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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1991

Design of optimal binary phase and amplitude filters for maximization of correlation peak sharpness

Current binary-phase filters used for optical correlation are usually assumed to have uniform amplitude transmission. Here, a new type of filter is studied, the binary-phase-and-amplitude filter. If binary phase values of 0 and pi are assumed, the amplitude transmittance values of this type of filter can be optimized to maximize the peak sharpness. For a polarization-encoded binary-phase filter this can be translated into optimization of the rotation angle of the output polarizer following the filter-spatial-light modulator. An analytic expression is presented for the optimum polarizer angle and thus for the optimum binary-phase-and-amplitude filter design.

Downie, John D.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Cometary impacts, molecular clouds, and the motion of the sun perpendicular to the galactic plane

The stochastic nature of the mass extinction model of Rampino and Stothers (1984), based on the vertical oscillation of the solar system about the plane of the Galaxy, can accommodate a few events with large phase discrepancies. The degree of modulation is crucial in that it depends on the scale height of the population of molecular clouds relative to the amplitude of the solar system and tends to zero if this ratio is large and encounters are entirely random. Here data are presented here from CO surveys of molecular clouds both within and beyond the solar circle which permit explicit calculation of the strength of the modulation. The cloud layer near the sun it too extended and, as a consequence, the modulation of cloud encounters is too weak for a statistically significant period to be extracted from the nine extinctions analyzed by Rampino and Stothers.

Thaddeus, P.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Electrochemical Control of the Ultrafast Lattice Response of a Layered Semimetal

The unique layer-stacking in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals materials facilitates the formation of nearly degenerate phases of matter and opens novel routes for the design of low-power, reconfigurable functional materials. Electrochemical ion intercalation between stacked layers offers a promising approach to stabilize bulk metastable phases and to explore the effects of extreme carrier doping and strain. However, in situ characterization methods to study the structural evolution and dynamical functional properties of these intercalated materials remains limited. Here a novel experimental platform is presented capable of simultaneously performing electrochemical lithium-ion intercalation and multimodal ultrafast characterization of the lattice using both electron diffraction and nonlinear optical techniques. Using the layered semimetal WTe 2 as a model system, the interlayer shear phonon mode that modulates stacking between 2Dlayers is probed, showing that small amounts of lithiation enhance the amplitude and lifetime of the phonon, contrary to expectations. This results from the dynamically fluctuating and anharmonic structure between nearly degenerate phases at room temperature, which can be stabilized by electronic carriers accompanying the inserted lithium ions. At high lithiation, the T d ’ structure emerges and quenches the phonon response. This work defines new approaches for using electrochemistry to engineer the dynamic structure of 2D materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1974

Experiments with a four-bladed cyclic pitch stirring model rotor, part 3

The experimental work with the 2-bladed 16-inch diameter model rotor has been continued with a 4-bladed 16.5 inch diameter rotor capable of progressing and regressing cyclic pitch excitation (cyclic pitch stirring). Advance ratios of 0, .19 and .38 were tested at rotor speeds corresponding to non-dimensional blade natural frequencies of 1:14 and 1.19. The results are presented in the form of the first 5 Fourier components of the periodic response modulating function which for a periodic system takes the place of the complex response amplitude ratio of a constant system. In addition, the first and second harmonics of the trim response are presented. The test data are compared to analytical data without rotor wake and to the test data obtained earlier with the two-bladed rotor model of half the blade solidity ratio.

Hohenemser, K. H.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The outer solar system for 200 million years

A special-purpose computer is used to integrate the orbits of the outer five planets for more than 100 Myr into the future and more than 100 Myr into the past. The strongest features in the Fourier transforms of the orbital elements of the Jovian planets can be identified with the frequencies predicted by linear secular theory. Many of the weaker features in the Fourier spectra are identified as linear combinations of the basic frequencies. Serious differences are noted between the present measurements and the predictions of Bretagnon (1974). The amplitude of the 3.796 Myr period libration of Pluto's longitude of perihelion is modulated with a period of 34 Myr. Very long periods, on the order of 137 Myr, are also seen. The orbit of Pluto is stable for the duration of the integration; the maximum Liapunov characteristic exponent is less than 10 to the -6.8 power/yr.

