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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2026

Digital Assurance for Grid Reliability in the Era of Large Load Growth

The rapid expansion of large electric loads is reshaping the operational and regulatory landscape of the U.S. electric grid. These facilities are reaching new scales of expansion, now exceeding a gigawatt per site, and their highly sensitive, digitally driven behaviors introduce new reliability risks. Recent grid events, including large load losses following routine transmission disturbances, highlight the consequences of limited ride-through capability, inconsistent protection settings, inadequate modeling, and lack of behind-the-meter visibility. Parallels to earlier integration challenges of new grid technologies suggest that the grid’s existing processes, standards, and interconnection frameworks are no longer adequate for emerging large loads. This brief synthesizes lessons from the evolution of inverter-based resource regulation and applies them to large-load integration. It identifies critical gaps in modeling accuracy, interconnection processes, performance standards, and compliance mechanisms. Technical recommendations emphasize advanced monitoring, improved modeling, coordinated communication protocols, modernized substations, and structured behind-the-meter control schemes. Collectively, these measures provide a roadmap to maintain bulk power system reliability while enabling the continued growth of large, electrified digital infrastructure.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Exploring modified gravity: constraints on the μ and Σ parametrization with WMAP , ACT, and SPT

ABSTRACT The cosmic acceleration problem remains one of the most significant challenges in cosmology. One of the proposed solutions to this problem is the modification of gravity on large scales. In this paper, we explore the well-known μ–Σ parametrization scenarios and confront them with observational data, including the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), and South Pole Telescope (SPT), as well as large-scale structure data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS; baryon acoustic oscillation + redshift-space distortion) and Pantheon supernova (SN) catalogue. We employ a Bayesian framework to constrain the model parameters and discuss the implications of our results on the viability of modified gravity theories. Our analysis reveals the strengths and limitations of the μ–Σ parametrization and provides valuable insights into the nature of gravity on cosmological scales. From the joint analysis of the ACT + WMAP + SDSS + SN, we find μ0 − 1 = 0.02 ± 0.19 and Σ0 − 1 = 0.021 ± 0.068 at 68 per cent confidence level (CL). In light of the SPT + WMAP + SDSS + SN, we find μ0 − 1 = 0.07 ± 0.18 and $\Sigma _0 -1 = -0.009^{+0.078}_{-0.11}$ at 68 per cent CL. In all the analyses carried out, we do not find any deviations from the theory of general relativity. Our results represent an observational update on the well-known μ–Σ parametrization in view of current CMB data, independent of and competitive with the constraints obtained with the Planck data.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Unified Software Architecture for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Data Management and Processing: FY 2023 Multidimensional Data Correlation Platform

This report details the various digital manufacturing activities ongoing at ORNL as part of the Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies (AMMT) program. The AMMT program is exploring a data-driven approach to demonstrate the use of AM for the fabrication of components for nuclear applications, with the goal of providing a greater understanding of manufacturing quality outcomes that would pave the way toward the development of standards for certification and qualification. The objective of this work package is to establish a digital manufacturing discipline common to all participants of the AMMT program to improve the performance, reliability, and lifetime of nuclear components. As part of this effort, we will develop a unified software architecture for AMMT data management and processing, deploy the digital platform across AMMT participants’ facilities, and generate pedigreed datasets in a common format across multiple labs and facilities. To this end, the MDDC work package has focused on three activities during FY23. First, the MDF Digital Tool was overhauled to better serve the needs of the AMMT program. Next, multiple laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) systems at the MDF were upgraded to a common sensor package for collecting comparable in situ data across machines. Finally, various improvements relevant to the AMMT program were implemented in the ORNL-developed software tool, Peregrine. This report marks the completion of FY23 milestone M3CR-22OR0403051: Report Describing the Architecture of the Digital Platform to Support AMMT Activities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Linearly supporting feature extraction for automated estimation of stellar atmospheric parameters

