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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1956

Effect of Engine Operating Variables on Combustor-inlet Parameters

Studies of the fundamental processes of combustion are usually concerned with wide ranges of investigation of individual processes. In general, each fundamental combustion process may be studied in an environment that is most suited to its evaluation and possibly unrelated basically to any practical application. The majority of the data presented in volume I of this series concern the fundamental aspects of combustion as functions of the individual occurrence of various contributing processes. In a jet engine, however, the various fundamental combustion processes may occur simultaneously and may interact. Furthermore, the engine environment usually does not permit independent variation of single combustion parameters, since specified operating conditions impose specific values on the parameters. In volume II, data are presented to show the effect of operating conditions on the over-all combustion process in different combustion components. To show the effect of operating conditions, it is necessary to specify the range of these conditions within which combustion components may operate. Therefore, this chapter presents only the operating conditions that might be required in the primary combustors and afterburners of typical current turbojet engines. (Corresponding information on ram-jet engines is presented in ch. xisi.) This chapter is not intended to serve as an explanation of engine operation. The operating conditions of the combustion components are presented in terms of total pressures and temperatures at the primary-combustor and afterburner inlets, reference velocities and outlet total temperatures of the primary combustors, and velocities at the plane of the flameholder in the afterburners. The data are presented to relate the operating regions of typical current turbojet combustion components to flight altitudes, Mach numbers, and modes of engine operation. Specifically, data are presented for the combustion parameters of the primary combustor and afterburner of three turbojet engines having rated compressor total-pressure ratios of 5, 8, and 12 under full-throttle conditions. Operational data for the primary combustor also include part-throttle operation at 70, 80, and 90 percent of rated engine speed and windmifling operation. The range of flight conditions includes altitudes from sea level to 65,000 feet and flight Mach numbers from zero to 1.6.

Jones, A. W.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Effects of axions on Population III stars

Following the renewed interest in axions as a dark matter component, we revisit the effects of energy loss by axion emission on the evolution of the first generation of stars. These stars with zero metallicity are assumed to be massive, more compact, and hotter than subsequent generations. It is hence important to extend previous studies, which were restricted to solar metallicity stars. Here, our analysis first compares the evolution of solar metallicity 8, 10, and 12 M ⊙ stars to previous work. We then calculate the evolution of 8 zero-metallicity stars with and without axion losses and with masses ranging from 20 to 150 M ⊙ . For the solar metallicity models, we confirm the disappearance of the blue-loop phase for a value of the axion-photon coupling of g aγ = 10 -10 GeV -1 . We show that for g aγ = 10 -10 GeV -1 , the evolution of Population III stars is not much affected by axion losses, except within the range of masses 80–130 M ⊙ . Such stars show significant differences in both their tracks within the T c –ρ c diagram and their central composition (in particular 20 Ne and 24 Mg). We discuss the origin of these modifications from the stellar physics point of view, and also their potential observational signatures.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Toward Superb Perovskite Oxide Electrocatalysts: Engineering of Coupled Nanocomposites

Abstract A significant issue that bedeviled the commercialization of renewable energy technologies, ranging from low‐temperature water electrolyzers to high‐temperature solid oxide cells, is the lack of high‐performance catalysts. Among various candidates that could tackle such a challenge, perovskite oxides are rising‐star materials because of their unique structural and compositional flexibility. However, single‐phase perovskite oxides are challenging to satisfy all the requirements of electrocatalysts concurrently for practical applications, such as high catalytic activity, excellent stability, good ionic and electronic conductivities, and superior chemical/thermo‐mechanical robustness. Impressively, perovskite oxides with coupled nanocomposites are emerging as a novel form offering multifunctionality due to their intrinsic features, including infinite interfaces with solid interaction, tunable compositions, flexible configurations, and maximum synergistic effects between assorted components. Considering this new configuration has attracted great attention owing to its promising performances in various energy‐related applications, this review timely summarizes the leading‐edge development of perovskite oxide‐based coupled nanocomposites. Their state‐of‐art synthetic strategies are surveyed and highlighted, their unique structural advantages are highlighted and illustrated through the typical oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reactions in both high and low‐temperature applications. Opinions on the current critical scientific issues and opportunities in this burgeoning research field are all provided.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2016

