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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 613 records · Page 34
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1990

Surface electrons in inverted layers of p-HgCdTe

Anodic oxide passivation of p-type HgCdTe generates an inversion layer. Extremely high Hall mobility data for electrons in this layer indicated the presence of a two-dimensional electron gas. This is verified by use of the Shubnikov-de Haas effect from 1.45 to 4.15 K. Data are extracted utilizing a numerical second derivative of dc measurement. Three sub-bands are detected. Their relative occupancies are in excellent agreement with theory and with experimental results obtained on anodic oxide as accumulation layers of n-type HgCdTe. The effective mass derived is comparable to what was expected.

Schacham, Samuel E.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Invertible Temper Modeling using Normalizing Flows and the Effects of Structure Preserving Loss

Advanced manufacturing research and development is typically small-scale, owing to costly experiments associated with these novel processes. Deep learning techniques could help accelerate this development cycle but frequently struggle in small-data regimes like the advanced manufacturing space. While prior work has applied deep learning to modeling visually plausible advanced manufacturing microstructures, little work has been done on data-driven modeling of how microstructures are affected by heat treatment, or assessing the degree to which synthetic microstructures are able to support existing workflows. We propose to address this gap by using invertible neural networks (normalizing flows) to model the effects of heat treatment, e.g., tempering. The model is developed using scanning electron microscope imagery from samples produced using shear-assisted processing and extrusion (ShAPE) manufacturing. This approach not only produces visually and topologically plausible samples, but also captures information related to a sample’s material properties or experimental process parameters. We also demonstrate that topological data analysis, used in prior work to characterize microstructures, can also be used to stabilize model training, preserve structure, and improve downstream results. We assess directions for future work and identify our approach as an important step towards end-to-end deep learning system for accelerating advanced manufacturing research and development.

Howland, Sylvia↗
DOE OSTI2016

Three-dimensional reconstruction of the size and shape of protein microcrystals using Bragg coherent diffractive imaging

Three-dimensional imaging of protein crystals during X-ray diffraction experiments opens up a range of possibilities for optimising crystal quality and gaining new insights into the fundamental processes that drive radiation damage. Obtaining this information at the appropriate lengthscales however is extremely challenging. One approach that has been recently demonstrated as a promising avenue for charactering the size and shape of protein crystals at nanometre lengthscales is Bragg Coherent Diffractive Imaging (BCDI). BCDI is a recently developed technique that is able to recover the phase of the continuous diffraction intensity signal around individual Bragg peaks. When data is collected at multiple points on a rocking curve a Reciprocal Space Map (RSM) can be assembled and then inverted using BCDI to obtain a three-dimensional image of the crystal. The first demonstration of two-dimensional BCDI of protein crystals was reported by Boutet at al., recently this work was extended to the study of radiation damage of micron-sized crystals. Here we present the first three-dimensional reconstructions of a Lysozyme protein crystal using BDI. The results are validated against RSM and TEM data and have implications for both radiation damage studies and for developing new approaches to structure retrieval from micron-sized protein crystals.

Bragg coherent diffractive imaging↗
DOE OSTI2018

A methodology to analyze photovoltaic tracker uptime

A metric is developed to analyze the daily performance of single-axis photovoltaic (PV) trackers. The metric relies on comparing correlations between the daily time series of the PV power output and an array of simulated plane-of-array irradiances for the given day. Mathematical thresholds and a logic sequence are presented, so the daily tracking metric can be applied in an automated fashion on large-scale PV systems. The results of applying the metric are visually examined against the time series of the power output data for a large number of days and for various systems. The visual inspection results suggest that overall, the algorithm is accurate in identifying stuck or functioning trackers on clear-sky days. Visual inspection also shows that there are days that are not classified by the metric where the power output data may be sufficient to identify a stuck tracker. Based on the daily tracking metric, uptime results are calculated for 83 different inverters at 34 PV sites. The mean tracker uptime is calculated at 99% based on 2 different calculation methods. The daily tracking metric clearly has limitations, but as there is no existing metrics in the literature, it provides a valuable tool for flagging stuck trackers.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