We describe a scheme to extract linearly supporting (LSU) features from stellar spectra to automatically estimate the atmospheric parameters T{sub eff}, log g, and [Fe/H]. “Linearly supporting” means that the atmospheric parameters can be accurately estimated from the extracted features through a linear model. The successive steps of the process are as follow: first, decompose the spectrum using a wavelet packet (WP) and represent it by the derived decomposition coefficients; second, detect representative spectral features from the decomposition coefficients using the proposed method Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LARS){sub bs}; third, estimate the atmospheric parameters T{sub eff}, log g, and [Fe/H] from the detected features using a linear regression method. One prominent characteristic of this scheme is its ability to evaluate quantitatively the contribution of each detected feature to the atmospheric parameter estimate and also to trace back the physical significance of that feature. This work also shows that the usefulness of a component depends on both the wavelength and frequency. The proposed scheme has been evaluated on both real spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)/SEGUE and synthetic spectra calculated from Kurucz's NEWODF models. On real spectra, we extracted 23 features to estimate T{sub eff}, 62 features for log g, and 68 features for [Fe/H]. Test consistencies between our estimates and those provided by the Spectroscopic Parameter Pipeline of SDSS show that the mean absolute errors (MAEs) are 0.0062 dex for log T{sub eff} (83 K for T{sub eff}), 0.2345 dex for log g, and 0.1564 dex for [Fe/H]. For the synthetic spectra, the MAE test accuracies are 0.0022 dex for log T{sub eff} (32 K for T{sub eff}), 0.0337 dex for log g, and 0.0268 dex for [Fe/H].

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Compilation of a Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog and Relocations in the Caucasus Region

Instrumental seismic monitoring has a long history in the Caucasus and started in 1899 when the first seismograph was installed in Tbilisi, Georgia. Much of the analog paper records from this time period are preserved in the Tbilisi archives because Georgia served as the regional data center. In the 1990s, due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the political turmoil in the region, the analog networks and the communication between the newly formed national networks deteriorated. In Georgia, for the next 13 yr, the seismic network coverage was poor until the 2002 Tbilisi earthquake. Following this earthquake, the first permanent digital seismic station in Georgia was established in Tbilisi in 2003. The digital era progressively improved the ability to collect and archive data and today more than a hundred broadband seismic stations (including temporary arrays) are operating in the southern Caucasus. Until recently, the region lacked a coordinated effort to catalog all analog and digital era data collected by different countries into a single repository. As a result of collaboration between Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the Ilia State University, and the Republican Seismic Survey Center of Azerbaijan, a comprehensive earthquake catalog was compiled for the Caucasus and neighboring areas as part of a broader probabilistic seismic hazard assessment project. Here this project digitized Soviet-era paper bulletins, compiled a unified earthquake catalog from regional bulletins, developed 1D reference velocity model, and used it to relocate the events. The final catalog contains 16,963 events with magnitudes 3.7 and above, bringing together all the available data sets in the Caucasus region from 1900 to 2015, significantly improving locations, and generating the most complete earthquake catalog in the region, temporally and geographically.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Interconnection Assessment Methodology and Cost Benefit Analysis for High-Penetration PV Deployment in the Arizona Public Service System

In an effort to better understand the impacts of high penetrations of photovoltaic (PV) generators on distribution systems, Arizona Public Service and its partners completed a multi-year project to develop the tools and knowledge base needed to safely and reliably integrate high penetrations of utility- and residential-scale PV. Building upon the APS Community Power Project-Flagstaff Pilot, this project investigates the impact of PV on a representative feeder in northeast Flagstaff. To quantify and catalog the effects of the estimated 1.3 MW of PV that will be installed on the feeder (both smaller units at homes and large, centrally located systems), high-speed weather and electrical data acquisition systems and digital 'smart' meters were designed and installed to facilitate monitoring and to build and validate comprehensive, high-resolution models of the distribution system. These models are being developed to analyze the impacts of PV on distribution circuit protection systems (including coordination and anti-islanding), predict voltage regulation and phase balance issues, and develop volt/VAr control schemes. This paper continues from a paper presented at the 2014 IEEE PVSC conference that described feeder model evaluation and high penetration advanced scenario analysis, specifically feeder reconfiguration. This paper presents results from Phase 5 of the project. Specifically, the paper discusses tool automation; interconnection assessment methodology and cost benefit analysis.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

New signatures of the Milky Way formation in the local halo and inner-halo streamers in the era of Gaia