Applegate, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Dual-pilot tone calibration technique

Pilot-based calibration techniques are used to reduce the effects of multipath fading in mobile satellite receivers. One of the more recent of these techniques, namely the tone calibration technique (TCT), suggests transmitting double sideband modulation with the pilot tone located at the center of its spectrum where the amplitude and phase characteristics of the channel are most stable. To 'make room' for the pilot in the presence of the Doppler shift, the equivalent low-pass data sidebands must be shaped so as to have zero response in the neighborhood of dc. Other techniques such as transparent tone-in-band (TTIB) similarly 'notch out' a hole in the center of the data spectrum for location of the pilot. An alternate possibility which is at the same time much more bandwidth efficient than TCT is a dual-pilot tone calibration technique (DPTCT) that symmetrically locates a pair of pilots outside the data spectrum near the band edges of the channel. The operation and performance of DPTCT are analyzed, and its effectiveness is compared to that of the single tone TCT technique.

Simon, Marvin K.↗
NASA NTRS1990

A method for modelling peak signal statistics on a mobile satellite transponder

A simulation method is proposed. The simulation was developed to model the peak duration and energy content of signal peaks in a mobile communication satellite operating in a Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) mode and presents an estimate of those power peaks for a system where the channels are modeled as band limited Gaussian noise, which is taken as a reasonable representation for Amplitude Commanded Single Sideband (ACSSB), Minimum Shift Keying (MSK), or Phase Shift Keying (PSK) modulated signals. The simulation results show that, under this hypothesis, the level of the signal power peaks for 10 percent, 1 percent, and 0.1 percent of the time are well described by a Rayleigh law and that their duration is extremely short and inversely proportional to the total FDM system bandwidth.

Bilodeau, Andre↗
NASA NTRS1992

Enhancement of Shubnikov-de Haas Oscillations by Carrier Modulation

A novel technique for drastically enhancing the Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) pattern of oscillatory magnetoresistance is presented. The technique is based on measuring the change in the magnetoresistance due to a carrier generated by a modulated light source. The technique also has the important property of selectively increasing the amplitude of the slower oscillations due to carriers in the second subband much more than oscillations generated by the ground subband electrons. Very clear oscillations generated by a carrier concentration well below 5 x 10 exp 10/sq cm were recorded using the technique.

Schacham, S. E.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Quiet-time electron increases - A measure of conditions in the outer solar system.

Discussion of a possible explanation for the increases in the intensity range of 3- to 12-MeV interplanetary electrons that McDonald et al. (1972) have labeled as 'quiet-time electron increases.' It is argued that the electrons in quiet-time increases are galactic in origin but that the observed increases are not the result of any variation in the modulation of these particles in the inner solar system. It is suggested instead that quiet-time increases may occur when more electrons than normal penetrate a modulating region that lies far beyond the orbit of the earth. The number of electrons penetrating this region may increase when field lines that have experienced an unusually large random walk in the photosphere are carried by the solar wind out to the region. As evidence of this increased random walk, it is shown that five solar rotations before most of the quiet-time increases occur there is an extended period when the amplitude of the diurnal anisotropy (measured by the Deep River neutron monitor) is relatively low. A delay time of five rotations implies that the proposed modulating region lies at about 30 AU from the sun if the average solar-wind speed is assumed to be constant at about 400 km/sec over this distance. The implications for the correlation between periods of low-amplitude diurnal anisotropy and quiet-time increases on interplanetary conditions out to about 30 AU and some possible models for the proposed modulating region are also considered.

