide services to aviation, agriculture, forestry, hydrology, oceanography, and climatology. The sample products include high resolution thermal gradients of land and ocean surfaces, thermal change analyses, fruit frost/freeze application, cloud-top altitude analysis, analysis of hurricane characteristics, and analyses of solar insolation.
Miller, D. B.↗
Documentation of program AFTBDY to generate coordinate system for 3D after body using body fitted curvilinear coordinates, part 1
The computer program AFTBDY generates a body fitted curvilinear coordinate system for a wedge curved after body. This wedge curved after body is being used in an experimental program. The coordinate system generated by AFTBDY is used to solve 3D compressible N.S. equations. The coordinate system in the physical plane is a cartesian x,y,z system, whereas, in the transformed plane a rectangular xi, eta, zeta system is used. The coordinate system generated is such that in the transformed plane coordinate spacing in the xi, eta, zeta direction is constant and equal to unity. The physical plane coordinate lines in the different regions are clustered heavily or sparsely depending on the regions where physical quantities to be solved for by the N.S. equations have high or low gradients. The coordinate distribution in the physical plane is such that x stays constant in eta and zeta direction, whereas, z stays constant in xi and eta direction. The desired distribution in x and z is input to the program. Consequently, only the y-coordinate is solved for by the program AFTBDY.
Kumar, D.↗
Infrared observations of the Saturnian system from Voyager 2
During the passage of Voyager 2 through the Saturn system, infrared spectral and radiometric data were obtained for Saturn, Titan, Enceladus, Tethys, Iapetus, and the rings. Combined Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 observations of temperatures in the upper troposphere of Saturn indicate a seasonal asymmetry between the northern and southern hemispheres, with superposed small-scale meridional gradients. Comparison of high spatial resolution data from the two hemispheres poleward of 60 deg latitude suggests an approximate symmetry in the small-scale structure, consistent with the extension of a symmetric system of zonal jets into the polar regions. Longitudinal variations of 1 to 2 K are observed. Disk-averaged infrared spectra of Titan show little change over the 9-month interval between Voyager encounters. By combining Voyager 2 temperature measurements with ground-based geometric albedo determinations, phase integrals of 0.91 plus or minus 0.13 and 0.89 plus or minus 0.09 were derived for Tethys and Enceladus, respectively. The subsolar point temperature of dark material on Iapetus must exceed 110 K. Temperatures (and infrared optical depths) for the A and C rings and for the Cassini division are 69 plus or minus 1 K (0.40 plus or minus 0.05), 85 plus or minus 1 K (0.10 plus or minus 0.03), and 85 plus or minus 2 K (0.07 plus or minus 0.04), respectively.
Hanel, R.↗
Observation and modeling of energetic particles at synchronous orbit on July 29, 1977
In the 12 hours immediately after a worldwide storm sudden commencement at 0027 UT on July 29, there was a series of at least four magnetospheric substorms, the last and largest of which exhibited an expansion phase onset at approximately 1200 UT. Data from six spacecraft in three general local time groupings (0300, 0700, and 1300 LT) are examined, and vector magnetic field data and energetic electron and ion data from approximately 15 keV to more than 2MeV are employed. Four primary types of studies are carried out: (1) timing and morphology of energetic particle injections; (2) variation of particle phase space densities, using local magnetic field and particle flux data; (3) measurement of boundary motions, using high-energy ion gradient anisotropies; and (4) adiabatic modeling, which included injection, large-scale convection, corotation, and gradient drifts. For the 1200 UT substorms, it is concluded that there was a substantial flux dropout in a broad sector near local midnight because of a large-scale boundary motion, followed by a recovery to a predropout configuration.
Baker, D. N.↗
Structure and polarization of active region microwave emission
Active region radio emission observations made at 6.16 cm wavelength during May 20-27, 1980, are the bases of maps of total intensity and circular polarization presented for the three regions whose Hale numbers are 16850, 16863, and 16864. A detailed comparison is made between these maps and on- and off-band H-alpha pictures and magnetograms. The neutral lines with which the strongest sources were associated have their two opposite polarities close to each other, implying a high magnetic field gradient, and are also associated with arch filament systems. A detailed analysis is undertaken of observations of the circular polarization sense inversion in region 16863. The large scale structure of the magnetic field can be approximated by a dipole with its axis inclined by 11 deg with respect to the photosphere, and with a dipole moment of about 2 x 10 to the 31 power cgs units.
