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At least 613 records · Page 34

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NASA NTRS1999

Update of the Development of a Low Cost Data Acquisition System for the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster Program

The space shuttle solid rocket boosters (SRBs) experience a severe environment during their brief flight. During the last few years several SRB's have sustained noticeable structural damage. The environmental characteristics (vibration, structure, and thermal) encountered by the SRB's during ascent, descent and water impact are in most cases unknown. A developmental flight instrumentation (DFI) system collected data from the SRBs' first four flights in the early 1980's, and after the first three flights during the shuttle return-to-flight phase after the Challenger accident. However, the DFI data collected are of low fidelity and do not correlate well with cases of observed structural damage. The DFI system was evaluated for reuse, but the cost to fly it was prohibitive. The space shuttle is presently scheduled to fly until 2030. To support the shuttle flight schedule, avionics on the SRB's will be upgraded. The environments on the different sections of the SRB will need to be defined more completely to properly qualify the avionics for multiple flights. The DFI data previously gathered do not provide enough information to properly qualify the avionics. Marshall Space Flight Center's (MSFC) SRB Project Office requested the Science and Engineering (S&E) Directorate to develop a stand-alone data acquisition system that could collect data from any area of the booster. In answer to this requirement, S&E developed the Enhanced Data Acquisition System (EDAS). To minimize development time and cost, the development team used state-of-the-art commercial off the shelf (COTS) equipment. The first two flights of this system occurred on shuttle mission STS-91 in June 1998 and STS-95 in October 1998. Twenty-one measurements were successfully recorded on the STS-91 right hand booster, providing new accelerometer, strain, temperature, and heating rate data to analysts. Twenty-four measurements were successfully recorded on the STS-95 left hand booster, providing data from the booster and the external tank. This paper summarizes the effort to develop, test, qualify and fly the EDAS to meet SRB flight and data collection requirements.

Crawford, Kevin↗

NASA NTRS1999

Using a Commerical off the Shelf Data Acquisition System for the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster Program

Crawford, Kevin↗

NASA NTRS2020

TESS Data Release Notes:Sector 31, DR47

TESS Sector 31 observations include physical orbits 69 and 70 of the spacecraft around the Earth. Data collection was paused for 1.40 days between the orbits to download data. Astar tracker anomaly occurred at UTC 2020-11-16 10:37, which led to the instrument being turned off. As a result, the data collection period in orbit 70 ended 2.08 days earlier than scheduled; there is no other effect on the data. The cameras were turned on and returned to normal operations on 2020-11-20, at the beginning of Sector 32. In total, there are 24.03days of science data collected in Sector 31

TESS↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Using Coordinated, Multi-Agent Platforms for Dynamic Ocean Worlds Science

Planetary science missions have the opportunity to enhance science return through deployment of autonomous capabilities designed to dynamically respond to new information. Future outer solar system missions to ocean worlds in particular would benefit from this technology - intelligent science payloads (ISP) - because it would allow for a coordinated, near real-time response to ephemeral ‘events’ such as plumes, tectonism, surface implantation, volatile releases, thermal and magnetic anomalies, or radiation, as well as increasing the cadence and coverage of data collection. Prioritization and decision-making frameworks from ISP could be deployed at various scales - from analysis onboard a spacecraft with multiple instruments – to coordinated analyses among separate spacecraft in an e.g., distributed systems mission (DSM) composed of multiple SmallSats. Goddard’s Intelligent Science Payload team is developing an agile autonomous architecture for an icy ocean worlds DSM concept. Our goals are to coordinate data collection and onboard data analysis, and to make autonomous decisions for new data collection and analysis based on science priorities between multiple spacecraft with variable instrumentation and orbits. We use a range of data analysis tools to coordinate the DSM response, spanning from observations of data over a specified threshold to more computationally intensive machine learning algorithms (ML). ML algorithms here currently focus on determining the composition of an ocean world using mass spectrometry, and specifically methods for understanding ‘novelties’ and potential biosignatures. These algorithms could be used to quickly process and analyze onboard data that would be significantly delayed in downlink due to long communication delays for outer solar system missions in order to make dynamic science observations. Our ocean worlds case study ISP architecture is intended as an ‘agile’ and modular framework that could be used as a whole or as particular modules based on mission needs.