1D profiling using highly dispersive guided waves

Corrosion is one of the industries major issues regarding the integrity of assets. Currently inspections are conducted at regular intervals to ensure a sufficient integrity level of these assets. Cost reduction while maintaining a high level of reliability and safety of installations is a major challenge. There are many situations where the actual defect location is not accessible, e.g., a pipe support or a partially buried pipe. Guided wave tomography has been developed to reconstruct the wall thickness. In case of bottom of the line corrosion, i.e., a single corrosion pit, a simpler approach may be followed. Data is collected in a pit-catch configuration at the 12 o'clock position using highly dispersive guided waves. The phase spectrum is used to invert for a wall thickness profile in the circumferential direction, assuming a Gaussian defect profile. An EMAT sensor design has been made to measure at the 12 o'clock position of a pipe. The concept is evaluated on measured data, showing good sizing capabilities on a variety simple defect profiles.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Dynamic In‐Plane Heterogeneous and Inverted Response of Graphite to Fast Charging and Discharging Conditions in Lithium‐Ion Pouch Cells

Solutions for improving fast charging of lithium‐ion batteries have largely focused on alleviating through‐plane lithiation gradients while little is understood about in‐plane heterogeneities and how to resolve them. Herein, high‐speed synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (XRD) resolves graphite lithiation spatially and temporally during 6 C charging and 2 C discharging. At every point during operation, considerable differences in the state of lithiation across the pouch cell are present. Some regions are more responsive to operation than others, reaching full lithiation early during charge and full delithiation during discharge. Other regions within the cell never fully delithiate during discharge, despite a prolonged voltage hold at 2.8 V. Using time‐resolved XRD data, the calculated local current density (mA cm −2 ) at the graphite surface shows an unexpected occurrence of local inverted current densities where regions of graphite are observed to delithiate during charging and lithiate during discharging. A pseudo‐3D model is developed for the graphite electrode with spatially varying microstructural tortuosity to show how microstructural heterogeneity could influence spatial charge dynamics. The model could not predict the complex in‐plane charge behavior observed within the cell. Consequently physics‐based charging protocols based on homogeneous electrode assumptions may underestimate the local variations in charge dynamics and occurrence of lithium plating.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Data-driven Modeling for Grid Edge IBRs: A Digital Twin Perspective of User-Defined Models

Recent events in Odessa have brought attention to the challenges associated with the interaction between Inverter- Based Resources (IBRs) and the transmission and distribution system. The NERC event diagnosis report has highlighted sev- eral issues, emphasizing the need for continuous performance monitoring of these IBRs by system operators. Key areas of concern include the mismatch of control and protection perfor- mance of IBRs between the original equipment manufacturer (OEM)-provided models and field measurements. The inability to replicate the realistic response can result in incorrect reliability and resilience studies. In this paper, we developed an approach on how to emulate the behavior of an IBR using measurement data obtained for system operators to utilize in real-time and long- term planning. Two experiments are conducted in the phasor domain and electromagnetic transients (EMT) domain to emulate the behavior for grid forming and grid following inverters under various operating conditions and the effectiveness of the proposed model is demonstrated in terms of accuracy and ease of utilizing user-defined models (UDMs)

Mahapatra, Kaveri [BATTELLE (PACIFIC NW LAB)]↗
NASA NTRS1982

MAGSAT scalar anomalies

To facilitate processing large data arrays, elements of spherical Earth analysis programs NVERTSM, SMFLD, NVERTG and GLFD were implemented and tested on the LARS IBM 4341 computer. Currently, the problem of inverting 2 deg MAGSAT scalar anomalies for the region (80 W, 60 E) longitude and (40 S, 70 N) latitude is being implemented on the LARS-computer for quantitative comparison with free air gravity anomaly, geothermal and tectonic data. Gravity and MAGSAT anomalies from a subset of this region (30 W, 60 E), (40 S, 70 N) were already processed for a paper on satellite magnetic anomalies of Africa and Europe.

Braile, L. W.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Online condition monitoring based dead-time compensation for high frequency SiC voltage source inverter

Dead-time, device output capacitance, and other non-ideal characteristics cause voltage error for the midpoint PWM voltage of the semiconductor phase-leg employed in a voltage-source inverter (VSI). Voltage-second balancing is a well-known concept to mitigate this distortion and improve converter power quality. This paper proposes a unique voltage-second balancing scheme for a SiC based voltage source inverter using online condition monitoring of turn-off delay time and drain-source voltage rise/fall time. This data is sent to the micro-controller to be used in an algorithm to actively adjust the duty cycle of the input PWM gate signals to match the voltage-second of the non-ideal output voltage with an ideal output voltage-second. The monitoring system also allows for this implementation to eliminate the need for precise current sensing and allows for the implementation to be load independent. Dynamic current sensing is still a developing technology, and each load has a unique effect on the output voltage distortion. Test results for a 1 kW half-bridge inverter implementing this monitoring system and voltage-second balancing scheme show a 70% enhancement on the error against the ideal fundamental current value of the output current and a 2% THD improvement on the output current low frequency harmonics.

