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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 613 records · Page 34
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1997

Alteration of mineral crystallinity and collagen cross-linking of bones in osteopetrotic toothless (tl/tl) rats and their improvement after treatment with colony stimulating factor-1

A common feature of various types of mammalian osteopetroses is a marked increase in bone mass accompanied by spontaneous bone fractures. The toothless (tl/tl) rat osteopetrotic mutation is characterized by drastically reduced bone resorption due to a profound deficiency of osteoclasts and their precursors. An altered bone morphology has also been observed. The mutants cannot be cured by bone marrow transplantation, but skeletal defects are greatly reduced after treatment with colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). The objectives of this study were to characterize mineral and collagen matrices in cancellous and compact bone isolated from long bones of 6-week-old normal littermates, tl/tl osteopetrotic mutants and mutants (tl/tl) treated with CSF-1. There were no differences in bone mineral content, but a significant decrease in the crystallinity of mineral evaluated by the method based on electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry was observed in all bones of tl/tl mutants as compared to that of controls. Within the collagen matrix, slight decreases in the labile cross-links, but significant increases in the content of the stable cross-links, pyridinoline, and deoxypyridinoline, were observed in both cancellous and compact bone of osteopetrotic mutants. In tl/tl mutants treated with human recombinant CSF-1, the normalization of the crystallinity of bone mineral as well as collagen cross-links was found. Our results indicate that remodeling of bone matrix in tl/tl mutants is highly suppressed, but that after treatment with CSF-1, this activity recovers significantly. Taken together, these data provide further support for the hypothesis that CSF-1 is an essential factor for normal osteoclast differentiation and bone remodelling.

NASA Discipline Musculoskeletal↗
DOE OSTI2026

Scaling considerations for supercritical carbon dioxide cycles including turbomachinery loss models

A modeling framework for the supercritical carbon dioxide recompressed closed Brayton cycle was developed. Unlike typical models, this effort incorporated generalized empirical turbomachinery loss models. Aerodynamic, windage, and leakage losses were considered in order to address the limitations of conventional constant-efficiency turbomachinery assumptions without relying on machine-specific or computationally expensive simulations. The model enables system-level exploration of optimal cycle design across a range of power scales, including smaller scales that are relevant to microreactors and extraterrestrial power applications. Parametric studies and multi-objective optimizations are used to evaluate the trade-offs between thermal efficiency and system compactness based on an analytical heat exchanger scaling model, yielding Pareto-optimal fronts across a range of operating pressures. Results reveal that at small power scales, the Pareto-optimal compressor inlet pressure becomes subcritical due to the increasing influence of density-dependent turbomachinery losses. Here, the relative contributions of each loss mechanism are quantified, and design recommendations are provided for key parameters such as recompression split ratio and generator cavity pressure across varying power scales.

Multi-objective optimization↗
NASA NTRS1980

X-rays from G74.9 + 1.2 - An elderly Crab Nebula

The supernova remnant G74.9 + 1.2, which resembles the Crab Nebula in many of its radio properties, has been detected in 0.15-3 keV X-rays with the Imaging Proportional Counter on the Einstein Observatory. The intrinsic luminosity of the object is about 100 times weaker than the Crab Nebula in this band. The X-ray morphology is centrally brightened (not a shell) with a total extent about 5 arcmin (17 pc). The nearby, intense, compact radio source 2013 + 370 is also probably detected as an extended X-ray source. It is argued that G74.9 + 1.2 represents an object similar to the Crab Nebula but of age 4000-7000 years. If this is the case, the period of the pulsar or neutron star (whose loss of rotational energy fuels the nebula) is predicted to be 0.1-0.2 s.

Wilson, A. S.↗
NASA NTRS2009

A New Spectroscopic and Interferometric Study of the Young Stellar Object V645 Cyg