Distributed Systems↗

NASA NTRS2021

Temperature and Frequency Dependent Electrical Properties of AVCOAT and Shuttle Tile Material

This technical memorandum presents the data and results from a series of tests performed on AVCOAT, charred AVCOAT, and different Shuttle Thermal Protection System (TPS) tile coatings to determine their electrical properties as a function of temperature and frequency. Initially, the samples were assumed to be insulators and the complex permittivities were measured from data collected by sandwiching each sample between two conductors to form a sandwich. However, the AVCOAT sample data showed that the material becomes conductive as it begins to char. To get an accurate conductivity reading on these charred samples, a four-point resistance probe was used to collect data. Overall, this testing showed that the virgin AVCOAT starts out as a material that is a good insulator but transitions to one with a conductivity on the order of 1860 S/m as it chars. The deeper layers of AVCOAT (un-charred) all exhibited a temperature and frequency dependence that is possibly indicative of a dielectric relaxation in the material. As the sample temperatures were increased, a knee appears in the real permittivity data sets below 1 kHz. Both the real permittivity and resistivity drop up to several orders of magnitude yet show that the material remains an insulator. The Shuttle High Temperature Reusable Surface Insulation (HRSI) tile coatings studied included Reac- tion Cured Glass (RCG), Aluminum Enhanced Thermal Barrier (AETB), and Toughened Unipiece Fibrous Insulation (TUFI). The purely glass fiber parts of the tile were removed leaving only the outer layers con- taining just the coating. The data collected shows that the RCG, AETB, and outermost layer of the TUFI have similar electrical properties. The real permittivity plots show that there appears to be a relaxation that shows up at frequencies below 1 kHz. The relaxation frequency increases with increasing temperature. Also, the real permittivity increases up to about a factor of four between room temperature and 650K. Likewise, the resistivity (related to the imaginary permittivity) decreases up to five orders of magnitude over the same temperature interval, but still remains an insulator. This data was collected to support a NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) assessment team investigating the source of thermocouple anomalies in both Shuttle TPS material and AVCOAT used for on the Orion spacecraft for Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1). The details of their findings will be documented in a separate report with this document serving as a reference.

Mark A Nurge↗

NASA NTRS2005

Gas Concentration Mapping of Arenal Volcano Using AVEMS

The Airborne Volcanic Emissions Mass Spectrometer (AVEMS) System developed by NASA-Kennedy Space Center and deployed in collaboration with the National Center for Advanced Technology (CENAT) and the University of Costa Rica was used for mapping the volcanic plume of Arenal Volcano, the most active volcano in Costa Rica. The measurements were conducted as part of the second CARTA (Costa Rica Airborne Research and Technology Application) mission conducted in March 2005. The CARTA 2005 mission, involving multiple sensors and agencies, consisted of three different planes collecting data over all of Costa Rica. The WB-57F from NASA collected ground data with a digital camera, an analog photogrametric camera (RC-30), a multispectral scanner (MASTER) and a hyperspectral sensor (HYMAP). The second aircraft, a King Air 200 from DoE, mounted with a LIDAR based instrument, targeted topography mapping and forest density measurements. A smaller third aircraft, a Navajo from Costa Rica, integrated with the AVEMS instrument and designed for real-time measurements of air pollutants from both natural and anthropogenic sources, was flown over the volcanoes. The improved AVEMS system is designed for deployment via aircraft, car or hand-transport. The 85 pound system employs a 200 Da quadrupole mass analyzer, has a volume of 92,000 cubic cm, requires 350 W of power at steady state, can operate up to an altitude of 41,000 feet above sea level (-65 C; 50 torr). The system uses on-board gas bottles on-site calibration and is capable of monitoring and quantifying up to 16 gases simultaneously. The in-situ gas data in this work, consisting of helium, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and acetone, was acquired in conjunction of GPS data which was plotted with the ground imagery, topography and remote sensing data collected by the other instruments, allowing the 3 dimensional visualization of the volcanic plume at Arenal Volcano. The modeling of possible scenarios of Arenal s activity and its direct impact on the surrounding populated areas in now possible with the combined set of data, linking in-situ data with remote sensing data. The study also helps in the understanding of pyroclastic flow behavior in case of a major eruption.