The granular and polymer composite nature of kerogen-rich shale

In the past decade, mechanical, physical, and chemical characterization of reservoir shale rocks, such as the Woodford shale, which is kerogen-rich shale (KRS), has moved toward micro- and nanoscale testing and analyses. Nanoindentation equipment is now widely used in many industrial and university laboratories to measure shale anisotropic Young’s moduli, kerogen stiffness, plastic yield parameters, and other isotropic and anisotropic poromechanical and viscoelastic properties. However, to date, failure analyses of KRS and the effects of organic components on the tensile strength have not been observed or measured at the micro- or nanoscales. In this study, preserved kerogen-rich Woodford shale samples manufactured in micro-beam and micro-pillar geometries were mechanically tested and brought to failure in tension and compression, respectively. These tests were conducted in situ using a nanoindenter inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The load versus displacement curves of prismatic micro-cantilever beams were analyzed in light of high-resolution images collected during tensile fracture initiation, propagation, and ultimately sample failure. The micro-pillar geometries were subjected to a uniaxial compressive load and were also brought to failure while capturing measurements of stress and strain. It was found that, within just a few hundred microns of the KRS microcantilever beams, both brittle and ductile failure modes were observed. In the ductile plastic domain, strain-softening and strain-hardening behaviors were identified and characterized. These were not due to confining stress variations, but due to the volume of the organic matter and the way it is interlaced with the shale minerals in and around the failure planes. The tensile strength characteristics and the large modulus of toughness of kerogen, which is a cross-linked polymer, definitely weigh heavily in our engineering field applications, such as hydraulic fracking, which is a Mode I tensile fracture opening and propagation phenomenon. This practice demands that, due to the complex composite nature of KRS, mechanical characterization be not only for unconfined compressive strength but also for unconfined tensile strength and moduli of ruptures. At the end of this study, the need for nanometer scale mechanical characterization of KRS will become apparent. Furthermore, these nano- and micro-scale shale failure tests reinforce our previous understanding of the heterogeneous composite nature of Woodford KRS and its complex behavior, as well as other source shale reservoir formations.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Measurements and Model Estimations of Viscosities of the MnO-CaO-SiO{sub 2}-MgO-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} Melts

The viscosities of the MnO (0 to 55 mass pct)-CaO-SiO{sub 2}-MgO (5 mass pct)-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} (20 mass pct) melts were measured by rotating cylinder method in the temperature range from 1573 K to 1873 K (1300 °C to 1600 °C). The measurements were carried out in the atmosphere of flowing CO/CO{sub 2} gas mixture with a volume ratio of 99/1, and molybdenum crucible and spindle were adopted. The results reveal that MnO is a viscosity reducing component, and the effect of MnO is more notable in the melts with higher ratio of CaO to SiO{sub 2}. For example, in the melts with the mass ratio of CaO to SiO{sub 2} equal to 0.6, the addition of 5 mass pct MnO only slightly reduced the viscosities. Comparatively, the addition of 5 mass pct MnO made the viscosities of the melts with the mass ratio of CaO to SiO{sub 2} equal to 1.0 and 1.5 decrease remarkably. Based on the measured data, the viscosities estimation model proposed in our previous study was extended to the system containing MnO, and the model parameters were determined. The model can estimate and predict the viscosities of the aluminosilicate melts containing MnO well, and then some iso-viscosity contours of this system were calculated. From the iso-viscosity contours, it can be seen that MnO is almost equivalent to CaO in reducing the viscosities in the melt with high SiO{sub 2} content, while with the decrease of the SiO{sub 2} content MnO becomes more effective than CaO.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Tensile, Creep, and Fatigue Behaviors of 3D-Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is a widely used thermoplastics in 3D printing. However, there is a lack of thorough investigation of the mechanical properties of 3D-printed ABS components, including orientation-dependent tensile strength and creep fatigue properties. In this work, a systematic characterization is conducted on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed ABS components. Specifically, the effect of printing orientation on the tensile and creep properties is investigated. The results show that, in tensile tests, the 0° printing orientation has the highest Young’s modulus of 1.81 GPa, and ultimate strength of 224 MPa. In the creep test, the 90° printing orientation has the lowest k value of 0.2 in the plastics creep model, suggesting 90° is the most creep resistant direction. In the fatigue test, the average cycle number under load of 30 N is 3796 cycles. The average cycle number decreases to 128 cycles when the load is 60 N. Using the Paris law, with an estimated crack size of 0.75 mm, and stress intensity factor is varied from 352 to 700 N√m, the derived fatigue crack growth rate is 0.0341 mm/cycle. This study provides important mechanical property data that is useful for applying 3D-printed ABS in engineering applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Modeling of HVAC operational faults in building performance simulation

