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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 613 records · Page 34
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Lake Arrowhead Microbial Genomics Conference

The Lake Arrowhead Microbial Genomics Conference (formerly the E. coli and Small Genomes Conference, and the Microbial Genomes Conference) was held September 16-20, 2018, at the UCLA Conference Center at Lake Arrowhead, California. This conference is part of a yearly meeting initiated in 1991 to bring together genome sequencers, bioinformatics specialists, biologists, and geneticists, to forge interactions that would result in meaningful functional genomics. The goal of the meeting was to translate the influx of new genome sequencing information into useful biological studies. The Lake Arrowhead 2018 meeting had a major focus on microbial communities, the human microbiome, pathogens, bioenergetics, and environmental microbiology. The field of genomics has reached the point where deriving the sequence of an organism’s entire genome is now seen as a beginning rather than an endpoint. Moreover, understanding the sequences of whole communities, and particularly those that make up different microbiomes, is now a central point of the field. The 2018 meeting covered microorganisms for which extensive analyses exist, and those for which new biological and technical strategies are being developed. The focus on biodiversity, the human microbiome, pathogenic organisms, and bioenergetics added special significance to this meeting. This meeting was designed to have a mix of 34 invited presentations and poster sessions with 80 posters, and had 160 participants. This meeting has become established as a major annual microbial genomics conference during the last 26 years and has assured status and quality. It offers a major opportunity for young investigators and students to attend, present posters, and give talks. In fact, 22 of the 34 invited speakers were early career stage scientists. An important impact of the conference was the forging of new collaborations between scientists and particularly young scientists with the array of multidisciplinary researchers at the meeting.

Miller, Jeffrey H.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Level 2 Milestone Report – Additively Manufactured 304L Stainless Steel

The purpose of this milestone was to support an active research project at Los Alamos National Laboratory to determine the dynamic properties, specifically the equation of state, of additively manufactured (AM) 304L stainless steel and compare to those of forged metal. Our contribution was to measure the shock Hugoniot of AM 304L stainless steel in both the build (growth) and in-plane (transverse) directions and compare those results to similar measurements in forged 304L. These experiments were conducted on the C3 Launcher located in North Las Vegas.

304L stainless steel↗
DOE OSTI2021

Thermal and Mechanical Energy Performance Analysis of Closed-loop Systems in Hot-Dry-Rock and Hot-Wet-Rock Reservoirs

To understand the potential and limitations for recovering thermal and mechanical energy from closed-loop geothermal systems a collaborative study is underway that will investigate an array of system configurations, working fluids, geothermal reservoir characteristics, operational periods, and heat transfer enhancements. Closed-loop geothermal systems are distinguished from hydrothermal or enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) in that the working fluid only circulates through drilled boreholes. Principal objectives of this study are to determine upper limits for thermal and mechanical energy recovery and optimal operational and configuration parameters for each scenario. Teams of scientists and engineers are applying a suite of numerical simulation and analytical tools to model the heat recovery from closed-loop geothermal systems, and then optimizing operational and configuration parameters to maximize the thermal and mechanical energy recovery. Results from the suite of numerical simulators and analytical tools, such as outlet and inlet states and temperature profiles in the geothermal reservoir over time are intercompared to increase confidence in the analysis. This paper documents the study findings for closed-loop systems in hot-dry-rock and hot-wet-rock reservoirs, where water is the working fluid. The characteristics of the hot-dry-rock reservoir were based on the U.S. Department of Energy's Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) site, near Milford Utah. Two objective functions are defined to optimize the operational and configuration parameters of the system, one each for the recovery of mechanical and thermal energy over the period of operation. For both objective functions, a surface plant thermal to mechanical energy conversion factor and an energy drilling cost is required. In keeping with the study objectives the surface plant conversion factor is determined from a second-law of thermodynamics analysis of a generic binary plant, and drilling costs are based on those from the Utah FORGE site and current national electrical costs.