Aims. We present the results of high-resolution optical spectroscopy, low-resolution near-IR spectroscopy and near-infrared speckle interferometry of the massive young stellar object candidate V645 Cyg that were taken in order to refine its fundamental parameters and properties of its circumstellar envelope. Methods. Speckle interferometry in the H- and K-bands and an optical spectrum in the range 5200-6680 A with a spectral resolving power of R = 60000 were obtained at the 6 m telescope of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Another optical spectrum in the range 4300-10500 A with R = 79000 was obtained at the 3.6m CFHT. A low-resolution spectrum in the ranges 0.46-1.4 and 1.4-2.5 microns with a R approx. 800 and approx. 700, respectively, were obtained at the 3m Shain telescope of the Lick Observatory. Results. Using a new kinematic method based on non-linear modeling of the neutral hydrogen density profile in the direction toward the object, we suggest a new a distance D = 4.2+/-0.2 kpc. We also suggest a new estimate for the star's effective temperature, T(sub eff) approx. 25000 K. We have resolved the object in both H- and K-bands. Using a two-component ring fit, we derived a compact component size of 18 mas and 15 mas in the H- and K-band, respectively, which correspond to 37 and 33 AU at the new distance. Analysis of our and previously published data shows a approx. 2 mag drop of the near-infrared brightness of V645 Cyg in the beginning of the 1980 s. At the same time, the cometary nebular condensation N1 seems to fade in this wavelength range with respect to the N0 object, which represent the star with a nearly pole-on optically-thick disk and an optically-thin envelope. Conclusions. We conclude that V645 Cyg is a young massive main-sequence star, which recently emerged from its cocoon. and already passed the protostellar accretion stage. The presence of accretion is not necessary to account for the high observed luminosity of (2.6) x 10(exp 4) Solar Mass/yr. The receding part of a strong, mostly uniform outflow with a terminal velocity of approx.800 km/s is only blocked from view far from the star, where forbidden lines form. The near-infrared size of the source is consistent with the dust sublimation distance near this hot and luminous star and is the largest among young stellar objects observed interferometrically to-date.

Miroshinichenko, A. S.↗
NASA NTRS1973

The distribution of redshifts of radio galaxies with different optical spectra and forms

The distribution of redshifts of 222 radio galaxies has been subjected to a power-spectrum analysis. No statistically significant spectral peaks are present for galaxies showing normal absorption-line characteristics; on the other hand, significant spectral peaks are present for those exhibiting strong emission features. Of these spectral peaks, the most significant, at a wavelength of 0.031 in redshift, occurs for those strong-emission radio galaxies which are also compact. The result is consistent with the proposal suggested earlier by Burbidge that the nonrandom features, which may suggest intrinsic redshifts, are confined to those objects - QSOs, N systems, etc. - in which radiation from stars does not dominate. Possible explanations of the apparently nonrandom features are briefly discussed. Finally, a table of the most recently published small-redshift QSOs and compact emission-line galaxies is presented. The redshifts appear to conform to the 0.061 (or 0.031) periodicity found earlier.

Burbidge, G. R.↗
NASA NTRS1988

An exceptionally bright, compact starburst nucleus

Observations are reported of a remarkably bright (V about 13) starburst nucleus, 0833 + 652, which has been detected at radio, infrared, optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray wavelengths. Despite an observed flux at each of these wavelengths which is comparable to that of NGC 7714, often considered the 'prototypical' example of the starburst phenomenon, 0833 + 652 appears to be a previously uncataloged object. Its ease of detectability throughout the electromagnetic spectrum should make it useful for a variety of problems in the study of compact emission-line galaxies.

Margon, Bruce↗
DOE OSTI2024

Integration of RNTuple in ATLAS Athena

After using ROOT’s TTree I/O subsystem for over two decades and storing more than an exabyte of compressed High Energy Physics (HEP) data, advances in technology have motivated a complete redesign, RNTuple, which breaks backward-compatibility to take better advantage of these storage options. The RNTuple I/O subsystem has been designed to address performance bottlenecks and other shortcomings of TTree. Specifically, RNTuple comes with an updated, more compact binary data format that can be stored both in ROOT files and natively in object stores. It is designed for modern storage hardware (e.g. high-throughput low-latency NVMe SSDs), and provides robust and easy to use interfaces. The binary format of RNTuple is scheduled to become production grade in 2024, and recently has become mature enough to start exploring the integration into software used by HEP experiments. In this contribution, we discuss the developments to support the features as required by the ATLAS analysis Event Data Model (EDM) in RNTuple, which will enable its integration into the Athena software framework. With these developments in place, we evaluate the performance of the current most recent versions of RNTuple-based ATLAS data sets and compare this to that of TTree.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1978