Operational faults are common in the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of existing buildings, leading to a decrease in energy efficiency and occupant comfort. Various fault detection and diagnostic methods have been developed to identify and analyze HVAC operational faults at the component or subsystem level. However, current methods lack a holistic approach to predicting the overall impacts of faults at the building level—an approach that adequately addresses the coupling between various operational components, the synchronized effect between simultaneous faults, and the dynamic nature of fault severity. This study introduces the novel development of a fault-modeling feature in EnergyPlus which fills in the knowledge gap left by previous studies. This paper presents the design and implementation of the new feature in EnergyPlus and discusses in detail the fault-modeling challenges faced. The new fault-modeling feature enables EnergyPlus to quantify the impacts of faults on building energy use and occupant comfort, thus supporting the decision making of timely fault corrections. Including actual building operational faults in energy models also improves the accuracy of the baseline model, which is critical in the measurement and verification of retrofit or commissioning projects. As an example, EnergyPlus version 8.6 was used to investigate the impacts of a number of typical operational faults in an office building across several U.S. climate zones. Finally, the results demonstrate that the faults have significant impacts on building energy performance as well as on occupant thermal comfort. Finally, the paper introduces future development plans for EnergyPlus fault-modeling capability.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Data-driven analysis and prediction of wastewater treatment plant performance: Insights and forecasting for sustainable operations

Here this study presents a comprehensive performance and forecasting analysis of the As-Samra wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Jordan, with two main objectives. Firstly, a thorough evaluation of the plant's performance is conducted. The analysis involves independently assessing historical operational conditions, plant production, and their statistical correlations using various statistical techniques. The second objective focuses on developing a data-driven forecasting approach to predict the plant's production one month in advance, using multiple machine learning models. The results highlight the effectiveness of principal component analysis (PCA) in simplifying operational data, revealing distinct operational clusters, and identifying seasonal production patterns while showing correlations between operational conditions and overall power production. The support vector machine (SVM) forecasting model emerged as the top performer, showcasing the potential of a hybrid forecasting approach. The findings offer valuable perspectives for enhancing operational efficiency, refining production planning, and ultimately improving the environmental impact of the plant.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Sinter formation during directed energy deposition of titanium alloy powders

During directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing, powder agglomeration and sintering can occur outside of the melt pool when using titanium alloy powders. Using in situ synchrotron radiography we investigate the mechanisms by which sintering of Ti6242 powder occurs around the pool, performing a parametric study to determine the influence of laser power and stage traverse speed on sinter build-up. The results reveal that detrimental sinter can be reduced using a high laser power or increased stage traverse speed, although the latter also reduces deposition layer thickness. The mechanism of sinter formation during DED was determined to be in-flight heating of the powder particles in the laser beam. Calculations of particle heating under the processing conditions explored in this study confirm that powder particles can reasonably exceed 700 °C, the threshold for Ti surface oxide dissolution, and thus the powder is prone to sintering if not incorporated into the melt pool. The build-up of sinter powder layer on deposit surfaces led to lack of fusion pores. To mitigate sinter formation and its detrimental effects on DED component quality, it is essential that the powder delivery spot area is smaller than the melt pool, ensuring most powder lands in the melt pool.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Modelling the Impact of Fractionation on Late Urinary Toxicity After Postprostatectomy Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To fit urinary toxicity data of patients treated with postprostatectomy radiation therapy with the linear quadratic (LQ) model with/without introducing a time factor. Methods and Materials: Between 1993 and 2010, 1176 patients were treated with conventional fractionation (1.8 Gy per fraction, median 70.2 Gy, n=929) or hypofractionation (2.35-2.90 Gy per fraction, n=247). Data referred to 2004-2010 (when all schemes were in use, n=563; conventional fractionation: 316; hypofractionation: 247) were fitted as a logit function of biological equivalent dose (BED), according to the LQ model with/without including a time factor γ (fixing α/β = 5 Gy). The 3-year risks of severe urethral stenosis, incontinence, and hematuria were considered as endpoints. Best-fit parameters were derived, and the resulting BEDs were taken in multivariable backward logistic models, including relevant clinical variables, considering the whole population. Results: The 3-year incidences of severe stenosis, incontinence, and hematuria were, respectively, 6.6%, 4.8%, and 3.3% in the group treated in 2004-2010. The best-fitted α/β values were 0.81 Gy and 0.74 Gy for incontinence and hematuria, respectively, with the classic LQ formula. When fixing α/β = 5 Gy, best-fit values for γ were, respectively, 0.66 Gy/d and 0.85 Gy/d. Sensitivity analyses showed reasonable values for γ (0.6-1.0 Gy/d), with comparable goodness of fit for α/β values between 3.5 and 6.5 Gy. Likelihood ratio tests showed that the fits with/without including γ were equivalent. The resulting multivariable backward logistic models in the whole population included BED, pT4, and use of antihypertensives (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.72) for incontinence and BED, pT4, and year of surgery (AUC = 0.80) for hematuria. Stenosis data could not be fitted: a 4-variable model including only clinical factors (acute urinary toxicity, pT4, year of surgery, and use of antihypertensives) was suggested (AUC = 0.73). Conclusions: The unexpected impact of moderate hypofractionation on severe incontinence and hematuria after postprostatectomy radiation therapy may be explained by a bladder α/β value <1 Gy or, radiobiologically more plausible, by introducing a time factor likely to represent a previously hypothesized consequential component of late effect.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2019

CuZnCoO x multifunctional catalyst for in situ hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural with ethanol as hydrogen carrier

Catalytic in situ hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural 1 (5-HMF) to 2,5- dimethylfuran (DMF) has received a great interest in recent years. However, the issue of the consumption of expensive hydrogen donors, such as secondary alcohols, limits its applications. In this work, a ternary CuZnCoO x catalyst, exhibiting a 99% yield of DMF from in situ hydrogenation of 5-HMF with ethanol as economical hydrogen donor, is developed. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS-mapping), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR) reveal the synergy effect of each components. Reaction mechanism studies unravel the CoO x results in promoting in situ H 2 production from ethanol, the zinc oxide accelerates the aldehyde group (-CHO) hydrogenation to hydroxymethyl group (-CH 2 OH) and the formation of Cu-Co alloy significantly facilitate the hydrogenation of 5-HMF. Additionally, this ternary CuZnCoO x catalyst exhibits superior recyclability without losing any activity during 6 cycles experiment.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

A multi-length-scale investigation of the applicability of ductility laws for annealed and work-hardened copper

Small-scale mechanical testing provides unique advantages over conventional testing in investigating the mechanical response of nuclear materials. While small-scale testing enables accelerated materials research, it raises the question of comparability to large-scale properties for engineering design considerations. Among different mechanical properties for structural design considerations such as yield and ultimate tensile stress, ductility is of critical importance with respect to structural component health. The effectiveness of using small-scale mechanical testing for probing these mechanical properties is dictated by understanding how the mechanical responses translate from the microscale to the engineering scale. Therefore, a better understanding of size scaling effects via gathering and analysis of experimental data is required to bridge length-scales. Further, this work builds upon previous reports to provide statistical data on how mechanical response changes as the size of the specimens are reduced from conventional sizes. One hundred twenty mesoscale tensile coupons of oxygen-free high thermal conductivity (OFHC) copper in work-hardened and annealed state have been manufactured using micro-wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) and tested under uniaxial tension. The mesoscale specimens have dimensions dictated by pre-selected geometric ratios (i.e., gauge section length over the square root of the cross-section area) with gauge length dimensions of 3 mm (or less) and sub-millimeter gauge widths and thicknesses. The mesoscale responses were compared to bulkscale properties to reveal the effect of specimen size on the mechanical response as a function of grain size and material state for a single phase face-centered cubic metal.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Cadmium sulfate and CdTe-quantum dots alter DNA repair in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver cells

