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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Procedure for Assessing the Suitability of Battery Second Life Applications after EV First Life

Using batteries after their first life in an Electric Vehicle (EV) represents an opportunity to reduce the environmental impact and increase the economic benefits before recycling the battery. Many different second life applications have been proposed, each with multiple criteria that have to be taken into consideration when deciding the most suitable course of action. In this article, a battery assessment procedure is proposed that consolidates and expands upon the approaches in the literature, and facilitates the decision-making process for a battery after it has reached the end of its first life. The procedure is composed of three stages, including an evaluation of the state of the battery, an evaluation of the technical viability and an economic evaluation. Options for battery configurations are explored (pack direct use, stack of battery packs, module direct use, pack refurbish with modules, pack refurbish with cells). By comparing these configurations with the technical requirements for second life applications, a reader can rapidly understand the tradeoffs and practical strategies for how best to implement second life batteries for their specific application. Lastly, an economic evaluation process is developed to determine the cost of implementing various second life battery configurations and the revenue for different end use applications. An example of the battery assessment procedure is included to demonstrate how it could be carried out.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

StructuredFuzzer: Fuzzing Structured Text-Based Control Logic Applications

Rigorous testing methods are essential for ensuring the security and reliability of industrial controller software. Fuzzing, a technique that automatically discovers software bugs, has also proven effective in finding software vulnerabilities. Unsurprisingly, fuzzing has been applied to a wide range of platforms, including programmable logic controllers (PLCs). However, current approaches, such as coverage-guided evolutionary fuzzing implemented in the popular fuzzer American Fuzzy Lop Plus Plus (AFL++), are often inadequate for finding logical errors and bugs in PLC control logic applications. They primarily target generic programming languages like C/C++, Java, and Python, and do not consider the unique characteristics and behaviors of PLCs, which are often programmed using specialized programming languages like Structured Text (ST). Furthermore, these fuzzers are ill suited to deal with complex input structures encapsulated in ST, as they are not specifically designed to generate appropriate input sequences. This renders the application of traditional fuzzing techniques less efficient on these platforms. To address this issue, this paper presents a fuzzing framework designed explicitly for PLC software to discover logic bugs in applications written in ST specified by the IEC 61131-3 standard. The proposed framework incorporates a custom-tailored PLC runtime and a fuzzer designed for the purpose. We demonstrate its effectiveness by fuzzing a collection of ST programs that were crafted for evaluation purposes. We compare the performance against a popular fuzzer, namely, AFL++. The proposed fuzzing framework demonstrated its capabilities in our experiments, successfully detecting logic bugs in the tested PLC control logic applications written in ST. On average, it was at least 83 times faster than AFL++, and in certain cases, for example, it was more than 23,000 times faster.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Recent Progress on Emerging Applications of Hydrochar

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a prominent thermochemical technology that can convert high-moisture waste into a valuable product (called hydrochar) at a relatively mild treatment condition (180–260 °C and 2–10 MPa). With rapidly growing research on HTC and hydrochar in recent years, review articles addressing the current and future direction of this research are scarce. Hence, this article aims to review various emerging applications of hydrochars, e.g., from solid fuel to soil amendment, from electron storage to hydrogen storage, from dye adsorption, toxin adsorption, heavy metal adsorption to nutrient recovery, and from carbon capture to carbon sequestration, etc. This article further provides an insight in the hydrochar’s working mechanism for various applications and how the applications can be improved through chemical modification of the hydrochar. Finally, new perspectives with appropriate recommendations have been made to further unveil potential applications and its improvement through hydrochar and its modified version.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multiscale Modeling of Silicon Carbide Cladding for Nuclear Applications: Thermal Performance Modeling