Kundu, M. R.↗
Stochastic and hybrid-stress plate/shell finite elements for hot-section components
The research effort in the Center for the Advancement of Computational Mechanics at Georgia Tech has two main thrusts. The first of these is the development of special approaches for the numerical stress analysis of solids and structures whose material and geometric properties are uncertain. The second seeks to develop and implement high-efficiency plate and shell elements. The stochastic element method, currently being implemented, will be able to more accurately portray the probabilistic nature of stress, strain, and displacement in actual structures. Current research has provided a hybrid-stress shell element whose behavior is acceptable for aspect ratios as high as 30 to 1. Thus, substantially more complex analyses will be practicable as soon as this element is fully implemented. An additional advantage of the hybrid approach is that it permits more accurate stress-recovery at the upper and lower surfaces of the shell, an important consideration in high thickness-gradient applications. The software associated with the above research is being implemented in the form of extensions to the Nessus code. The hybrid shell element has been successfully tested in several small-deformation elastic analyses. The theoretical formulation of the stochastic elements is essentially complete; its implementation is just beginning.
Atluri, S. N.↗
Estimates of solar wind heating inside 0.3 AU
Helios 1 proton temperature data have been normalized in order to determine a base temperature-velocity curve at 0.3 AU and to provide quantitative estimates on the close-in heating at different solar wind velocities. The results suggest that the slope of the solar wind temperature gradients for high-speed streams inside 0.3 AU is about half of that found beyond it. The very-low-speed wind is shown to expand adiabatically all the way out. It is also found that intermediate speed winds have enhanced heating rates in proportion to their velocities.
Freeman, John W.↗
Color and population gradients in the core of the postcollapse globular cluster M30
A new technique has been developed for seeking color gradients in multicolor CCD images of a globular cluster. Application of this technique to M30 confirms the radial color gradient reported by others. The B - V and V - R colors show linear gradients, when plotted against log r, that are many times their statistical errors. In the radial range 3-100 arcsec, the B - V and V - R colors increase outwards by about (0.18 + or - 0.015) mag/dex and (0.09 + or - 0.01) mag/dex, respectively. Color-magnitude arrays of the central region show that the Balmer-line strength that accompanies the central blueness is due to an increased proportion of blue-horizontal-branch starlight in the center. This excess does not appear to be statistically significant in terms of star numbers, even though the color gradient is so highly significant.
Piotto, Giampaolo↗
Solar wind temperature observations in the outer heliosphere
The Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Voyager 2 spacecraft are now at heliocentric distances of 50, 32 and 33 AU, and heliographic latitudes of 3.5 deg N, 17 deg N, and 0 deg N, respectively. Pioneer 11 and Voyager 2 are at similar celestial longitudes, while Pioneer l0 is on the opposite side of the sun. The baselines defined by these spacecraft make it possible to resolve radial, longitudinal, and latitudinal variations of solar wind parameters. The solar wind temperature decreases with increasing heliocentric distance out to a distance of 10-15 AU. At larger heliocentric distances, this gradient disappears. These high solar wind temperatures in the outer heliosphere have persisted for at least 10 years, which suggests that they are not a solar cycle effect. The solar wind temperature varied with heliographic latitude during the most recent solar minimum. The solar wind temperature at Pioneer 11 and Voyager 2 was higher than that seen at Pioneer 10 for an extended period of time, which suggests the existence of a large-scale variation of temperature with celestial longitude, but the contribution of transient phenomena is yet to be clarified.
Gazis, P. R.↗
Thermal Conductivity and Temperature Limits of Electron-Beam Physical-Vapor-Deposited ZrO2-7wt%Y2O3 Thermal Barrier Coating
The electron-beam physical-vapor-deposited (EB-PVD) ZrO2-7wt%Y2O3 thermal barrier coating has been widely used to protect engine hot section components in modem aircraft engines. Thermal conductivity and the conductivity increases due to sintering and phase changes are important coating design parameters. There is a need to characterize the coating thermal conductivity behavior and temperature limits, in order to potentially take full advantage of the coating capability. In addition, since the ZrO2-7wt%Y2O3 coating is often used as a baseline coating for the development of advanced lower thermal conductivity and higher temperature capability coatings, a thorough evaluation of the coating conductivity behavior at future higher engine operating temperatures will be useful for more accurately assessing the benefit gained from the new coating systems. In this study, thermal conductivity behavior of EB-PVD ZrO2-7wt%Y2O3 coating has been systematically investigated as a function of temperature (up to 2600 F) and time under steady-state and cyclic test conditions using a laser heat-flux technique. Thermal conductivity change kinetics were determined under realistic engine high temperature thermal gradient conditions, and correlated to the coating microstructural and phase changes. The thermal conductivity prediction models have been established in terms of heat flux, time, and testing temperatures.