Diaz, J. Andres↗

DOE OSTI2026

Towards time-resolved MicroED grid preparation using mix-and-inject gas dynamic virtual nozzles

Recent progress in gas dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN) technologies in combination with high-brilliance synchrotron and X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has allowed the visualization of protein dynamics in crystallo by mixing macromolecular protein crystals with a substrate using tunable mixing times on the order of milliseconds to seconds prior to serial X-ray diffraction data collection. This has become the method of choice for high-resolution structure determination of intermediate states. However, such experiments require large counts of crystals of proper sizes for high-resolution data collection, and premium beam times for screening efforts. Cryogenic microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) represents a complementary technique that may be a more accessible avenue for time-resolved nanocrystallography compared with serial X-ray diffraction experiments. MicroED can produce full diffraction datasets from just a few submicrometre-thick crystals, and the approach is more readily accessible, requiring standard cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (TEM) equipment available at many universities and institutes. Cryogenic MicroED, like other forms of cryo-EM, begins with rapidly freezing biological material on electron microscopy grids. In the case of MicroED, micro- to nano-crystals (<500 nm thick) are deposited onto electron microscopy grids and plunge-frozen for subsequent electron diffraction data collection. Here, we have incorporated GDVN technology developed originally for XFEL experiments into the freezing process as a first step towards time-resolved studies. We describe the limited deposition efficiency of the model MicroED protein proteinase K on TEM grids using GDVNs, preceding sample vitrification and successful MicroED data collection. We discuss both the initial results from such experiments and the methodological challenges in developing this approach into a reliable workflow for millisecond-to-second time-resolved structural studies of macromolecules. Our results promise a strategy to deposit crystals on grids using GDVNs and determine high-resolution structures by MicroED, constituting a first step towards development of time-resolved MicroED experiments.

MicroED↗

NASA NTRS1980

Results of a Loran-C flight test using an absolute data reference

A closed circuit flight test was conducted in the Boston area using VOR's and NDB's as reference points. The Loran-C data collected during the flight was then compared against a reference provided by the Discrete Address Beacon System (DABS) facility at Lincoln Laboratories. A MIT crew used a commercial receiver and recorded Loran-C time differences which would also be compared with the data provided by the DABS facility and eventually with the data collected by Ohio University. The Ohio University low-cost receiver was used for this test which was conducted in the Ohio University DC-3 flying laboratory. The Loran-C time-difference data was recorded with a microcomputer data collection system and stored on magnetic tape for subsequent analysis. The MIT receiver was also on board the DC-3, and recorded its data on a cassette tape which was later used by the MIT crew for data analysis. The equipment configuration in the aircraft, the flight procedure and the results obtained from the data collected with Ohio University's receiver and recording system are described.

Fischer, J. P.↗

NASA NTRS2003

Autonomous Telemetry Collection for Single-Processor Small Satellites

For the Space Technology 5 mission, which is being developed under NASA's New Millennium Program, a single spacecraft processor will be required to do on-board real-time computations and operations associated with attitude control, up-link and down-link communications, science data processing, solid-state recorder management, power switching and battery charge management, experiment data collection, health and status data collection, etc. Much of the health and status information is in analog form, and each of the analog signals must be routed to the input of an analog-to-digital converter, converted to digital form, and then stored in memory. If the micro-operations of the analog data collection process are implemented in software, the processor may use up a lot of time either waiting for the analog signal to settle, waiting for the analog-to-digital conversion to complete, or servicing a large number of high frequency interrupts. In order to off-load a very busy processor, the collection and digitization of all analog spacecraft health and status data will be done autonomously by a field-programmable gate array that can configure the analog signal chain, control the analog-to-digital converter, and store the converted data in memory.