The complex multiscale and anisotropic nature of silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic matrix composite (CMC) makes it difficult to accurately model its performance in nuclear applications. The existing models for nuclear grade composite SiC do not account for the microstructural features and how these features can affect the thermal and structural behavior of the cladding and its anisotropic properties. In addition to the microstructural features, the properties of individual constituents of the composites and fiber tow architecture determine the bulk properties. Models for determining the relationship between the individual constituents’ properties and the bulk properties of SiC composites for nuclear applications are absent, although empirical relationships exist in the literature. Here, a hierarchical multiscale modeling approach was presented to address this challenge. This modular approach addressed this difficulty by dividing the various aspects of the composite material into separate models at different length scales, with the evaluated property from the lower-length-scale model serving as an input to the higher-length-scale model. The multiscale model considered the properties of various individual constituents of the composite material (fiber, matrix, and interphase), the porosity in the matrix, the fiber volume fraction, the composite architecture, the tow thickness, etc. By considering inhomogeneous and anisotropic contributions intrinsically, our bottom-up multiscale modeling strategy is naturally physics-informed, bridging constitutive law from micromechanics to meso-mechanics and structural mechanics. The effects that these various physical attributes and thermo-physical properties have on the composite’s bulk thermal properties were easily evaluated and demonstrated through the various analyses presented herein. Since silicon carbide fiber-reinforced SiC CMCs are also promising thermal–structural materials with a broad range of high-end technology applications beyond nuclear applications, we envision that the multiscale modeling method we present here may prove helpful in future efforts to develop and construct reinforced CMCs and other advanced composite nuclear materials, such as MAX phase materials, that can service under harsh environments of ultrahigh temperatures, oxidation, corrosion, and/or irradiation.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Ironsand (Titanomagnetite-Titanohematite): Chemistry, Magnetic Properties and Direct Applications for Wireless Power Transfer

Ironsand is an abundant and inexpensive magnetic mineral resource. However, the magnetic properties of unprocessed ironsand are often inadequate for any practical applications. In this work, the applicability of ironsand for use as a component in a soft magnetic composite for large-scale inductive power transfer applications was investigated. After magnetic separation, the chemical, structural and magnetic properties of ironsand sourced from different locations were compared. Differences observed in the DC magnetic properties were consistent with changes in the chemical compositions obtained from X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES), which suggests varying the titanohematite to titanomagnetite content. Increased content in titanomagnetite and magnetic permeability correlated well with the total Fe content in the materials. The best-performing ironsand with the highest permeability and lowest core losses was used alongside Mn,Zn-Ferrite particles (ranging from ~100 μm to 2 mm) to fabricate toroid cores with varying magnetic material loading. It was shown that ironsand can be used to replace up to 15 wt.% of the magnetic materials with minimal impact on the composite magnetic performance, thus reducing the cost. Ironsand was also used as a supporting material in a single-rail wireless power transfer system, effectively increasing the power transfer, demonstrating potential applications to reduce flux leakage.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Laser-Plasma Spectroscopy of Hydroxyl with Applications

This article discusses laser-induced laboratory-air plasma measurements and analysis of hydroxyl (OH) ultraviolet spectra. The computations of the OH spectra utilize line strength data that were developed previously and that are now communicated for the first time. The line strengths have been utilized extensively in interpretation of recorded molecular emission spectra and have been well-tested in laser-induced fluorescence applications for the purpose of temperature inferences from recorded data. Moreover, new experiments with Q-switched laser pulses illustrate occurrence of molecular recombination spectra for time delays of the order of several dozen of microseconds after plasma initiation. The OH signals occur due to the natural humidity in laboratory air. Centrifugal stretching of the Franck-Condon factors and r-centroids are included in the process of determining the line strengths that are communicated as a Supplementary File. Laser spectroscopy applications of detailed OH computations include laser-induced plasma and combustion analyses, to name but two applications. This work also includes literature references that address various diagnosis applications.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Recent Advances and Prospects in Design of Hydrogen Permeation Barrier Materials for Energy Applications—A Review

The hydrogen infrastructure involves hydrogen production, storage and delivery for utilization with clean energy applications. Hydrogen ingress into structural materials can be detrimental due to corrosion and embrittlement. To enable safe operation in applications that need protection from hydrogen isotopes, this review article summarizes most recent advances in materials design and performance characterization of barrier coatings to prevent hydrogen isotopes’ absorption ingress and permeation. Barriers are crucial to prevent hydride formation and unwanted hydrogen effects to increase safety, materials’ lifetime and reduce cost for applications within nuclear and renewable energy. The coating may be applied on a material that requires protection from hydrogen pick-up, transport and hydride formation in hydrogen storage containers, in pipelines, spent nuclear fuel storage or in nuclear reactors. While existing, commercial coatings that have been much in use may be satisfactory for various applications, it is desirable to evaluate whether alternative coating concepts can provide a greater resistance to hydrogen isotope permeation along with other improved properties, such as mechanical strength and thermal resistance. The information presented here is focusing on recent findings within the past 5–7 years of promising hydrogen barriers including oxides, nitrides, carbon, carbide, MAX-phases and metals and their mechanical strength, hydrogen pick-up, radiation resistance and coating manufacturing techniques. A brief introduction to hydrogen permeation is provided. Knowledge gaps were identified to provide guidance for material’s research prospects.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Cloud-resolving model Radar SIMulator (CR-SIM) Version 3.3: description and applications of a virtual observatory