Increasing use of quantum dots (QDs) makes it necessary to evaluate their toxicological impacts on aquatic organisms, since their contamination of surface water is inevitable. This study compares the genotoxic effects of ionic Cd versus CdTe nanocrystals in zebrafish hepatocytes. After 24 h of CdSO{sub 4} or CdTe QD exposure, zebrafish liver (ZFL) cells showed a decreased number of viable cells, an accumulation of Cd, an increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and an induction of DNA strand breaks. Measured levels of stress defense and DNA repair genes were elevated in both cases. However, removal of bulky DNA adducts by nucleotide excision repair (NER) was inhibited with CdSO{sub 4} but not with CdTe QDs. The adverse effects caused by acute exposure of CdTe QDs might be mediated through differing mechanisms than those resulting from ionic cadmium toxicity, and studying the effects of metallic components may be not enough to explain QD toxicities in aquatic organisms. - Highlights: • Both CdSO{sub 4} and CdTe QDs lead to cell death and Cd accumulation. • Both CdSO{sub 4} and CdTe QDs induce cellular ROS generation and DNA strand breaks. • Both CdSO{sub 4} and CdTe QDs induce the expressions of stress defense and DNA repair genes. • NER repair capacity was inhibited with CdSO{sub 4} but not with CdTe QDs.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

An ontology-based fault generation and fault propagation analysis approach for safety-critical computer systems at the design stage

Abstract Fault propagation analysis is a process used to determine the consequences of faults residing in a computer system. A typical computer system consists of diverse components (e.g., electronic and software components), thus, the faults contained in these components tend to possess diverse characteristics. How to describe and model such diverse faults, and further determine fault propagation through different components are challenging problems to be addressed in the fault propagation analysis. This paper proposes an ontology-based approach, which is an integrated method allowing for the generation, injection, and propagation through inference of diverse faults at an early stage of the design of a computer system. The results generated by the proposed framework can verify system robustness and identify safety and reliability risks with limited design level information. In this paper, we propose an ontological framework and its application to analyze an example safety-critical computer system. The analysis result shows that the proposed framework is capable of inferring fault propagation paths through software and hardware components and is effective in predicting the impact of faults.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Revealing the Crystalline Architecture of Semicrystalline Ion Exchange Membranes for the Design of Conductive and Durable Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes

Alkaline anion exchange membrane (AAEM) fuel cells offer a cost-effective alternative to proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells by eliminating the need for expensive precious metal catalysts. In both PEMs and AAEMs, semicrystalline polymers are a common choice, as the crystalline domains can act as mechanical reinforcements that limit swelling and promote mechanical durability in the material. However, spatially resolved characterization of crystalline organization in ion exchange membranes beyond ensemble-averaged X-ray scattering is underrepresented, likely in part due to ionization damage limitations in soft materials. Here, in this study, we resolve the nanometer-size crystallites in semicrystalline ion exchange membranes by applying cryogenic four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (cryo-4D-STEM) along with data-processing algorithms designed to optimize signals at a low dose to minimize radiation damage. We investigate the effects of synthesis components, including molecular weight and thermal treatment, on a model system of AAEMs in comparison to Nafion, the most commonly used and commercially successful PEM today. We find that excess water uptake in polymer membranes, a property directly associated with weak mechanical durability and with possible negative impacts on ion conductivity, can be reduced by over 30% by varying the polymer's crystalline morphology through changes in synthesis parameters such as molecular weight and thermal history. Our results indicate that this improvement is correlated with smaller crystalline domains with a more homogeneous distribution. More broadly, these results demonstrate how the crystalline architecture of polymer membranes can be tuned through their chemistry and thermal treatment in order to improve their conductivity and durability for commercial fuel cell performance.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Ferroelectric capacitors and field-effect transistors as in-memory computing elements for machine learning workloads