The infrared emission of the Galactic center

Ground-based and airborne infrared observations of the Galactic center near Sgr A are presented. The principal results include: (1) A map at 56 microns (28-arcsec beam FWHM) which shows a ridge of emission in which are immersed two peaks, one at the infrared cluster and another 1 arcmin to the southwest. Early-type stars may produce much of the luminosity seen as thermally reradiated far-infrared flux. (2) A map of the infrared cluster at 34 microns (8.5-arcsec beam) which indicates that the distribution at this wavelength is similar to that at 21 microns, with most of the compact sources which emit at wavelengths shorter than 20 microns emitting relatively weakly at 34 microns. (3) A map at 10 microns which combines observations obtained with 1.5-, 2.3-, 3-, 5.5-, and 20-arcsec beams and shows for the first time the extended 10-micron structure, including the southwestern component, in relation to the cluster of compact sources. Most of the compact 10-micron sources have the structure and spectra to be expected if a luminous object is embedded in a tenuous dust cloud.

Rieke, G. H.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Application of digital image processing techniques to astronomical imagery 1978

Techniques for using image processing in astronomy are identified and developed for the following: (1) geometric and radiometric decalibration of vidicon-acquired spectra, (2) automatic identification and segregation of stars from galaxies; and (3) display of multiband radio maps in compact and meaningful formats. Examples are presented of these techniques applied to a variety of objects.

Lorre, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

A new instrument for the determination of radio path delay due to atmospheric water vapor

A new water-vapor radiometer is being developed to determine atmospheric path-delay corrections for geodynamics applications. The radiometer has microwave channels at 20.7, 22.2, and 31.4 GHz, and includes new features which should promote radiometric precision while at the same time reduce instrument complexity. The instrument will be compact, portable, and will possess a self-diagnostic capability to ensure reliability. The performance objective is the determination of the line-of-sight path delay through the atmosphere due to water vapor with a one-sigma error less than 0.5 cm at the zenith.

Janssen, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Some vision algorithms

The ability to determine the contents of a scene by a machine has obvious applications. There are reasons for seeking horizontal, vertical and diagonal line segments of varying lengths in order to interpret the content of a scene. Such line segments aid in determining edges that determine the boundaries of objects within the scene. Algorithms for each of the above as well as for data compacting are presented.

Johnson, Gordon G.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Video Skimming and Characterization through the Combination of Image and Language Understanding Techniques

Digital video is rapidly becoming important for education, entertainment, and a host of multimedia applications. With the size of the video collections growing to thousands of hours, technology is needed to effectively browse segments in a short time without losing the content of the video. We propose a method to extract the significant audio and video information and create a "skim" video which represents a very short synopsis of the original. The goal of this work is to show the utility of integrating language and image understanding techniques for video skimming by extraction of significant information, such as specific objects, audio keywords and relevant video structure. The resulting skim video is much shorter, where compaction is as high as 20:1, and yet retains the essential content of the original segment.

IMAGE PROCESSING↗
NASA NTRS2017

Omnidirectional Inter-Satellite Optical Communicator (ISOC)

The objective of the Omnidirectional Inter-Satellite Optical Communicator (ISOC) project is to design a compact, lightweight,and energy efficient communicator module for use between satellites in space. This module will achieve continuous optical communication, with simultaneous data transmission and reception, at up to1 gigabit per second (Gbits) data rates for small spacecraft separated by up to 200 kilometers (kms). To achieve this goal,a data communicator with full spherical coverage field of view (FOV) needs to be designed. The proposed ISOC is a dodecahedron geometric array of chipscale, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based gimbal-less scanning mirrors that provide adjustable beam pointing and spherical FOV coverage for uninterrupted data transmission between several small spacecraft at arbitrary relative positions. This design eliminates known pointing issues and hence allows accurate direction of arrival calculations.Moreover, the proposed approach will enable data relaying between multiple satellites, and enable relative navigation control.

Inter-small satellite communication↗
NASA NTRS1979

Compact H II regions in the far-infrared

Far-infrared (40-150 microns) observations of W51 (G49.5-0.4), K3-50, DR 21, NGC 7538, and W3(OH) are presented and discussed. At these wavelengths each source is dominated by a small bright component closely associated with a compact H II region. Their spectra can be explained as emission by dust at temperatures of 30-50 K. Some of the objects appear to be optically thick out to wavelengths of about 60 microns. Of the 10 source components in the five regions, at least four may be powered by pre-main-sequence stars. The far-infrared data are consistent with depletion of volatile components of the dust within compact H II regions, but do not clearly require destruction or expulsion of refractory grains. The bulk of the dust which emits primarily in the far-infrared must lie in a dense shell immediately outside the ionized zone. The sources are possible precursers to open clusters with stellar masses in the range from 1,000 to 10,000 solar masses.