Speer, Dave↗

NASA NTRS1990

Magellan radar to reveal secrets of enshrouded Venus

Imaging Venus with a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with 70 percent global coverage at 1-km optical line-pair resolution to provide a detailed global characterization of the volcanic land-forms on Venus by an integration of image data with altimetry is discussed. The Magellan radar system uses navigation predictions to preset the radar data collection parameters. The data are collected in such a way as to preserve the Doppler signature of surface elements and later they are transmitted to the earth for processing into high-resolution radar images. To maintain high accuracy, a complex on-board filter algorithm allows the altitude control logic to respond only to a narrow range of expected photon intensity levels and only to signals that occur within a small predicted interval of time. Each mapping pass images a swath of the planet that varies in width from 20 to 25 km. Since the orbital plane of the spacecraft remains fixed in the inertial space, the slow rotation of Venus continually brings new areas into view of the spacecraft.

Saunders, R. Stephen↗

NASA NTRS1991

A pointable, helicopter-based remote sensing data acquisition system for collecting bidirectional reflectance data

Discussed here is a new configuration of a helicopter-borne remote sensing system to support field measurements programs such as studies of forest decline damage associated with atmospheric deposition and the Forest Ecosystems Dynamics project. In this new configuration, the sensor payload is mounted externally on a hinged pallet located on the starboard side of the Bell Iroquois UH-1B (HUEY) helicopter. The sensor payload includes a set of bore-sighted instruments consisting of a Barnes Modular Multiband Radiometer (MMR), a Spectron Engineering (SE) 590 spectroradiometer, an Everest infrared temperature sensor, and a Sony CCD video camera with a 10x zoom lens. The system was tested and excellent data was acquired in 1990.

Williams, Darrel L.↗

NASA NTRS2011

UAVSAR Active Electronically Scanned Array

The Uninhabited Airborne Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) is a pod-based, L-band (1.26 GHz), repeatpass, interferometric, synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) used for Earth science applications. Repeat-pass interferometric radar measurements from an airborne platform require an antenna that can be steered to maintain the same angle with respect to the flight track over a wide range of aircraft yaw angles. In order to be able to collect repeat-pass InSAR data over a wide range of wind conditions, UAVSAR employs an active electronically scanned array (AESA). During data collection, the UAVSAR flight software continuously reads the aircraft attitude state measured by the Embedded GPS/INS system (EGI) and electronically steers the beam so that it remains perpendicular to the flight track throughout the data collection

Sadowy, Gregory, A.↗

NASA NTRS2011

Spectrally and Radiometrically Stable Wide-Band on Board Calibration Source for In-Flight Data Validation in Imaging Spectroscopy Applications

The quality of the quantitative spectral data collected by an imaging spectrometer instrument is critically dependent upon the accuracy of the spectral and radiometric calibration of the system. In order for the collected spectra to be scientifically useful, the calibration of the instrument must be precisely known not only prior to but during data collection. Thus, in addition to a rigorous in-lab calibration procedure, the airborne instruments designed and built by the NASA/JPL Imaging Spectroscopy Group incorporate an on board calibrator (OBC) system with the instrument to provide auxiliary in-use system calibration data. The output of the OBC source illuminates a target panel on the backside of the foreoptics shutter both before and after data collection. The OBC and in-lab calibration data sets are then used to validate and post-process the collected spectral image data. The resulting accuracy of the spectrometer output data is therefore integrally dependent upon the stability of the OBC source. In this paper we describe the design and application of the latest iteration of this novel device developed at NASA/JPL which integrates a halogen-cycle source with a precisely designed fiber coupling system and a fiber-based intensity monitoring feedback loop. The OBC source in this Airborne Testbed Spectrometer was run over a period of 15 hours while both the radiometric and spectral stabilities of the output were measured and demonstrated stability to within 1% of nominal.