closed-loop geothermal systems↗
DOE OSTI2021

Thermal and Mechanical Energy Performance Analysis of Closed-loop Systems in Hot-Dry-Rock and Hot-Wet-Rock Reservoirs

To understand the potential and limitations for recovering thermal and mechanical energy from closed-loop geothermal systems a collaborative study is underway that will investigate an array of system configurations, working fluids, geothermal reservoir characteristics, operational periods, and heat transfer enhancements. Closed-loop geothermal systems are distinguished from hydrothermal or enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) in that the working fluid only circulates through drilled boreholes. Principal objectives of this study are to determine upper limits for thermal and mechanical energy recovery and optimal operational and configuration parameters for each scenario. Teams of scientists and engineers are applying a suite of numerical simulation and analytical tools to model the heat recovery from closed-loop geothermal systems, and then optimizing operational and configuration parameters to maximize the thermal and mechanical energy recovery. Results from the suite of numerical simulators and analytical tools, such as outlet and inlet states and temperature profiles in the geothermal reservoir over time are intercompared to increase confidence in the analysis. This paper documents the study findings for closed-loop systems in hot-dry-rock and hot-wet-rock reservoirs, where water is the working fluid. The characteristics of the hot-dry-rock reservoir were based on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) site, near Milford Utah. Two objective functions are defined to optimize the operational and configuration parameters of the system, one each for the recovery of mechanical and thermal energy over the period of operation. For both objective functions, a surface plant thermal to mechanical energy conversion factor and an energy drilling cost is required. In keeping with the study objectives the surface plant conversion factor is determined from a second-law of thermodynamics analysis of a generic binary plant, and drilling costs are based on those from the Utah FORGE site and current national electrical costs.

Closed-loop geothermal systems, hot-dry-rock, hot-↗
DOE OSTI2022

Lake Arrowhead Microbial Genomics Conference

The Lake Arrowhead Microbial Genomics Conference (formerly the E. coli and Small Genomes Conference, and the Microbial Genomes Conference) was held September 11-15, 2022, at the UCLA Conference Center at Lake Arrowhead, California. This conference is part of a yearly meeting initiated in 1991 to bring together genome sequencers, bioinformatics specialists, biologists, and geneticists, to forge interactions that would result in meaningful functional genomics. The goal of the meeting was to translate the influx of new genome sequencing information into useful biological studies. The Lake Arrowhead 2022 meeting had a major focus on microbial communities, the human microbiome, pathogens, phage therapy, bioinformatic methods of analysis, bioenergenics, and environmental microbiology. The field of genomics has reached the point where deriving the sequence of an organism’s entire genome is now seen as a beginning rather than an endpoint. Moreover, understanding the sequences of whole communities, and particularly those that make up different microbiomes, is now a central point of the field. The 2022 meeting covered microorganisms for which extensive analyses exist, and those for which new biological and technical strategies are being developed. The focus on biodiversity, the human microbiome, pathogenic organisms and methods of countering them, and bioenergetics added special significance to this meeting. This meeting was designed to have a mix of 36 invited presentations and poster sessions with more than 80 posters, and had 147 participants. This meeting has become established as a major annual microbial genomics conference during the last 29 years and has assured status and quality. It offers a major opportunity for young investigators and students to attend, present posters, and give talks. In fact, 50% of the invited speakers were early career stage scientists. An important impact of the conference was the forging of new collaborations between scientists and particularly young scientists with the array of multidisciplinary researchers at the meeting.

Miller, Jeffrey H.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Shallow Geothermal Resources for Cooling Applications at the University of Hawai'i