Fisk, L. A.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Jupiter's magnetosphere as a 'point source' for electrons propagating from 1 to 12 AU

A profile of electron intensities in the interplanetary medium from 1 to 12 AU obtained from Pioneer 10 measurements of the 3-6 MeV Jovian electron flux shows recurring intensity peaks, the amplitude of which decreases with increasing distance from Jupiter both in the direction of the sun and away from it. Concurrent IMP-8 measurements of the 2-12 MeV electron flux revealed a series of 27-day recurrent intensity increases modulated with a period of about 13 months, beginning about four months before the probable magnetic field connection between earth and Jupiter. Amplitudes of the intensity increases reached a maximum near the time of best connection. These results are consistent with a three-dimensional interplanetary diffusion model with Jupiter as a continuously emitting point source.

Chenette, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Did LMC X-3 Undergo a 'Her X-1-like' Anomalous Low State?

The black hole X-ray binary LMC X-3 has been monitored by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) from its launch to the present by the All-Sky Monitor (ASM). This well-sampled light curve is supplemented by frequent pointed observations with the PCA and HEXTE instruments which provide improved sensitivity, time resolution and spectral information. The long-term X-ray luminosity of the system is strongly modulated on timescales of hundreds of days. The mean 2-10 kev X-ray flux varies by a factor of more than 100 during this long-term cycle. This variability has been attributed to the precession of a bright, tilted, and warped accretion disk---the mechanism also invoked to explain the 35-day super-orbital period in the X-ray binary pulsar system Her X-1. The ASM light curve displays a unique episode, starting in December 2003, during which LMC X-3 displayed a very low, nearly constant flux, for about 80 days. This is markedly different from the typical low-flux excursions in LMC X-3, which smoothly evolve toward and then away from a minimum flux on about a 10-day time scale. The character of the long-term variability, as measured by amplitude and characteristic time scale, is not the same after this long low state as it was before. Similar shifts in long-term period and amplitude are seen after the so-called "anomalous low states" in Her X-1, when the 35-day X-ray modulation ceases for an unpredictable length of time. These similar shifts in the long-term amplitude and timescale in the two systems suggests they share a similar mechanism which gives rise to the anomalous low states

Boyd, Patricia t.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Diurnal Variation in Gravity Wave Activity at Low and Middle Latitudes

We employ a modified composite day extension of the Hocking (2005) analysis method to study gravity wave (GW) activity in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using 4 meteor radars spanning latitudes from 7deg S to 53.6deg S. Diurnal and semidiurnal modulations were observed in GW variances over all sites. Semidiurnal modulation with downward phase propagation was observed at lower latitudes mainly near the equinoxes. Diurnal modulations occur mainly near solstice and, except for the zonal component at Cariri (7deg S), do not exhibit downward phase propagation. At a higher latitude (SAAMER, 53.6deg S) these modulations are only observed in the meridional component where we can observe diurnal variation from March to May, and semidiurnal, during January, February, October (above 88 km) and November. Some of these modulations with downward phase progression correlate well with wind shear. When the wind shear is well correlated with the maximum of the variances the diurnal tide has its largest amplitudes, i.e., near equinox. Correlations exhibiting variations with tidal phases suggest significant GW-tidal interactions that have different characters depending on the tidal components and possible mean wind shears. Modulations that do not exhibit phase variations could be indicative of diurnal variations in GW sources.

waves↗
NASA NTRS2006

Modification of Eye Movements and Motion Perception during Off-Vertical Axis Rotation