Dyer, Jacob↗
NASA NTRS1979

Experimental study of coaxial nozzle exhaust noise

Experimental results are presented for static acoustic model tests of various geometrical configurations of coaxial nozzles operating over a range of flow conditions. The geometrical configurations consisted of nozzles with coplanar and non-coplanar exit planes and various exhaust area ratios. Primary and secondary nozzle flows were varied independently over a range of nozzle pressure ratios from 1.4 to 3.0 and gas temperatures from 280 to 1100 K. Acoustic data are presented for the conventional mode of coaxial nozzle operation as well as for the inverted velocity profile mode. Comparisons are presented to show the effect of configuration and flow changes on the acoustic characteristics of the nozzles.

Goodykoontz, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Experimental study of coaxial nozzle exhaust noise

Experimental results are presented for static acoustic model tests of various geometrical configurations of coaxial nozzles operating over a range of flow conditions. The geometrical configurations consisted of nozzles with coplanar and non-coplanar exit planes and various exhaust area ratios. Primary and secondary nozzle flows were varied independently over a range of nozzle pressure ratios from 1.4 to 3.0 and gas temperatures from 280 to 1100 K. Acoustic data are presented for the conventional mode of coaxial nozzle operation as well as for the inverted velocity profile mode. Comparisons are presented to show the effect of configuration and flow changes on the acoustic characteristics of the nozzles.

Goodykoontz, J. H.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Measurement of the Stopping Power of Water for Carbon Ions Using Inverted Doppler Shift Attenuation

Carbon ion therapy has gained importance in cancer treatment due to its locally well confined dose distribution, but there is a significant lack of experimental data which is needed for dose calculations and estimation of biological damage. Since tissue is mainly comprised of water, the energy-dependent stopping power of water is the critical measure. Importantly, previous data gathered from experiments with light ions has been limited to water vapour and ice and neglected water in its liquid phase. Additionally, theoretical models regarding the stopping power cannot yet describe the complex charge transfer interactions of the projectile at velocities in the range of the mean velocity of the valence electrons of the traversed medium. There are also discrepancies in the amount of phase effects concerning water and water vapour cross sections. Despite its importance there exists no experimental data for the stopping power of water for carbon ions in the energy region between 1 MeV and 5 MeV. This may be due to the short track length of carbon ions which makes traditional transmission experiments unfeasible. Therefore a project was launched to measure the stopping power of liquid water for carbon ions in the vicinity of the Bragg peak which corresponds to the energy regime of the maximum stopping power. For this measurement the inverted Doppler shift attenuation method was used. This uses the gamma quanta emitted from excited carbon nuclei which are produced by means of the {sup 12}C(α,α'){sup 12}C* reaction. The recorded γ-spectra contain the information of the projectiles velocity at the time they decay to their ground state and an internal clock provided by the exponential decay law. The deceleration of the projectile is directly connected to the stopping power which can be determined with this method as a function of the projectiles kinetic energy. Further measurements have been carried out to improve the experimental method. The setup and the preliminary results of this study will be presented. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

Analysis of Design Constraints and System Impact of DER Cryptographic Module

In designing a security module for inverter communications in a DER environment, it is critical to consider the impact of the additional security on the environment as well as what types of security is required for the various messages that must pass from the inverter to and from a utility. Also, since cyber security is more than just preventing an unauthorized user from viewing data, mechanisms for proving identity and ensuring that data cannot be altered without such a modification being discovered are needed. This is where the security principles of confidentiality, integrity, and availability come into play. For different types of communications, these different security principles may be important or not needed at all. Furthermore, the cost and constraints for applying cryptography for securing DER communications must be considered to help determine what is feasible within this environment and what will be the impact and cost of applying common cryptographic protections to inverter communications.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Analysis of Design Constraints and System Impact of DER Cryptographic Module

In designing a security module for inverter communications in a DER environment, it is critical to consider the impact of the additional security on the environment as well as what types of security is required for the various messages that must pass from the inverter to and from a utility. Also, since cyber security is more than just preventing an unauthorized user from viewing data, mechanisms for proving identity and ensuring that data cannot be altered without such a modification being discovered are needed. This is where the security principles of confidentiality, integrity, and availability come into play. For different types of communications, these different security principles may be important or not needed at all. Furthermore, the cost and constraints for applying cryptography for securing DER communications must be considered to help determine what is feasible within this environment and what will be the impact and cost of applying common cryptographic protections to inverter communications.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Transmission and Distribution Real-Time Analysis Software for Monitoring and Control: Design and Simulation Testing