Zhu, Dongming↗
Simple and Efficient Numerical Evaluation of Near-Hypersingular Integrals
Recently, significant progress has been made in the handling of singular and nearly-singular potential integrals that commonly arise in the Boundary Element Method (BEM). To facilitate object-oriented programming and handling of higher order basis functions, cancellation techniques are favored over techniques involving singularity subtraction. However, gradients of the Newton-type potentials, which produce hypersingular kernels, are also frequently required in BEM formulations. As is the case with the potentials, treatment of the near-hypersingular integrals has proven more challenging than treating the limiting case in which the observation point approaches the surface. Historically, numerical evaluation of these near-hypersingularities has often involved a two-step procedure: a singularity subtraction to reduce the order of the singularity, followed by a boundary contour integral evaluation of the extracted part. Since this evaluation necessarily links basis function, Green s function, and the integration domain (element shape), the approach ill fits object-oriented programming concepts. Thus, there is a need for cancellation-type techniques for efficient numerical evaluation of the gradient of the potential. Progress in the development of efficient cancellation-type procedures for the gradient potentials was recently presented. To the extent possible, a change of variables is chosen such that the Jacobian of the transformation cancels the singularity. However, since the gradient kernel involves singularities of different orders, we also require that the transformation leaves remaining terms that are analytic. The terms "normal" and "tangential" are used herein with reference to the source element. Also, since computational formulations often involve the numerical evaluation of both potentials and their gradients, it is highly desirable that a single integration procedure efficiently handles both.
Fink, Patrick W.↗
Solution-Adaptive Program for Computing 2D/Axi Viscous Flow
A computer program solves the Navier- Stokes equations governing the flow of a viscous, compressible fluid in an axisymmetric or two-dimensional (2D) setting. To obtain solutions more accurate than those generated by prior such programs that utilize regular and/or fixed computational meshes, this program utilizes unstructured (that is, irregular triangular) computational meshes that are automatically adapted to solutions. The adaptation can refine to regions of high change in gradient or can be driven by a novel residual minimization technique. Starting from an initial mesh and a corresponding data structure, the adaptation of the mesh is controlled by use of minimization functional. Other improvements over prior such programs include the following: (1) Boundary conditions are imposed weakly; that is, following initial specification of solution values at boundary nodes, these values are relaxed in time by means of the same formulations as those used for interior nodes. (2) Eigenvalues are limited in order to suppress expansion shocks. (3) An upwind fluctuation-splitting distribution scheme applied to inviscid flux requires fewer operations and produces less artificial dissipation than does a finite-volume scheme, leading to greater accuracy of solutions.
Wood, William A.↗
RACORO Continental Boundary Layer Cloud Investigations: 1. Case Study Development and Ensemble Large-Scale Forcings
Observation-based modeling case studies of continental boundary layer clouds have been developed to study cloudy boundary layers, aerosol influences upon them, and their representation in cloud- and global-scale models. Three 60 h case study periods span the temporal evolution of cumulus, stratiform, and drizzling boundary layer cloud systems, representing mixed and transitional states rather than idealized or canonical cases. Based on in situ measurements from the Routine AAF (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Aerial Facility) CLOWD (Clouds with Low Optical Water Depth) Optical Radiative Observations (RACORO) field campaign and remote sensing observations, the cases are designed with a modular configuration to simplify use in large-eddy simulations (LES) and single-column models. Aircraft measurements of aerosol number size distribution are fit to lognormal functions for concise representation in models. Values of the aerosol hygroscopicity parameter, kappa, are derived from observations to be approximately 0.10, which are lower than the 0.3 typical over continents and suggestive of a large aerosol organic fraction. Ensemble large-scale forcing data sets are derived from the ARM variational analysis, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, and a multiscale data assimilation system. The forcings are assessed through comparison of measured bulk atmospheric and cloud properties to those computed in "trial" large-eddy simulations, where more efficient run times are enabled through modest reductions in grid resolution and domain size compared to the full-sized LES grid. Simulations capture many of the general features observed, but the state-of-the-art forcings were limited at representing details of cloud onset, and tight gradients and high-resolution transients of importance. Methods for improving the initial conditions and forcings are discussed. The cases developed are available to the general modeling community for studying continental boundary clouds.
Boundary layers↗