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At least 613 records · Page 34

Wide bandgap semiconductor materials and devices

The technological and societal impacts of electronic devices based on Ge, Si, and compound semiconductors like GaAs have been profound, fueling the decades long quest in identifying ever-larger bandgap semiconductors to untap new applications and possibilities. Specifically, an increase in the bandgap leads to shorter wavelength emission and an increased breakdown electric field, which has direct consequences for solid-state lighting like light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) from the visible (blue-green, blue, and violet) and beyond (UV and deep-UV) spectral range and for radically improved power devices supported by a higher intrinsic breakdown strength. Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors represent the frontier of materials that satisfy these criteria and include group IV, III–V, and II–VI material families like SiC (3.2 eV), GaN (3.4 eV), and ZnO (3.4 eV), respectively. With even larger bandgaps exceeding 4 eV, ultrawide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductors include diamond, III-nitrides incorporating Al and B (e.g., AlN, BN, and AlGaN), and sesquioxides like Ga 2 O 3 and (Al,Ga) 2 O 3 . These materials span widely varying stages of technological maturity, with SiC and GaN platforms among the most mature with commercially available devices in RF and high-power electronics, while other platforms such as Ga 2 O 3 rapidly advancing and poised to enable new UV and deep-UV optoelectronic devices. This Special Topic on Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Materials and Devices covers broad research subtopics on WBG and UWBG materials that span bulk crystals, epitaxy and substrate technologies, fundamental defect science, and doping, as well as electronic and optoelectronic device fabrication and characterization. Here, we highlight works from the collection, which we categorize by material platform of SiC, III-nitrides, and Ga 2 O 3 and related alloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Characterization of groove density variation of VLS gratings with ALS XROL LTP-II in different operation modes

The long trace profiler, LTP-II, available at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) X-ray Optics Laboratory (XROL), was recently upgraded by replacing a multimode diode laser light source with a single-mode, wavelength-stabilized, fibercoupled diode laser system. The upgrade enables us to reliably characterize the lateral variation of groove density of variable-line-spacing (VLS) x-ray diffraction gratings. Here, we discuss the LTP-II performance with an example of measurements with a VLS grating with the groove density at the grating center of 300 lines/mm. For the measurements, we use the LTP-II in two different operation arrangements, the single Gaussian beam and the pencil beam interferometer arrangements. For each operation arrangement, we apply two data processing algorithms: with calculating the centroid position and with determining the position of a characteristic features of the detected beam intensity distributions. Additionally, we discuss the observed strong correlation between the LTP-II modes of operation and the resulted (extracted) groove density variations. We also speculate on possible origin of the correlation.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Applications of tunable high energy/pressure pulsed lasers to atmospheric transmission and remote sensing

Atmospheric transmission of high energy C12 O2(16) lasers were improved by pulsed high pressure operation which, due to pressure broadening of laser lines, permits tuning the laser 'off' atmospheric C12 O2(16) absorption lines. Pronounced improvement is shown for horizontal transmission at altitudes above several kilometers, and for vertical transmission through the entire atmosphere. The atmospheric transmission of tuned C12 O2(16) lasers compares favorably with C12 O2(18) isotope lasers and CO lasers. The advantages of tunable, high energy, high pressure pulsed lasers over tunable diode lasers and waveguide lasers, in combining high energies with a large tuning range, are evaluated for certain applications to remote sensing of atmospheric constituents and pollutants. Pulsed operation considerably increases the signal to noise ratio without seriously affecting the high spectral resolution of signal detection obtained with laser heterodyning.

Hess, R. V.↗

Solar power satellite system definition study. Volume 1: Executive summary, phase 3

Results of a three phase study of the Solar Power Satellite System are summarized. Various options and alternate systems were considered and the following conclusions were reached: antenna mounted solid state transmitters are potentially as cost effective as the klystron approach, althrough limited to 2500 megawatts net output; the free electron laser and optical diode laser appear most promising for laser power transmission; ground antenna siting need not be restricted to below 35 degrees of latitude; and nonrecurring cost reductions attainable by using a smaller Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle are highly attractive.

Source record↗

dc discharge cell for laser optogalvanic spectroscopy

A dc electrical discharge cell for laser optogalvanic spectroscopy has been designed and tested. Signal optimization is achieved through the use of adjustable electrode positions and an orthogonal geometry between the probe laser and the discharge axis. Results are presented for visible dye laser and infrared diode laser studies of selected neutral, radical, and ion species.