Ground-based observatories use multi-sensor observations to characterize cloud and precipitation properties. One of the challenges is how to design strategies to best use these observations to understand these properties and evaluate weather and climate models. This paper introduces the Cloud resolving model Radar SIMulator (CR-SIM), which uses output from high-resolution cloud resolving models (CRMs) to emulate multi-wavelength, zenith-pointing, and scanning radar observables and multi-sensor (radar and lidar) products. CR-SIM allows direct comparison between an atmospheric model simulation and remote-sensing products using a forward-modeling framework consistent with the microphysical assumptions used in the atmospheric model. CR-SIM has the flexibility to easily incorporate additional microphysical modules, such as microphysical schemes and scattering calculations, and expand the applications to simulate multi-sensor retrieval products. In this paper, we present several applications of CR-SIM for evaluating the representativeness of cloud microphysics and dynamics in a CRM, quantifying uncertainties in radar-lidar integrated cloud products and multi-Doppler wind retrievals, and optimizing radar sampling strategy using observing system simulation experiments. These applications demonstrate the application of CR-SIM as a virtual observatory operator on high-resolution model output for a consistent comparison between model results and observations to aid interpretation of the differences and improve understanding of the representativeness errors due to the sampling limitations of the ground-based measurements. CR-SIM is licensed under the GNU GPL package and both the software and the user guide are publicly available to the scientific community.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1966

Some unique applications of intense magnetic fields

A brief history of our knowledge of ordinary magnetism and electromagnetism is given, from the time of the Roman poet, Lucretius Carus, to the present. Practical examples of magnetic field strength associated with objects familiar to all are discussed, and a frame of reference regarding magnetic field strength is thereby established. The earliest known investigators of intense transient magnetic field manipulation of solid conductor materials are mentioned, and the phenomena described. Systems, apparatus, and basic theory of operation are detailed. The importance of adequate diagnostics is discussed, and some techniques employed are illustrated. The "magnetic sawing" phenomenon is described, and implications explained. Typical applications are shown, including swaging, sizing, sealing. clamping, forming, and other unique neoterisms. A particularly successful application, the magnetomotive sizer, is described in detail, and beneficial application in the Saturn V program is described. Potential industrial applications are prognosticated, and developmental trends are indicated.

Electromagnetic field↗
NASA NTRS1972

Heat pipe applications for the space shuttle.

Discussion of six specific applications for heat pipe (HP) devices on the space shuttle. These applications were chosen from 27 concepts formulated as part of a study to evaluate the potential benefits associated with HP use. The formulation process is briefly described along with the applications which evolved. The bulk of the discussion deals with the 'top' six - namely, HP radiators for waste heat rejection, an HP augmented cold rail, an HP circuit for electronic equipment cooling, modular heat sink for control of remote packages, an HP temperature control for compartments, and air-cooled equipment racks. The philosophy, physical design details, and performance data are presented for each concept along with a comparison with the baseline design where applicable.

Tawil, M.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Applications of aerospace technology in biology and medicine

The results are presented of the medically related activities of the NASA Application Team Program at the Research Triangle Institute. The accomplishments of the Research Triangle Institute Application Team during the reporting period are as follows: The team has identified 44 new problems for investigation, has accomplished 8 technology applications and 8 potential technology applications, has closed 88 old problems, and reactivated 3 old problems, and on August 31, 1972, has a total of 57 problems under active investigation.

Wooten, F. T.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Terrestrial applications of solar cell powered systems

A study was initiated to search out, list, and evaluate terrestrial applications of solar cells and design systems for those applications that show the most promise for becoming practical and accepted by users within the next five years. From a list of over 65 potential applications, ten were selected for further study. The study culminated in detailed engineering designs of systems for the two most attractive applications.