visible spectrometers↗

NASA NTRS1999

Analysis and Application of Airborne Thermal Data at the Local Level Salt Lake City, Utah

Expanding cities are transforming periurban environments such as agricultural land, natural grasslands, forests, wetlands, and and land, into urban surfaces, such as asphalt and concrete. This transformation is part of a process defined as "urban heat island". The urban surfaces get much hotter during the daylight hours in the summer than the natural or vegetated environment. The heat builds up creating a dome effect over the city making it many degrees hotter than it's surrounding area. The impacts from this, which include higher usage of air conditioners, water, etc., are numerous and costly. As cities expand, this problem is exacerbated. It is necessary to incorporate better quality data into urban analysis and for establishing methods that systematically and objectively monitor growth and change due to increased urbanization. NASA initiated Project Atlanta in 1997 "as an interdisciplinary remote sensing study to observe and measure the growth and development of the urban heat island effect over Atlanta, and its associated impacts". This project has recently included Salt Lake City, among others, in the study of the development and effects of "urban heat islands". NASA has made available to Salt Lake City, high resolution, 10 meter, multispectral thermal data collected in June 1998. The data collection was part of a special NASA over-flight, a mission supported by the U.S. EPA in conjunction with their Urban Heat Island (UHI) Mitigation Initiative. Salt Lake City is one of three pilot cities selected to participate in this unique initiative. Hence, this project constitutes a rare opportunity to capitalize upon state-of-the-art NASA technology and link it to an urban community very concerned about rapid growth and development. This data will enhance existing data and be used for improving technical tools used to plan for Utah's future.

Dudley-Murphy, Elizabeth A.↗

DOE OSTI2025

DTS data from SGP TBS

Distributed temperature-sensing data collected using a Silixa-XT DTS and 50/125 MM fiber. Data are calibrated using two water baths at the surface and an iMet aloft at the end of the fiber and tether. The data are then assigned an altitude for the TBS flight. Data collected prior to Febuary 11, 2020 were collected at the SGP Central Facility (CF). Data from 2/11/20 were collected with a Sensornet Oryx DTS at the E9 site, not at the CF. Data from May 2021 were collected with a Sensornet Oryx at the CF, and with a Silixa XT at the CF. Data from July 2021 were collected at the SGP CF, EF9, and EF36 with a Silixa XT. Data from October 2021 were collected at the SGP EF36 with a Silixa XT. Data from February 2022 were collected at the CF with a Silixa XT.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

UAS remote sensing (Osprey platform): Red-green-blue (RGB) imagery, thermal infrared (TIR) imagery, and canopy reflectance, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 2018

Airborne remote sensing data collected using the Brookhaven National Laboratory's (BNL) heavy-lift unoccupied aerial system (UAS) octocopter platform - the Osprey - operated by the Terrestrial Ecosystem Science and Technology (TEST) group. This package includes data from 34 flights flown over the NGEE-Arctic Council Mile Maker 72 (MM72), Kougarok MM64, Kougarok MM80, and Teller MM27 sites in July, 2018. The Osprey is a multi-sensor UAS platform that simultaneously measures very high spatial resolution optical red/green/blue (RGB) and thermal infrared (TIR) surface "skin" temperature imagery, as well as surface reflectance at 1 nm intervals in the visible to near-infrared spectral range from ~350-1000 nm measured at regular intervals along each flight path. This package provide the Level 0 (raw, unprocessed) data collected by the Osprey platform. Ancillary aircraft data, flight mission parameters, and general flight conditions provided by the onboard flight and data collection computers are also included. Data and metadata are provided as text (*.txt, *.json), tabular (*.dat, *.csv, *.waypoint), and image (*.jpg) formats. This metadata document contains flight campaign, instrument and file metadata, along with a description of the L0 data, and file naming scheme. The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska. Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1999