Webster, C. R.↗

High-temperature optically activated GaAs power switching for aircraft digital electronic control

Gallium arsenide high-temperature devices were fabricated and assembled into an optically activated pulse-width-modulated power control for a torque motor typical of the kinds used in jet engine actuators. A bipolar heterojunction phototransistor with gallium aluminum arsenide emitter/window, a gallium arsenide junction field-effect power transistor and a gallium arsenide transient protection diode were designed and fabricated. A high-temperature fiber optic/phototransistor coupling scheme was implemented. The devices assembled into the demonstrator were successfully tested at 250 C, proving the feasibility of actuator-located switching of control power using optical signals transmitted by fibers. Assessments of the efficiency and technical merits were made for extension of this high-temperature technology to local conversion of optical power to electrical power and its control at levels useful for driving actuators. Optical power sources included in the comparisons were an infrared light-emitting diode, an injection laser diode, tungsten-halogen lamps and arc lamps. Optical-to-electrical power conversion was limited to photovoltaics located at the actuator. Impedance matching of the photovoltaic array to the load was considered over the full temperature range, -55 C to 260 C. Loss of photovoltaic efficiency at higher temperatures was taken into account. Serious losses in efficiency are: (1) in the optical source and the cooling which they may require in the assumed 125 C ambient, (2) in the decreased conversion efficiency of the gallium arsenide photovoltaic at 260 C, and (3) in impedance matching. Practical systems require improvements in these areas.

Berak, J. M.↗

The TFP and a pulsed LD: New lidar components

One of the large problems of lidar in practical use is that the price and the weight of a laser and a receiving telescope is too high. To solve this problem, many trials have been made. The system with the TFP (thin film paraboloid) for a receiving telescope and a pulsed LD (laser diode) for a laser source is proposed. It is hoped that as a consequece the lidar system will become very lightweigth and inexpensive.

Shimizu, H.↗

Transient gain-versus-absorption laser probing of spin-orbit states, kinetics and dynamics

The spin-orbit populations of excited (2P1/2) and ground (2P3/2) state Br atoms at 2714 nm and I atoms at 1315 nm are examined using a tunable F-center laser and a diode laser. The transient laser gain-versus-absorption measurements are utilized to estimate quantum yields of the spin-orbit states in the photodissociation of Br- and I-containing compounds; the continuum yields for Br2 are investigated in terms of temperature. The collisional release, Doppler velocity effects, and differing reactivity of the spin-orbit excited and ground state atoms are studied. It is noted that the transient gain versus absorption technique is applicable to the analysis of kinetic phenomena due to its high sensitivity and excellent time resolution.

Smedley, John E.↗

Overview of laser concepts

The concepts of laser power-beaming applicable to advanced NASA missions are reviewed. The types of lasers, (the iodine lasers and the diode lasers) which are central to the laser miniworkshop presentations are discussed.

Conway, Edmund J.↗

Applications of FM-CW laser radar to antenna contour mapping

The FM-CW coherent laser radar concept, based on the FM radar principle which makes use of the coherence and lunability of injection laser diodes, is discussed. Laser radar precision/time tradeoffs, block diagrams, system performance, fiber optic system implantation, and receiver improvements are briefly described.

Slotwinski, A. R.↗

Tm,Ho:YAG laser with tunable range of 2.08-2.12 microns and its applications to spectroscopy

In recent advanced lasers, 2 micron solid-state lasers such as Tm:YAG and Ho:YAG lasers are very attractive for laser radar remote sensing technologies because of eye safety, realizations of all solid-state laser pumped by diode laser and smaller dimension, tunability of lasing wavelength, possibility of coherent detection, etc. Featuring these advantages, 2 micron lasers have been candidated as laser transmitters for use in water vapor Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL), laser altimeter, Doppler wind sensor, Mie lidar, etc. Characterization of a tunable Cr, Tm, Ho:YAG laser and its applications to spectroscopy concerning absorption and reflectance are reported.

Asai, Kazuhiro↗

Temperature distribution in side- and end-pumped laser crystal rods - Temporal and spatial variations

Knowledge of the temperature distribution of laser rods end pumped by laser diodes or other laser systems is relevant when thermal stress and crystal damage are expected. The temperature of a multipulsed or continuously pumped laser rod is given as a double-series expression and as a function of time. The mathematical model considers all surface cooling rates, the spatial and temporal variations of the pump beam, and the specific heat and thermal conductivity of the rod material. This eigenfunction expansion representation was employed to predict the spatial and time-dependent quasi-steady-state temperature in Ti:sapphire, Nd:YAG, and Cr:LiSAF laser rods of specific dimensions.

Farrukh, Usamah O.↗

Zinc Alloys for the Fabrication of Semiconductor Devices

ZnBeO and ZnCdSeO alloys have been disclosed as materials for the improvement in performance, function, and capability of semiconductor devices. The alloys can be used alone or in combination to form active photonic layers that can emit over a range of wavelength values. Materials with both larger and smaller band gaps would allow for the fabrication of semiconductor heterostructures that have increased function in the ultraviolet (UV) region of the spectrum. ZnO is a wide band-gap material possessing good radiation-resistance properties. It is desirable to modify the energy band gap of ZnO to smaller values than that for ZnO and to larger values than that for ZnO for use in semiconductor devices. A material with band gap energy larger than that of ZnO would allow for the emission at shorter wavelengths for LED (light emitting diode) and LD (laser diode) devices, while a material with band gap energy smaller than that of ZnO would allow for emission at longer wavelengths for LED and LD devices. The amount of Be in the ZnBeO alloy system can be varied to increase the energy bandgap of ZnO to values larger than that of ZnO. The amount of Cd and Se in the ZnCdSeO alloy system can be varied to decrease the energy band gap of ZnO to values smaller than that of ZnO. Each alloy formed can be undoped or can be p-type doped using selected dopant elements, or can be n-type doped using selected dopant elements. The layers and structures formed with both the ZnBeO and ZnCdSeO semiconductor alloys - including undoped, p-type-doped, and n-type-doped types - can be used for fabricating photonic and electronic semiconductor devices for use in photonic and electronic applications. These devices can be used in LEDs, LDs, FETs (field effect transistors), PN junctions, PIN junctions, Schottky barrier diodes, UV detectors and transmitters, and transistors and transparent transistors. They also can be used in applications for lightemitting display, backlighting for displays, UV and visible transmitters and detectors, high-frequency radar, biomedical imaging, chemical compound identification, molecular identification and structure, gas sensors, imaging systems, and for the fundamental studies of atoms, molecules, gases, vapors, and solids.