Moore, W. C.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Manned maneuvering unit mission definition study. Volume 1: MMU applications analysis and performance requirements

Applications of Manned Maneuvering Units (MMU'S) to the space shuttle program are identified and described. The applications analyses included studies of the shuttle orbiter, orbiter subsystems, and both Sortie and Automated Payloads. Based on practicable MMU applications, general performance and control requirements for shuttle supporting maneuvering units are defined and compared to units evaluated on Skylab. The results of the MMU applications analyses and the general MMU performance and control requirements are presented. To describe a versatile utility-type maneuvering unit, conceptual designs of MMU support subsystems and ancillary equipment were prepared. Concepts for attaching and securing the MMU crewman to various vehicles, structure configurations, and rescue systems were developed. Concepts for ancillary provisions are reported.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1974

The feasibility of a unified role for NASA regional dissemination centers and technology application teams

Insights and recommendations arising from a study of the feasibility of combining the NASA Regional Dissemination Center (RDC) and Technology Application Team (Tateam) roles to form Regional Application Centers (RADC's) are presented. The apparent convergence of the functions of RDC's and Tateams is demonstrated and strongly supportive of the primary recommendation that an applications function be added to those already being performed by the RDC's. The basis of a national network for technology transfer and public and private sector problem solving is shown to exist, the skeleton of which is an interactive network of Regional Application Centers and NASA Field Centers. The feasibility of developing and extending this network is considered and the detailed ramifications of so doing are discussed and the imperatives emphasized. It is hypothesized that such a national network could become relatively independent of NASA funding within five years.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1974

Boron/aluminum for space applications

Several experimental boron/aluminum structures have been built for aircraft and space vehicle applications. The success of these structures has led to the decision to use boron/aluminum tubular struts on the mid-fuselage section of the Space Shuttle Orbiter. The suitability of boron/aluminum for this application has been demonstrated in a program that involved fabricating 100 tubes and performing static, fatigue, corrosion, thermal/mechanical fatigue, and damage tolerance tests on them. Other potential applications for boron/aluminum on the Space Shuttle include the wing carry-through panels and side panels for the mid-fuselage, and the landing gear struts. These applications result in significant weight savings over conventional non-composite designs at moderate costs. Boron/aluminum can now be considered a production material that, in many cases, is competitive on a weight and/or cost basis with an all-metal or resin composite system.

Robertson, A. R.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Application of visible linear array technology to earth observation sensors

The present paper identifies the systems engineering aspects of applying solid-state technology to earth observations applications being traditionally performed by point (or multiple-point) detector line scanned mechanisms. It is shown that the translation from a basically serial data flow point-detector mechanically-scanned sensor to a solid state highly parallel linear-array pushbroom sensor results in minimizing mechanical complexity and maximizing electronics complexity, with increased demands upon optical performance in some applications. Technical aspects relevant to highly parallel photodiode linear-array pushbroom applications are discussed. Examples of systems engineering applications are provided.

Noll, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Development of a refrigeration system for lunar surface and spacecraft applications

An evaluation of refrigeration devices suitable for potential lunar surface and spacecraft applications was performed. The following conclusions were reached: (1) the vapor compression system is the best overall refrigeration system for lunar surface and spacecraft applications and the single phase radiator system is generally preferred for earth orbit applications, (2) the vapor compression cycle may have some application for simultaneous heating and cooling, (3) a Stirling cycle refrigerator was selected for the manned cabin of the space shuttle, and (4) significant increases in payload heat rejection can be obtained by a kit vapor compression refrigerator added to the shuttle R-21 loop. The following recommendations were made: (1) a Stirling cycle refrigerator may be used for food freezer and biomedical sample storage, (2) the best system for a food freezer/experiments compartment for an earth orbit space station has not been determined, (3) a deployed radiator system can be designed for large heat loads in earth orbit.

Copeland, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1975

A review of the economic implications of the National Academy of Engineering 1974 study of the potential application of space systems

User benefits resulting from the application of space systems to previously described application areas were identified, and methods to assign priorities to application areas and to quantify the benefits were described. The following areas were selected for in-depth review: communications, materials processing in space, weather and climate, and institutional arrangements for space applications. Recommendations concerning studies that should be undertaken to develop a more precise understanding of the source and magnitude of the realizable economic benefits were also presented.

Source record↗