Drilling activities account for 30% to 57% of the cost to develop and install a geothermal plant. Therefore, an accurate representation of the cost to drill a well is paramount in techno-economic analysis to determine the feasibility of a geothermal power project. In 2022, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) endeavored to revise the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GeoVision baseline drilling cost curves due to extensive improvement in drilling rates at the Utah Frontier Observatory Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) demonstration site. That effort did not culminate in the recommendation of new curves because the actual project costs did not match the reported performance improvements and were at or above the GeoVision baseline. The need for another iteration of this analysis has arisen from industry record drilling performance reported by recent commercial field-scale and demonstration projects, including Fervo Energy's Cape Station, the Utah FORGE 16B(78)-32 demonstration and the Geysers Power Company's GDC-36 demonstration. Therefore, in this work, we have estimated the resulting industry average rate of penetration (ROP) and bit life and applied these parameters as inputs to the Well Cost Simplified model used in the GeoVision analysis. The resulting revised cost curves show a significant decline from the GeoVision baseline. For vertical wells, the magnitude of cost decline ranges between 12% and 24% while for deviated wells, cost reductions between 18% and 26% are estimated. The revised cost curves are in good agreement with actual cost data and therefore, quantify the economic impact of the utilization of (and advances in) polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit technology and the application of physics-based methodologies that optimize mechanical specific energy.

building cooling↗
DOE OSTI2025

2025 Geothermal Drilling Cost Curves Update: Preprint

Drilling activities account for 30% to 57% of the cost to develop and install a geothermal plant. Therefore, an accurate representation of the cost to drill a well is paramount in techno-economic analysis to determine the feasibility of a geothermal power project. In 2022, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) endeavored to revise the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GeoVision baseline drilling cost curves due to extensive improvement in drilling rates at the Utah Frontier Observatory Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) demonstration site. That effort did not culminate in the recommendation of new curves because the actual project costs did not match the reported performance improvements and were at or above the GeoVision baseline. The need for another iteration of this analysis has arisen from industry record drilling performance reported by recent commercial field-scale and demonstration projects, including Fervo Energy’s Cape Station, the Utah FORGE 16B(78)-32 demonstration and the Geysers Power Company’s GDC-36 demonstration. Therefore, in this work, we have estimated the resulting industry average rate of penetration (ROP) and bit life and applied these parameters as inputs to the Well Cost Simplified model used in the GeoVision analysis. The resulting revised cost curves show a significant decline from the GeoVision baseline. For vertical wells, the magnitude of cost decline ranges between 12% and 24% while for deviated wells, cost reductions between 18% and 26% are estimated. The revised cost curves are in good agreement with actual cost data and therefore, quantify the economic impact of the utilization of (and advances in) polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit technology and the application of physics-based methodologies that optimize mechanical specific energy.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

The Influence of Warm abc-Pressing on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Stable Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Steel

The structure and properties of the 17Cr13Ni3Mo0.01C stable austenitic steel subjected to high-temperature plastic deformation by the abc-pressing (multiaxial forging) are investigated in the temperature range from 800 to 600°С. The results of investigations demonstrate that after the abc-pressing the steel has a single-phase austenitic ultrafine-grained structure with the size of its elements (grains and subgrains) of (200 ± 140) nm. The formation of the ultrafine-grained state increases the strength properties (0.2 proof stress increases threefold) and decreases the elongation value of the steel at room temperature compared to the coarse-grained specimens. An analysis of the contributions from hardening during abc-pressing evidences in favor of the strength improvement being primarily due to the grain refinement; it is well described by the Hall–Petch relationship. In this case steel with ultrafine-grained austenitic structure exhibits an effect of structural superplasticity at the temperatures T > 750°С: the elongation value at Т = 800°С is found to be 180%.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Tribological Performance of Austempered and Tempered Ductile Iron

Austempered ductile iron with its unique ausferritic structure is produced by an isothermal heat treatment process. Austempered ductile iron is a potential material to substitute for traditional steel castings and forgings in current industry due to its excellent mechanical properties. The tempering process is frequently used to enhance the ductility and toughness of a material and reduce residual stress. In this research, the phase transformation of austempered ductile iron was studied by applying various tempering temperatures with constant holding duration. It was found that the ausferritic structure was decomposed into dispersive cementite particles after receiving a tempering temperature of 538 °C or higher. The specific amount of retained austenite was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The wear resistance of tempered austempered ductile iron was investigated by using a ball-on-disk sliding test configuration. The results were compared with conventional quenched and tempered ductile iron under equivalent hardness. Both austempered ductile iron and tempered austempered ductile iron samples had better wear resistance than quenched and tempered ductile iron. The results presented in this research can be utilized as a reference in the tempering treatment of austempered ductile iron material for future applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Effect of Temper Condition on the Corrosion and Fatigue Performance of AA2219 Aluminum Alloy