We explore the vicinity of the Milky Way through the use of spectrophotometric data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and high-quality proper motions derived from multi-epoch positions extracted from the Guide Star Catalog II database. In order to identify and characterize streams as relics of the Milky Way formation, we start with classifying, selecting, and studying 2417 subdwarfs with [Fe/H] < −1.5 up to 3 kpc away from the Sun as tracers of the local halo system. Then, through phase-space analysis, we find statistical evidence of five discrete kinematic overdensities among 67 of the fastest-moving stars and compare them to high-resolution N-body simulations of the interaction between a Milky Way–like galaxy and orbiting dwarf galaxies with four representative cases of merging histories. The observed overdensities can be interpreted as fossil substructures consisting of streamers torn from their progenitors; such progenitors appear to be satellites on prograde and retrograde orbits on different inclinations. In particular, of the five detected overdensities, two appear to be associated, yielding 21 additional main-sequence members, with the stream of Helmi et al. that our analysis confirms is on a high-inclination prograde orbit. The three newly identified kinematic groups could be associated with the retrograde streams detected by Dinescu and Kepley et al.; whatever their origin, the progenitor(s) would be on retrograde orbit(s) and inclination(s) within the range 10{sup ∘}÷60{sup ∘}. Finally, we use our simulations to investigate the impact of observational errors and compare the current picture to the promising prospect of highly improved data expected from the Gaia mission.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Infrastructure-Based Cooperative Perception at a Traffic Intersection: Overview and Challenges

Traffic intersections are crucial and challenging nodes in transportation networks where multiple lanes of vehicles and pedestrians converge. About one-quarter of traffic fatalities and about one-half of all traffic injuries in the United States happen at traffic intersections . Effective management of these intersections is important to ensure safety and efficiency of all users - vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, and vulnerable road users (VRUs). With advancements in sensor perception technologies such as radar, light detection and ranging (lidar), and cameras, traffic intersections are developing into dynamic and data-rich environments. By using these data to create a real-time digital twin, we can enable real-time data-driven decision making and a range of applications such as sharing perception information to connected vehicles (CVs) and connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs), safety affirmative signaling, and curb optimizing to improve efficiency and enhance safety.This paper presents an overview of the concept and examines the challenges involved in implementing an infrastructure-based cooperative perception engine at a traffic intersection. In addition to outlining the physical components, this study also addresses important challenges involved in a multi-sensor system. We present results from deploying the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) Infrastructure Perception and Control (IPC) mobile trailer at a traffic intersection in the city of Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA that employed multiple radars and lidars to capture the data. This study provides necessary practical learning for the Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) and traffic engineering communities for next-generation infrastructure-based cooperative perception that promises improvements in signal control for optimized traffic flow, among other applications, and documents findings for ongoing research and development efforts in other areas.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,MATHEMATICS AND COMPUT↗
DOE OSTI2024

The AGN-201 Digital Twin: A test bed for remotely monitoring nuclear reactors

Research reactors have historically provided researchers and scientists with a means for testing and understanding the workings of nuclear phenomena. With the lack of new research reactors built in the past decades, it is important now more than ever to utilize and provide evidence for the usefulness of research reactors. Here, this work explores the use of the AGN-201 research reactor at Idaho State University as a test bed for developing a digital twin (named the AGN-201 DT) to realize remote monitoring for nuclear reactors. The goal of the AGN-201 DT is to monitor the AGN-201 reactor and detect when undeclared events take place to provide information for a monitoring agency. The AGN-201 DT was able to detect (without a priori knowledge) when multiple undeclared experiments were placed in the core using on-the-fly machine learning and reactor physics analysis. The AGN-201 reactor provided a test bed for developing, deploying, and testing a digital twin for monitoring nuclear reactors.