Thronson, H. A., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS2020

The Variable and Non-Variable X-Ray Absorbers in Compton-Thin Type II Active Galactic Nuclei

We have conducted an extensive X-ray spectral variability study of a sample of 20 Compton-thin type II galaxies using broadband spectra from XMM-Newton, Chandra, and Suzaku. The aim is to study the variability of the neutral intrinsic X-ray obscuration along the line of sight and investigate the properties and location of the dominant component of the X-ray-obscuring gas. The observations are sensitive to absorption columns of N(sub H) ∼ 10(exp 20.5–24) cm(exp -2) of fully and partially covering neutral and/or lowly ionized gas on timescales spanning days to well over a decade. We detected variability in the column density of the full-covering absorber in 7/20 sources, on timescales of months to years, indicating a component of compact-scale X-ray-obscuring gas lying along the line of sight of each of these objects. Our results imply that torus models incorporating clouds or over-dense regions should account for line-of-sight column densities as low as ∼a few ×10(exp 21) cm(exp -2). However, 13/20 sources yielded no detection of significant variability in the full-covering obscurer, with upper limits of ΔN(sub H) spanning 10(exp 21–23) cm(exp -2). The dominant absorbing media in these systems could be distant, such as kiloparsec-scale dusty structures associated with the host galaxy, or a homogeneous medium along the line of sight. Thus, we find that overall, strong variability in full-covering obscurers is not highly prevalent in Compton-thin type IIs, at least for our sample, in contrast to previous results in the literature. Finally, 11/20 sources required a partial-covering, obscuring component in all or some of their observations, consistent with clumpy near-Compton-thick compact-scale gas.

Active galaxies↗
NASA NTRS1984

Advanced wide-field broad-passband refracting field correctors for large telescopes

Design objectives, constraints, and optical data are presented for specific corrector designs under consideration for several large telescope projects. These include a preliminary 30-arcmin prime focus (f/2.0) refracting field corrector system for the University of California Ten-Meter Telescope (UC TMT); a compact 40-arcmin internal Cassegrain (f/1.75 hyperbola to f/5.0) broad-passband (3300 A to 1.0 micron) corrector suitable for imaging and multi-object spectroscopy at the UC TMT; three 60-arcmin Cassegrain correctors for 300-inch f/1.8 and f/2.0 parabolic primary mirrors suitable for a Fifteen-Meter NNTT/MMT; and a 300-inch 40-arcmin external Cassegrain (f/1.0 parabola to f/4.0) broad-passband (3300 A to 1.0 micron) corrector with ADC.

Epps, H. W.↗
NASA NTRS1990

H1722 + 119 - A highly polarized X-ray-selected BL Lacertae object

A 15th-mag, X-ray-selected BL Lac object, H1722 + 119, has been discovered to possess a steep X-ray spectrum with power-law energy index near 1.3; radio measurements indicate a variable, compact source with 1.4-4.9 GHz power-law energy index of 0.04. The optical-IR polarization of H1722 + 119 reaches a maximum of 17 percent, which is much higher than other X-ray-selected BL Lac objects. The degree of polarization is found to be wavelength-dependent, decreasing monotonically toward the IR.

Brissenden, R. J. V.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Very long baseline interferometry at a wavelength of 3.4 mm

The first detection of interference fringes by VLBI at a wavelength of 3.4 mm during observations of 3C84 are reported. The compact source in the nucleus of 3C84 was observed for a 9-hr period on the 485 km baseline between the Owens Valley Radio Observatory and the Hat Creek Observatory. The fringe data are given and the derivation of the correlated flux densities is described. The findings are discused in the context of previous obervations. The results demonstrate that there are no unforeseen technical difficulties associated with millimeter VLBI, and that the sensitivity of existing systems is sufficient to observe objects brighter than a few Jy. The observations are consistent with the millimeter wavelength radio structure of 3C84 being more compact than its centimeter wavelength structure.

Readhead, A. C. S.↗