Cardiovascular Deconditioning in Humans: Alteration in Cardiovascular Regulation and Function During Simulated Microgravity

Alterations in cardiovascular regulation and function that occur during and after space flight have been reported. These alterations are manifested, for example, by reduced orthostatic tolerance upon reentry to the earth's gravity from space. However, the precise physiologic mechanisms responsible for these alterations remain to be fully elucidated. Perhaps, as a result, effective countermeasures have yet to be developed. In this project we apply a powerful, new method - cardiovascular system identification (CSI) - for the study of the effects of space flight on the cardiovascular system so that effective countermeasures can be developed. CSI involves the mathematical analysis of second-to-second fluctuations in non-invasively measured heart rate, arterial blood pressure (ABP), and instantaneous lung volume (ILV - respiratory activity) in order to characterize quantitatively the physiologic mechanisms responsible for the couplings between these signals. Through the characterization of all the physiologic mechanisms coupling these signals, CSI provides a model of the closed-loop cardiovascular regulatory state in an individual subject. The model includes quantitative descriptions of the heart rate baroreflex, autonomic function, as well as other important physiologic mechanisms. We are in the process of incorporating beat-to-beat fluctuations of stroke volume into the CSI technique in order to quantify additional physiologic mechanisms such as those involved in control of peripheral vascular resistance and alterations in cardiac contractility. We apply CSI in conjunction with the two general protocols of the Human Studies Core project. The first protocol involves ground-based, human head down tilt bed rest to simulate microgravity and acute stressors - upright tilt, standing and bicycle exercise - to provide orthostatic and exercise challenges. The second protocol is intended to be the same as the first but with the addition of sleep deprivation to determine whether this contributes to cardiovascular alterations. In these studies, we focus on the basic physiologic mechanisms responsible for the alterations in cardiovascular regulation and function during the simulated microgravity in order to formulate hypotheses regarding what countermeasures are likely to be most effective. Compared to our original proposal, the protocol we are using has been slightly modified to lengthen the bed rest period to 16 days and streamline the data collection. These modifications provide us data on a longer bed rest period and have enabled us to increase our subject throughput. Based on review of our preliminary data we have decided to test a countermeasure which is applied the very end of the bed rest period. We will use the same bed rest protocol to test this countermeasure. We anticipate completing the baseline data collection in our first protocol plus testing of the countermeasure in an additional eight subjects, at which time we plan to initiate the second protocol which includes sleep deprivation. In future studies, we plan to apply CSI to test other potential countermeasures in conjunction with the same bed rest, sleep deprivation and acute stressor models. We also anticipate applying CSI for studying astronauts before and after space flight and ultimately, during space flight. The application of CSI is providing information relevant to the development and evaluation of effective countermeasures allowing humans to adapt appropriately upon re-exposure to a gravity field, and to live and work for longer periods of time in microgravity.

Cohen, Richard↗

NASA NTRS2000

The Characteristics of Project Managers: An Exploration of Complex Projects in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Study of characteristics and relationships of project managers of complex projects in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Study is based on Research Design, Data Collection, Interviews, Case Studies, and Data Analysis across varying disciplines such as biological research, space research, advanced aeronautical test facilities, aeronautic flight demonstrations, and projects at different NASA centers to ensure that findings were not endemic to one type of project management, or to one Center's management philosophies. Each project is treated as a separate case with the primary data collected during semi-structured interviews with the project manager responsible for the overall project. Results of the various efforts show some definite similarities of characteristics and relationships among the project managers in the study. A model for how the project managers formulated and managed their projects is included.

Mulenburg, Gerald M.↗