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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 595 records · Page 33
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Enhanced hydrogenation activity and diastereomeric interactions of methyl pyruvate co-adsorbed with R-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine on Pd(111)

Unmodified racemic sites on heterogeneous chiral catalysts reduce their overall enantioselectivity, but this effect is mitigated in the Orito reaction (methyl pyruvate (MP) hydrogenation to methyl lactate) by an increased hydrogenation reactivity. Here, this effect is explored on a R-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (NEA)-modified Pd(111) model catalyst where temperature-programmed desorption experiments reveal that NEA accelerates the rates of both MP hydrogenation and H/D exchange. NEAþMP docking complexes are imaged using scanning tunneling microscopy supplemented by density functional theory calculations to allow the most stable docking complexes to be identified. The results show that diastereomeric interactions between NEA and MP occur predominantly by binding of the C=C of the enol tautomer of MP to the surface, while simultaneously optimizing C=O...H 2 N hydrogen-bonding interactions. In conclusion, the combination of chiral-NEA driven diastereomeric docking with a tautomeric preference enhances the hydrogenation activity since C=C bonds hydrogenate more easily than C=O bonds thus providing a rationale for the catalytic observations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1992

Sealed aerospace metal-hydride batteries

Nickel metal hydride and silver metal hydride batteries are being developed for aerospace applications. There is a growing market for smaller, lower cost satellites which require higher energy density power sources than aerospace nickel-cadmium at a lower cost than space nickel-hydrogen. These include small LEO satellites, tactical military satellites and satellite constellation programs such as Iridium and Brilliant Pebbles. Small satellites typically do not have the spacecraft volume or the budget required for nickel-hydrogen batteries. NiCd's do not have adequate energy density as well as other problems such as overcharge capability and memory effort. Metal hydride batteries provide the ideal solution for these applications. Metal hydride batteries offer a number of advantages over other aerospace battery systems.

Coates, Dwaine↗
DOE OSTI2018

Developing Novel Multifunctional Materials for High-Efficiency Electrical Energy Storage

This is the final report for the program “Developing Novel Multifunctional Materials for High-efficiency Electrical Energy Storage”, funded by The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), and performed by University of Tennessee, from September 01, 2013 to August 31, 2018. Securing a sustainable energy economy by developing affordable and clean energy from renewable energy is a central element to the mission of DOE/NETL. To further this mission, NETL funds research and development of novel multifunctional materials that can be used for high-efficiency electrical energy storage. The main objective of this research program is to conduct fundamental and applied research that lead to successful development and demonstration of novel multifunctional materials, which can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of hydrogen production with water electrolysis. The specific objectives of this research program include: 1) Design, fabrication and demonstration of thin/well-tunable liquid/gas diffusion layer (TT-LGDLs) with different pore morphologies, including pore sizes and pore porosities. 2) Development of comprehensive computational models of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer cell (PEMECs) for the investigation of influence of different operating conditions and physical design parameters on its performance. 3) Surface modification of TT-LGDLs for better catalyst access and product/reactant removal, and smaller interfacial contact resistance (ICR). To achieve the above challenging goals, a multidisciplinary research team was formed to work on fundamental and applied research on the following three major technical areas: 1) Design, fabrication and demonstration of thin/well-tunable LGDLs (TT-LGDLs) by using photolithography and wet etching of thin titanium (Ti) foils. During the project period, the team has successfully fabricated TT-LGDLs with different pore morphologies, including pore sizes and pore porosities. The manufacturing steps mainly include cleaning thin Ti foil, supporting the foils, applying photoresist, patterning the photoresist with designed mask, exposing and developing, etching, removing photoresist, and lift-off and cleaning. The manufactured TT-LGDLs were characterized with optical microscopies and scanning electron microscopies. Their pore morphologies, including pore size and porosity, were derived based on advanced image process. The feasibility for scale-up manufacturing has been demonstrated. The TT-LGDLs have been successfully investigated for water splitting in PEMECs, which showing better performance than their counterparts fabricated with the traditional fiber-based materials. 2) Comprehensive computational modeling of a PEMEC. A comprehensive computational model has been successfully developed, and the influence of different operating conditions and physical design parameters on its performance has been investigated, including operating temperature, pressure, exchange current density, electrode thickness, membrane thickness, and interfacial resistance. Results obtained from the present model provide a comprehensive understanding of design parameter effects and consequently improve the design/performance in a PEMEC. 3) Surface modification of TT-LGDLs. The proposed surface modifications of TT-LGDLs by sputter coating and/ electroplating have been successfully demonstrated. It has been found that the performance of PEMECs can be improved by both methods, and the thickness of the electroplated gold thin layer has limited effects on the performance. With the help of the surface modifications, the PEMECs achieved the best ever performance compared with the public literatures. In addition to completion of the proposed method, microporous layers (MPLs) with both irregular micro and sphere nano titanium particles on novel TT-LGDLs was developed for the first time. The MPLs were fabricated by a low-temperature air spraying method, which provide a better catalyst access and product/reactant removal. In summary, under the close collaborations among the research team, all the tasks have been completed and the proposed research objectives have been fulfilled. All the technical milestones have been achieved and the project has been completed successfully. The technical breakthroughs obtained under this project provide novel LGDLs with well-tunable pore morphologies that can significantly improve the performance of water splitting and energy storage. This development can be directly used in existing and next generation energy storage and fuel systems.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2023