Constant velocity Off-Vertical Axis Rotation (OVAR) imposes a continuously varying orientation of the head and body relative to gravity. The ensuing ocular reflexes include modulation of both torsional and horizontal eye movements as a function of the varying linear acceleration along the lateral plane, and modulation of vertical and vergence eye movements as a function of the varying linear acceleration along the sagittal plane. Previous studies have demonstrated that tilt and translation otolith-ocular responses, as well as motion perception, vary as a function of stimulus frequency during OVAR. The purpose of this study is to examine normative OVAR responses in healthy human subjects, and examine adaptive changes in astronauts following short duration space flight at low (0.125 Hz) and high (0.5 Hz) frequencies. Data was obtained on 24 normative subjects (14 M, 10 F) and 14 (13 M, 1F) astronaut subjects. To date, astronauts have participated in 3 preflight sessions (n=14) and on R+0/1 (n=7), R+2 (n= 13) and R+4 (n= 13) days after landing. Subjects were rotated in darkness about their longitudinal axis 20 deg off-vertical at constant rates of 45 and 180 deg/s, corresponding to 0.125 and 0.5 Hz. Binocular responses were obtained with video-oculography. Perceived motion was evaluated using verbal reports and a two-axis joystick (pitch and roll tilt) mounted on top of a two-axis linear stage (anterior-posterior and medial-lateral translation). Eye responses were obtained in ten of the normative subjects with the head and trunk aligned, and then with the head turned relative to the trunk 40 deg to the right or left of center. Sinusoidal curve fits were used to derive amplitude, phase and bias of the responses over several cycles at each stimulus frequency. Eye responses during 0.125 Hz OVAR were dominated by modulation of torsional and vertical eye position, compensatory for tilt relative to gravity. While there is a bias horizontal slow phase velocity (SPV), the modulation of horizontal and vergence SPV is negligible at this lower stimulus frequency. Eye responses during 0.5 Hz OVAR; however, are characterized by modulation of horizontal and vergence SPV, compensatory for translation in the lateral and sagittal planes, respectively. Neither amplitude nor bias velocities were significantly altered by head-on-trunk position. The phases of the ocular reflexes, on the other hand, shifted towards alignment with the head. During the lower frequency OVAR, subjects reported the perception of progressing along the edge of a cone. During higher frequency OVAR, subjects reported the perception of progressing along the edge of an upright cylinder. In contrast to the eye movements, the phase of both perceived tilt and translation motion is not altered by stimulus frequency. Preliminary results from astronaut data suggest that the ocular responses are not substantially altered by short-duration spaceflight. However, compared to preflight averages, astronauts reported greater amplitude of both perceived tilt and translation at low and high frequency, respectively, during early post-flight testing. We conclude that the neural processing to distinguish tilt and translation linear acceleration stimuli differs between eye movements and motion perception. The results from modifying head-on-trunk position are consistent with the modulation of ocular reflexes during OVAR being primarily mediated by the otoliths in response to the sinusoidally varying linear acceleration along the interaural and naso-occipital head axis. While the tilt and translation ocular reflexes appear to operate in an independent fashion, the timing of perceived tilt and translation influence each other. We conclude that the perceived motion path during linear acceleration in darkness results from a composite representation of tilt and translation inputs from both vestibular and somatosensory systems.

Wood, S. J.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Optical control of orbital magnetism in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene

Flat bands in twisted graphene structures host various strongly correlated and topological phenomena. Optically probing and controlling them can reveal important information such as symmetry and dynamics, but this has been challenging due to the small energy gap compared with optical wavelengths. Here, in this study, we report on the near-infrared optical control of orbital magnetism and associated anomalous Hall effects in a magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene on a monolayer WSe 2 device. We demonstrate control over the hysteresis and amplitude of the anomalous Hall effect near integer moiré fillings using circularly polarized light. By modulating the light helicity, we observe periodic modulation of the transverse resistance in a wide range of fillings, indicating light-induced orbital magnetization through a large inverse Faraday effect. At the transition between metallic and anomalous Hall effect regimes, we also reveal large and random switching of the Hall resistivity, which we attribute to the light-tuned percolating cluster of magnetic domains. Our results demonstrate the potential of the optical manipulation of correlation and topology in moiré structures.