Abstract This study discusses the feasibility of Ferroelectric Capacitors (FeCaps) and Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistors (FeFETs) as In-Memory Computing (IMC) elements to accelerate machine learning (ML) workloads. We conducted an exploration of device fabrication and proposed system-algorithm co-design to boost performance. A novel FeCap device, incorporating an interfacial layer (IL) and$$\text {Hf}_{0.5}\text {Zr}_{0.5}\text {O}_2$$ Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 (HZO), ensures a reduction in operating voltage and enhances HZO scaling while being compatible with CMOS circuits. The IL also enriches ferroelectricity and retention properties. When integrated into crossbar arrays, FeCaps and FeFETs demonstrate their effectiveness as IMC components, eliminating sneak paths and enabling selector-less operation, leading to notable improvements in energy efficiency and area utilization. However, it is worth noting that limited capacitance ratios in FeCaps introduced errors in multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) computations. The proposed co-design approach helps in mitigating these errors and achieves high accuracy in classifying the CIFAR-10 dataset, elevating it from a baseline of 10% to 81.7%. FeFETs in crossbars, with a higher on-off ratio, outperform FeCaps, and our proposed charge-based sensing scheme achieved at least an order of magnitude reduction in power consumption, compared to prevalent current-based methods.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2021

The flavonoid procyanidin C1 has senotherapeutic activity and increases lifespan in mice

Ageing-associated functional decline of organs and increased risk for age-related chronic pathologies is driven in part by the accumulation of senescent cells, which develop the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here we show that procyanidin C1 (PCC1), a polyphenolic component of grape seed extract (GSE), increases the healthspan and lifespan of mice through its action on senescent cells. By screening a library of natural products, we find that GSE, and PCC1 as one of its active components, have specific effects on senescent cells. At low concentrations, PCC1 appears to inhibit SASP formation, whereas it selectively kills senescent cells at higher concentrations, possibly by promoting production of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction. In rodent models, PCC1 depletes senescent cells in a treatment-damaged tumour microenvironment and enhances therapeutic efficacy when co-administered with chemotherapy. Intermittent administration of PCC1 to either irradiated, senescent cell-implanted or naturally aged old mice alleviates physical dysfunction and prolongs survival. We identify PCC1 as a natural senotherapeutic agent with in vivo activity and high potential for further development as a clinical intervention to delay, alleviate or prevent age-related pathologies.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Solid polymer electrolyte from phosphorylated chitosan

Recently, the need of secondary battery application continues to increase. The secondary battery which using a liquid electrolyte was indicated had some weakness. A solid polymer electrolyte is an alternative electrolytes membrane which developed in order to replace the liquid electrolyte type. In the present study, the effect of phosphorylation on to polymer electrolyte membrane which synthesized from chitosan and lithium perchlorate salts was investigated. The effect of the component’s composition respectively on the properties of polymer electrolyte, was carried out by analyzed of it’s characterization such as functional groups, ion conductivity, and thermal properties. The mechanical properties i.e tensile resistance and the morphology structure of membrane surface were determined. The phosphorylation processing of polymer electrolyte membrane of chitosan and lithium perchlorate was conducted by immersing with phosphoric acid for 2 hours, and then irradiated on a microwave for 60 seconds. The degree of deacetylation of chitosan derived from shrimp shells was obtained around 75.4%. Relative molecular mass of chitosan was obtained by viscometry method is 796,792 g/mol. The ionic conductivity of chitosan membrane was increase from 6.33 × 10{sup −6} S/cm up to 6.01 × 10{sup −4} S/cm after adding by 15 % solution of lithium perchlorate. After phosphorylation, the ionic conductivity of phosphorylated lithium chitosan membrane was observed 1.37 × 10{sup −3} S/cm, while the tensile resistance of 40.2 MPa with a better thermal resistance. On the strength of electrolyte membrane properties, this polymer electrolyte membrane was suggested had one potential used for polymer electrolyte in field of lithium battery applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