Overview of International Activities in Hydrogen System Safety in IEA Hydrogen TCP Task 43

Safety and reliability have long been recognized as key issues for the development, commercialization, and implementation of new technologies and infrastructure, and hydrogen systems are no exception to this rule. Reliability engineering, quantitative risk assessment (QRA), and knowledge exchange each play a key role in proactive addressing safety - before problems happen - and help us learn from problems if they happen. Many international research activities are focusing on both reliability and risk assessment for hydrogen systems. However, the element of knowledge exchange is sometimes less visible. To support international collaboration and knowledge exchange, the International Energy Agency (IEA) convened a new Technology Collaboration Program, "Task 43: Safety and Regulatory Aspects of Emerging Large Scale Hydrogen Energy Applications" started in June 2022. Within Task 43, Subtask E focuses on Hydrogen Systems Safety. This paper discusses the structure of the Hydrogen Systems Safety subtask and the aligned activities and introduces opportunities for future work.

HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2021

Regulators’ Energy Transition Primer: Economic Impacts of the Energy Transition on Energy Communities, Environmental Justice Considerations, and Implications on Clean Energy Jobs

Applications of new technology, such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, enabled the United States to significantly increase its production of oil and natural gas during the last decade—the “Shale Gas Revolution.” As natural gas began to dominate the market with abundant supply and low prices, coal production and consumption have declined. Concurrently, the competitiveness of renewable energy and energy storage has climbed sharply, and analysts expect to see continued reductions in fossil fuel use in the coming decades. Many of these changes have been driven by market forces (i.e., low-cost natural gas and renewables), but current and future policy decisions aimed at tackling climate change concerns and reducing greenhouse gas emissions will also shape the future of the energy sector. This transition to low-carbon fuels has created both opportunities for clean energy technologies and challenges for communities traditionally dependent on fossil fuel-related industries. The power sector’s ongoing shift away from coal has left many coal miners and coal-fired power plant employees unemployed and often unprepared for jobs in other industries, including growing clean energy fields. This primer focuses on the declining coal industry, impacts on communities and workers, opportunities to transition workers who have lost their jobs to clean energy and other related sectors (including hydrogen-oriented jobs), recruitment and training strategies, and available programs and actions to make the shift to a low-carbon economy in a fair, just, and equitable manner by engaging the resources of federal and state governments, as well as the private sector.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2021

CO Dissociation on model Co/SiO 2 catalysts – effect of adsorbed hydrogen

Here we found experimental evidence that shows the effect that adsorbed hydrogen can have on CO dissociation. For cobalt nanoparticles supported on SiO 2 , adsorbed hydrogen enhances CO dissociation. In contrast, adsorbed hydrogen inhibits CO dissociation on a cobalt film supported on SiO 2 . Considering the nature of cobalt deposited by physical vapor deposition, these results can be explained by a preference for CO dissociation to follow the hydrogen-assisted dissociation mechanism on FCC cobalt and step-edges, while the direct dissociation mechanism is preferred on HCP cobalt. These results are in agreement with previous theoretical results.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2010

TMED-4 INTERIM REPORT PURE ZR EQUILIBRIUM TEST RESULTS

Due to higher than expected permeation rates in the production of tritium in the TVA, a development and testing program was implemented to develop the understanding of why the higher rates were occurring. In addition, improved data are needed for both the design as well as the predictive models. One part of the program was to determine the equilibrium pressure of hydrogen and tritium over NPZ (1). During the course of this testing, some curious results were discovered (2) compared to the published literature data (3). Due to these apparently results, a follow-on task was undertaken to determine the equilibrium pressure of protium and deuterium over pure zirconium. A series of experiments were conducted to determine equilibrium pressures and isotherm data for the zirconium - protium and zirconium - deuterium systems. The data match the published literature data reasonably well with the plateau extending to loadings of about 1.4. There is a significant pressure rise for loadings greater than 1.7.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2011

Hangman Catalysis for Photo- and Photoelectro- Chemical Activation of Water

The focus of this DOE program is solar fuels – specifically the chemistry for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) from water and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to water These three reactions are at the heart of renewable energy conversion. The bond-making and bond-breaking chemistry that underpins these transformations is not well understood. We are developing insight into such chemistry by creating a series of ligand constructs that poise an acid-base functionality over a redox active metal platform. These “hangman” ligands utilize the acid-base functionality to form a secondary coordination sphere that can assist proton movement and facilitate substrate assembly and activation within the molecular cleft. The grant period funding cycle focused on synthesis and reactivity of hangman porphyrins and corroles for HER, OER and ORR.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2011