The effect of temper condition and corrosion on the fatigue behavior of alloy AA2219 has been investigated in different temper conditions (T87 and T851). Corrosion testing was performed by exposing the tensile specimens to 3.5% NaCl solution for different time periods, and the corrosion damage was quantified using a 3D profilometer. The exposure-tested specimens were subjected for fatigue testing at different stress levels, and the reduction in fatigue life was measured along with detailed fracture morphology variations. The results indicated that the alloy in both tempers suffers localized corrosion damage and the measured corrosion depth was 120 and 1200 µm, respectively, for T87 and T851 conditions. The loss in fatigue strength was found to be high for T851 (67%) when compared to that of T87 temper condition (58%) for a pre-corrosion time of 15 days. In both cases, fatigue crack initiation is associated with corrosion pits, which act as stress raisers. However, the crack propagation was predominantly transgranular for T87 and a mixed transgranular and intergranular fracture in the case of T851 temper condition. This was shown to be due to the heterogeneous microstructure due to the thermomechanical working and the delay in quench time imposed on the alloy forging in T851 temper condition. The findings in this paper present useful information for the selection of appropriate heat treatment condition to facilitate control of the corrosion behavior which is of great significance for their fatigue performance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Microstructure evolution in TRIP-aided seamless steel tube during T-shape hydroforming process

Transformation-induced plasticity aided seamless steel tube comprising of ferrite, bainite, and metastable austenite was processed through forging, piercing, cold-drawing, and two-stage heat treatment. T-shape hydroforming is a classic forming method for experimental research and practical production. The current work studied austenite-to-martensite transformation and microcrack initiation and propagation of the tube during T-shape hydroforming using electron backscattering diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The strain distribution in the bcc-phase and fcc-phase was studied by evaluating changes in the average local misorientation. Compared to the compressive stress, metastable austenite with similar strain surrounding or inside the grains transformed easier under tensile loading conditions. The inclusions were responsible for microcrack initiation. The propagation of the cracks is hindered by martensite/austenite constituent due to transformation induced plasticity effect. The volume fraction of untransformed retained austenite decreased with increase in strain implying transformation-induced plasticity effect. - Highlights: • Hydroformed tubes processed via TRIP concept • EBSD provided estimate of micro local strain. • Retained austenite hinders propagation of microcracks.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Improved detection of rough defects for ultrasonic NDE inspections based on finite element modeling of elastic wave scattering

Defects which posses rough surfaces greatly affect ultrasonic wave scattering behaviour, often reducing the magnitude of reflected signals. Ultrasonic inspections rely upon this response for detecting and sizing flaws. For safety critical components reliable characterisation is crucial. Therefore, providing an accurate means to predict reductions in signal amplitude is essential. An extension of Kirchhoff theory has formed the basis for the UK power industry inspection justifications. However, it is widely recognised that these predictions are pessimistic owing to analytical approximations. A numerical full field modelling approach does not fall victim to such limitations. Here, a Finite Element model is used to aid in setting a non-conservative reporting threshold during the inspection of a large pressure vessel forging that might contain embedded rough defects. The ultrasonic response from multiple rough surfaces defined by the same statistical class is calculated for normal incident compression waves. The approach is validated by comparing coherent scattering with predictions made by Kirchhoff theory. At lower levels of roughness excellent agreement is observed, whilst higher values confirm the pessimism of Kirchhoff theory. Furthermore, the mean amplitude in the specular direction is calculated. This represents the information obtained during an inspection, indicating that reductions due to increasing roughness are significantly less than the coherent component currently being used.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Analysis of critically refracted longitudinal waves