The US electric grid is facing operational, stability, and security challenges. Transmission system operators need some measure of visibility into distribution system renewable generation. Distribution system generation needs to support transmission system voltage. The grid is experiencing an expansion in measurement systems. How to take full advantage of this expansion and defend against attacks, both cyber and physical, poses additional challenges. This paper introduces software designed to meet these challenges. At the center of the software is an Integrated System Model (ISM) that spans from transmission to secondary distribution. The ISM is employed in real-time abnormality detection, voltage stability forecasting, and multi-mode control. The software architecture along with selected analysis modules is presented. Testing results are presented for: 1—attacks on utility infrastructure; 2—energy savings from optimal control; 3—distribution system control response during a low voltage transmission system event; 4—cyber-attacks on PV inverters, where physical inverters are used in hardware-in-the-simulation-loop studies. Contributions of this work include real-time analysis that spans from three-phase transmission through secondary distribution; an approach for detecting abnormalities that employs measurements from three independent measurement systems; and a multi-mode distribution system control that responds to cyber-attacks, physical attacks, equipment failures, and transmission system needs.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS1988

Invertible canopy reflectance modeling of vegetation structure in semiarid woodland

The Li-Strahler canopy reflectance model, driven by Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data, provided regional estimates of tree size and density in two bioclimatic zones in West Africa. This model exploits tree geometry in an inversion technique to predict average tree size and density from reflectance data using a few simple parameters measured in the field (spatial pattern, shape, and size distribution of trees) and in the imagery (spectral signatures of scene components). The model was tested in sparse woodland and wooded grassland in the Sahelian and Sudanian bioclimatic zones in West Africa.

Franklin, Janet↗
DOE OSTI2011

Bulk Attenuation in the Earth’s Mantle Due to Phase Transitions

The calculated bulk attenuation due to phase transition from mineral physics data is reported here. With relaxation time less than 1 s, the calculated value for a pyrolite mantle is consistent with the inverted bulk attenuation of the upper mantle from seismic observations. The two important mechanisms of phase transitions, diffusion-controlled and kinetics-controlled, have different relaxation time as indicated by the models here. The diffusion controlled is more likely to contribute to the observed seismic bulk attenuation than the kinetic-controlled process based on the available diffusivity and kinetics data. The correlation between the bulk attenuation and relaxation time emphasizes the importance of a number of parameters in the mineral physics database such as Fe-Mg diffusivity and kinetics in olivine-wadsleyite-ringwoodite-perovskite, Mg-Ca-Al-Si diffusivity and kinetics in pyroxene-garnet-Ca perovskite, some of which are still unknown.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Emerging materials intelligence ecosystems propelled by machine learning

We report that the age of cognitive computing and artificial intelligence (AI) is just dawning. Inspired by its successes and promises, several AI ecosystems are blossoming, many of them within the domain of materials science and engineering. These materials intelligence ecosystems are being shaped by several independent developments. Machine learning (ML) algorithms and extant materials data are utilized to create surrogate models of materials properties and performance predictions. Materials data repositories, which fuel such surrogate model development, are mushrooming. Automated data and knowledge capture from the literature (to populate data repositories) using natural language processing approaches is being explored. The design of materials that meet target property requirements and of synthesis steps to create target materials appear to be within reach, either by closed-loop active-learning strategies or by inverting the prediction pipeline using advanced generative algorithms. AI and ML concepts are also transforming the computational and physical laboratory infrastructural landscapes used to create materials data in the first place. Surrogate models that can outstrip physics-based simulations (on which they are trained) by several orders of magnitude in speed while preserving accuracy are being actively developed. Automation, autonomy and guided high-throughput techniques are imparting enormous efficiencies and eliminating redundancies in materials synthesis and characterization. The integration of the various parts of the burgeoning ML landscape may lead to materials-savvy digital assistants and to a human-machine partnership that could enable dramatic efficiencies, accelerated discoveries and increased productivity. Here, we review these emergent materials intelligence ecosystems and discuss the imminent challenges and opportunities. The materials research landscape is being transformed by the infusion of approaches based on machine learning. This Review discusses the emerging materials intelligence ecosystems and the potential of human-machine partnerships for fast and efficient virtual materials screening, development and discovery.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