State of the States: Fuel Cells in America

This 2011 report, written by Fuel Cells 2000 and partially funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Fuel Cell Technologies Program, provides an update of fuel cell and hydrogen activity in the 50 states and District of Columbia. State activities reported include new policies and funding, recent and planned fuel cell and hydrogen installations, and recent activities by state industries and universities.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2018

Thermomechanical Modeling of Hydride Materials for Tritium Storage Beds (FY18 Report)

Thermomechanical Modeling of Hydride Materials for Tritium Storage Beds This project aims to develop a fundamental modeling capability suitable for the simulation and assessment of various hydride materials and their associated storage vessels and deuterium/tritium delivery methods. If successful, this work will: • Enhance a core competency of SRNL by adding a unique capability to the tritium processing R&D efforts currently performed for NNSA Defense Programs • Optimize the design and operation of future hydrogen storage technologies in anticipation of increased demands and the call for a robust, reliable, resilient, and responsive stockpile • Establish SRNL as a valuable analytic resource for DOE and DoD decision makers and the foreign technology assessment community, which has already shown significant interest in developing such models to assess the likelihood and feasibility of alternative foreign gas (deuterium/tritium) storage and delivery systems that might provide new technical pathways for the U.S. and to determine the performance of alternative foreign systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Advanced Reaction Systems

An overview of NETL's Gasification Systems R&D was provided at DOE's Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Technology Office (HFTO) Annual Merit Review (AMR) on May 7, 2024, in Arlington, VA. The objective of the Advanced Reaction Systems Portfolio is to design, develop, and analyze technologies to support the mission of the Gasification Program to enable the use of diverse feedstocks to produce hydrogen and other value-added products with net-zero greenhouse gas emissions.

Lewis, Eric↗
NASA NTRS1972

Some contributions to energetics by the Lewis Research Center and a review of their potential non-aerospace applications

The primary technology areas are aerospace propulsion, power and materials. As examples in these technologies, the programs in the fields of cryogenics and liquid metals are reviewed and potential non-aerospace applications for the results of these programs are discussed. These include such possibilities as: hydrogen as a non-polluting industrial fuel; more efficient central power stations; and powerplants for advanced ground transportation.

Graham, R. W.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Fuel-conservative engine technology

Aircraft fuel consumption is discussed in terms of its efficient use, and the conversion of energy from sources other than petroleum. Topics discussed include: fuel from coal and oil shale, hydrogen deficiency of alternate sources, alternate fuels evaluation program, and future engines.

Dugan, J. F., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Thermochemical cycles

The thermochemical production of hydrogen is described along with the HYDRGN computer program which attempts to rate the various thermochemical cycles. Specific thermochemical cycles discussed include: iron sulfur cycle; iron chloride cycle; and hybrid sulfuric acid cycle.

Funk, J. E.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Studies of the exhaust products from solid propellant rocket motors

This study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of conducting environmental chamber tests on the physical processes which occur when a solid rocket motor exhaust mixes with the ambient atmosphere. Of particular interest was the interaction between hydrogen chloride, aluminum oxide, and water vapor. The program consisted of three phases: (1) building a small rocket motor and using it to provide the exhaust species in a controlled environment; (2) evaluating instruments used to detect and measure HCl concentrations and if possible determining whether the HCl existed in the gaseous state or as an acid aerosol; (3) monitoring a series of 6.4-percent scale space shuttle motor tests and comparing the results to the environmental chamber studies. Eighteen firings were conducted in an environmental chamber with the initial ambient relative humidity set at values from 29 to 100 percent. Two additional firings were made in a large shed, and four were made on an open concrete apron. Six test firings at MSFC were monitored, and the ground level concentrations are reported. Evidence is presented which shows that the larger Al2O3 (5 to 50 micrometers) particles from the rocket motor can act as condensation nuclei. Under appropriate ambient conditions where there is sufficient water vapor this results in the formation of an acid aerosol. Droplets of this acid were detected both in the environmental chamber and in the scaled shuttle engine tests.

Dawbarn, R.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Hydrogen Embrittlement and Its Control in Hydrogen-Fueled Engine Systems

The nature of hydrogen embrittlement by high pressure gaseous hydrogen is described and methods of designing SSME gaseous hydrogen systems, including techniques of hydrogen embrittlement prevention, are discussed. The effects of gaseous hydrogen environments are emphasized. Results of extensive investigations of gaseous hydrogen environments on metals conducted under the SSME program are presented.

Chandler, W. T.↗
NASA NTRS1981

A parametric study of staged fuel injector configurations for scramjet applications

A parametric study of staged (multiple) perpendicular fuel injector configurations has been conducted using a computer code which solves the two-dimensional elliptic Navier-Stokes equations. The program computes the turbulent mixing and reaction of hydrogen fuel and air and allows the study of separated regions of the flow immediately preceding and following the injectors. The validity of the code is demonstrated in a cold flow helium injection study with a single injector. Results are presented that describe the flow field near opposing staged injectors over a range of parameters. Parameters that are varied include injector size, fuel split, and distance between injectors. Comparisons of the configurations are made to assess their mixing and potential flame-holding qualities.

Weidner, E. H.↗