Fabrication processes, such as, welding, forging, and rolling can induce residual stresses in metals that will impact product performance and phenomena such as cracking and corrosion. To better manage residual stress tools are needed to map their distribution. The critically refracted ultrasonic longitudinal (LCR) wave is one such approach that has been used for residual stress characterization. It has been shown to be sensitive to stress and less sensitive to the effects of the texture of the material. Although the LCR wave is increasingly widely applied, the factors that influence the formation of the LCR beam are seldom discussed. This paper reports a numerical model used to investigate the transducers' parameters that can contribute to the directionality of the LCR wave and hence enable performance optimization when used for industrial applications. An orthogonal test method is used to study the transducer parameters which influence the LCR wave beams. This method provides a design tool that can be used to study and optimize multiple parameter experiments and it can identify which parameter or parameters are of most significance. The simulation of the sound field in a 2-D 'water-steel' model is obtained using a Spatial Fourier Analysis method. The effects of incident angle, standoff, the aperture and the center frequency of the transducer were studied. Results show that the aperture of the transducer, the center frequency and the incident angle are the most important factors in controlling the directivity of the resulting LCR wave fields.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Tensile properties of the modified 13Cr martensitic stainless steels

This paper reports the influence of Mo and Ni on the tensile properties of the modified 13Cr martensitic stainless steels in tempered condition. Four steels with different content of Mo and Ni were prepared by induction melting followed by hot forging, quenching and tempering. The experimental results showed that the addition of about 1% and 3% Mo has a beneficial effect to increase both the tensile strength and the elongation of the steels. On the contrary, the addition of about 3% Ni into the martensitic stainless steel results in decreasing of both the tensile strength and the elongation. Among the alloys investigated the 13Cr3Mo type steel exhibited largest tensile strength of 1348 MPa and largest elongation of 12%. The observation on the tensile fractured surfaces by using scanning electron microscope supported these findings.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

2019 Geothermal Design Challenge TM Overview

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Technologies Office (GTO), in partnership with the Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) and the Idaho National Laboratory (INL), invited high school and university (undergraduate and graduate) teams to explore the future of geothermal energy and visualize the world of geothermal energy by participating in the 2019 Geothermal Design Challenge™. Teams of 2 or 3 members researched data, interpreted information and created a data visualization portfolio that told a compelling story about geothermal energy by answering the challenge question, “Where do you target your next production well to maximize geothermal reservoir performance?” The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of how the 2019 Geothermal Design Challenge™ was organized and conducted.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

2019 accomplishments: degradation of mechanical properties in structural metals and welds for FTS reservoirs

This report documents work in 2019 at SRNL in support of the Aging and Lifetimes program. Specimens for fracture toughness testing were prepared in prior years by thermally pre-charging samples, provided by Sandia National Laboratories, of welded types 304L and 21-6-9 stainless steels. These samples were pre-charged in 2017. The fracture toughness of the first aged specimens was measured and compared to historical data. The measurements of the 304L and 21-6-9 weld and particularly HAZ represent some of the first fracture data relevant to modern GTS reservoirs. This work represents an on-going collaboration between SRNL and SNL to understand tritium embrittlement of structural metals in Gas Transfer System reservoirs which informs lifetime assessments. Continued testing was conducted on ongoing historical studies, including the effects of very long-term aging, and the relative performance of differently forged stockpile relevant 304L and 316L samples. New samples were pre-charged with tritium and placed in a freezer for an aging study to allow helium to build into the material. The precharged samples consist of smooth and notched tensile samples of 304L stainless steel, as well as tube tensile samples of different thermal treatments supplied by Sandia National Laboratories. Their charging marks the beginning of a new sequence of studies to explore fundamental deformation mechanisms underpinning tritium embrittlement. At predesignated times, samples will be removed from aging and tested to provide data which will help develop an understanding of material degradation with increasing aging time. Also documented is progress in employing various advanced characterization techniques including high resolution electron microscopy, thermally programed desorption, and small angle x-ray scattering, as well as facilities renovations and equipment procurements in support of sustained tritium impacts on materials program at SRNL.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