Ryu, Yungryel↗

Examination of Mars2020 Shock-Layer Conditions Via Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of CO2

A new test series was performed in the Electric Arc Shock Tube (EAST) facility, with the aim of reproducing flight conditions encountered during the Mars2020 mission entry into Mars atmosphere. For this test series, the EAST facility was instrumented with two spectrometers for Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) measurements and three mid-infrared lasers for Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS). This study focuses on the spectrally and spatially resolved radiance measured with OES. Comparison with CEA/NEQAIR and DPLR/NEQAIR simulations were made. For velocity above 2.7 km/s, measurements are found to lie between the different tested kinetic models, within ± 10%. Below 2.7 km/s, the chemistry appears to be frozen and measured radiance profiles are typically 10% above CEA predictions. This difference is explained by shock deceleration effects. Finally, comparison between OES and TDLAS data are made and show a good agreement on the measured temperature and CO2 number density profiles using the two diagnostics, typically within 10 and 5%, respectively.

Augustin C Tibere-Inglesse↗

Examination of Mars2020 Shock-Layer Conditions Via Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of CO2

A new test series was performed in the Electric Arc Shock Tube (EAST) facility, with the aim of reproducing flight conditions encountered during the Mars2020 mission entry into Mars atmosphere. For this test series, the EAST facility was instrumented with two spectrometers for Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) measurements and three mid-infrared lasers for Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS). This study focuses on the spectrally and spatially resolved radiance measured with OES. Comparison with CEA/NEQAIR and DPLR/NEQAIR simulations were made. For velocity above 2.7 km/s, measurements are found to lie between the different tested kinetic models, within ± 10%. Below 2.7 km/s, the chemistry appears to be frozen and measured radiance profiles are typically 10% above CEA predictions. This difference is explained by shock deceleration effects. Finally, comparison between OES and TDLAS data are made and show a good agreement on the measured temperature and CO2 number density profiles using the two diagnostics, typically within 10 and 5%, respectively.

Augustin Tibère-Inglesse↗

Strain control in optoelectronic devices

A coating having a mismatched coefficient of thermal expansion is applied to an underlying light emitting diode (LED) or laser diode (LD), such that as the temperature of the device changes, a varying level of strain is introduced to the underlying LED or LD. Because strain can also adjust the effective bandgap energy (and hence emission wavelength) of the device, the external strain-inducing coating can act to either compensate for the wavelength shift due to temperature (resulting in reduced dλ/dT) or accentuate it (resulting in increased dλ/dT). By proper selection of coating material and geometry, full control over dλ/dT can be achieved.

Voss, Lars F.↗

Systems and methods for fluoride ceramic phosphors for LED lighting

The present disclosure relates to a lighting component which may comprise a light emitting diode (LED) or laser diode (LD) for generating at least one of blue light or ultraviolet light. A fluoride phosphor matrix may be included, which may be consolidated into a phosphor ceramic structure including at least one of a transparent fluoride ceramic structure or a translucent fluoride ceramic structure, and positioned adjacent to the LED or LD. The phosphor ceramic structure generates at least one of red or orange light when irradiated by the light emitted from the LED or LD. The phosphor ceramic structure exhibits reduced thermal quenching relative to a fluoride particulate structure irradiated by the LED or LD.

Cherepy, Nerine↗

Thermal Lens Measurement in Diode-Pumped Nd:YAG Zig-Zag Slab

A major advantage that solid state zig-zag slab lasers have over conventional rod-based designs is that a much weaker thermal lens is produced in the slab when side-pumped with Quasi-CW laser diode arrays, particularly if the pump radiation is kept well away from the Brewster-cut ends. This paper reports on a rather strong thermal lens produced when diode pump radiation is collimated into a narrow portion of the zig-zag slab. The collimation of multi-bar pump packages to increase brightness and improve overlap is a direct consequence of designs which seek to maximize performance and efficiency. Our slab design employed a 8.1 cm x 2.5 mm x 5 mm slab with opposing Brewster end faces. It was pumped through the 2.5 mm direction by seven laser diode array packages, each housing four 6OW diode bars, 1 cm in width. The pump face, anti-reflection (AR) coated at 809 nm, was 6.8 cm in width and the 8.1 cm opposing side, high-reflection (HR) coated at 809 nm, reflected the unabsorbed pump beam for a second pass through the slab.

Smoak, M. C.↗