Persky, Eylon [Stanford Univ., CA (United States);↗
DOE OSTI2025

Optical control of orbital magnetism in magic angle twisted bilayer graphene

Flat bands in graphene-based moiré structures host a wide range of emerging strongly correlated and topological phenomena. Optically probing and controlling them can reveal important information such as symmetry and dynamics, but have so far been challenging due to the small energy gap compared to optical wavelengths. Here, we report near infrared optical control of orbital magnetism and associated anomalous Hall effects (AHE) in a magic angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG) on monolayer WSe$_2$ device. We show that the properties of the AHE, such as hysteresis and amplitude, can be controlled by light near integer moiré fillings, where spontaneous ferromagnetism exists. By modulating the light helicity, we observe periodic modulation of the transverse resistance in a wide range of fillings, indicating light induced orbital magnetization through a large inverse Faraday effect. At the transition between metallic and AHE regimes, we also reveal large and random switching of the Hall resistivity, which are attributed to optical control of percolating cluster of magnetic domains. Our results open the door to optical manipulation of correlation and topology in MATBG and related structures.

FOS: Physical sciences↗
NASA NTRS1978

Phase insensitive acoustoelectric transducer

Conventional ultrasonic transducers transform acoustic waves into electrical signals preserving phase and amplitude information. When the acoustic wavelength is significantly smaller than the transducer diameter, severe phase modulation of the electrical signal can occur. This results in anomalous attenuation measurements, background noise in nondestructive evaluation, and in general complicates data interpretation. This article describes and evaluates a phase-insensitive transducer based on the acoustoelectric effect. Theory of operation of the acoustoelectric transducer (AET) is discussed, and some optimization procedures outlined for its use. Directivity data for the AET are contrasted with a conventional piezoelectric transducer. In addition, transmission scanning data of phantom flaws in metal plates are presented for both transducers and demonstrate a significant improvement in resolution with the AET.

Heyman, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS1992

SUSIM/UARS observations of the 120 to 300 nm flux variations during the maximum of the solar cycle - Inferences for the 11-year cycle

Since October 1991, the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite has been measuring the solar spectral irradiance from 120 to 400 nm with low (5 nm) and moderate (1.1 nm) resolution on a daily basis. By scaling the modulation measured over four solar rotations to proxy indicators of solar activity, we estimate the amplitude of the solar ultraviolet irradiance variation during the 11-year activity cycle, extending the wavelength coverage of existing empirical variability models to 120 nm and distinguishing the variability of the emission lines from that of the underlying solar continuum. These estimates are compared with results from another empirical variability model and from direct measurements.

Lean, Judith↗
NASA NTRS1996

Electromagnetic radiation generated by arcing in low density plasma

An unavoidable step in the process of space exploration is to use high-power, very large spacecraft launched into Earth orbit. Obviously, the spacecraft will need powerful energy sources. Previous experience has shown that electrical discharges occur on the surfaces of a high-voltage array, and these discharges (arcs) are undesirable in many respects. Moreover, any high voltage conductor will interact with the surrounding plasma, and that interaction may result in electrical discharges between the conductor and plasma (or between two conductors with different potentials, for example, during docking and extravehicular activity). One very important aspect is the generation of electromagnetic radiation by arcing. To prevent the negative influence of electromagnetic noise on the operation of spacecraft systems, it seems necessary to determine the spectra and absolute levels of the radiation, and to determine limitations on the solar array bias voltage that depend on the parameters of LEO plasma and the technical requirements of the spacecraft equipment. This report describes the results of an experimental study and computer simulation of the electromagnetic radiation generated by arcing on spacecraft surfaces. A large set of high quality data was obtained during the Solar Array Module Plasma Interaction Experiment (SAMPIE, flight STS-62) and ground test. These data include the amplitudes of current, pulse forms, duration of each arc, and spectra of plasma waves. A theoretical explanation of the observed features is presented in this report too. The elaborated model allows us to determine the parameters of the electromagnetic noise for different frequency ranges, distances from the arcing site, and distinct kinds of plasma waves.

Vayner, Boris V.↗