21 - SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLAN↗
DOE OSTI2015

STELLAR LOCI. I. METALLICITY DEPENDENCE AND INTRINSIC WIDTHS

Stellar loci are widely used for selection of interesting outliers, reddening determinations, and calibrations. However, until now, the dependence of stellar loci on metallicity has not been fully explored, and their intrinsic widths are unclear. In this paper, by combining the spectroscopic and recalibrated imaging data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Stripe 82, we have built a large, clean sample of dwarf stars with accurate colors and well-determined metallicities to investigate the metallicity dependence and intrinsic widths of the SDSS stellar loci. Typically, 1 dex decrease in metallicity causes 0.20 and 0.02 mag decrease in colors u – g and g – r and 0.02 and 0.02 mag increase in colors r – i and i – z, respectively. The variations are larger for metal-rich stars than for metal-poor ones, and larger for F/G/K stars than for A/M ones. Using the sample, we have performed two-dimensional polynomial fitting to the u – g, g – r, r – i, and i – z colors as a function of color g – i and metallicity [Fe/H]. The residuals, at the level of 0.029, 0.008, 0.008, and 0.011 mag for the u – g, g – r, r – i, and i – z colors, respectively, can be fully accounted for by the photometric errors and metallicity uncertainties, suggesting that the intrinsic widths of the loci are at maximum a few millimagnitudes. The residual distributions are asymmetric, revealing that a significant fraction of stars are binaries. In a companion paper, we will present an unbiased estimate of the binary fraction for field stars. Other potential applications of the metallicity-dependent stellar loci are briefly discussed.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Red giant stars from Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. The general field

We have obtained a sample of ∼22,000 red giant branch (RGB) stars based on stellar parameters, provided by the ninth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and the CH(G)/MgH indices, measured from the included spectra. The Galactic rest-frame velocity of V {sub gsr} versus longitude for the sample shows the existence of several groups of stars from globular clusters and known streams. Excluding these substructures, a sample of ∼16,000 RGB stars from the general field is used to investigate the properties of the thick disk, the inner halo, and the outer halo of our Galaxy. The metallicity and rotational velocity distributions are investigated for stars at 0 kpc < |Z| < 10 kpc. It is found that the canonical thick disk dominates at 0 kpc < |Z| < 2 kpc and its contribution becomes negligible at |Z| > 3 kpc. The MWTD is present and overlaps with the inner halo at 1 kpc < |Z| < 3 kpc. The inner halo starts at 2 kpc < |Z| < 3 kpc and becomes the dominated population for 4 kpc < |Z| < 10 kpc. For halo stars with |Z| > 5 kpc, bimodal metallicity distributions are found for 20 kpc < |Z| < 25 kpc and 35 kpc < RR < 45 kpc, which suggests a dual halo, the inner and the outer halo, as reported in Carollo et al. at low |Z| values. The peak of metallicity for the inner halo is at [Fe/H] ∼ –1.6 and appears to be at [Fe/H] ∼ –2.3 for the outer halo. The transition point from the inner to the outer halo is located at |Z| ∼ 20 kpc and RR ∼ 35 kpc.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

A Simple Demonstration of Concrete Structural Health Monitoring Framework

Assessment and management of aging concrete structures in nuclear power plants require a more systematic approach than simple reliance on existing code margins of safety. Structural health monitoring of concrete structures aims to understand the current health condition of a structure based on heterogeneous measurements to produce high confidence actionable information regarding structural integrity that supports operational and maintenance decisions. This ongoing research project is seeking to develop a probabilistic framework for health diagnosis and prognosis of aging concrete structures in a nuclear power plant subjected to physical, chemical, environment, and mechanical degradation. The proposed framework consists of four elements—damage modeling, monitoring, data analytics, and uncertainty quantification. This report describes a proof-of-concept example on a small concrete slab subjected to a freeze-thaw experiment that explores techniques in each of the four elements of the framework and their integration. An experimental set-up at Vanderbilt University’s Laboratory for Systems Integrity and Reliability is used to research effective combination of full-field techniques that include infrared thermography, digital image correlation, and ultrasonic measurement. The measured data are linked to the probabilistic framework: the thermography, digital image correlation data, and ultrasonic measurement data are used for Bayesian calibration of model parameters, for diagnosis of damage, and for prognosis of future damage. The proof-of-concept demonstration presented in this report highlights the significance of each element of the framework and their integration.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

The flux ratio of the [N II] λ λ 6548, 6583 Å lines in sample of Active Galactic Nuclei Type 2

In spectra of the Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs), the [N II]λλ 6548, 6583 Å lines are commonly fitted using the fixed intensity ratio of these two lines (R [NII] = I 6583 /I 6548 ). However, the used values for fixed intensity ratio are slightly different through literature. There are several theoretical calculations of the transition probabilities which can be used for the line ratio estimation, but there are no experimental measurements of this ratio, since the [N II] lines are extremely weak in laboratory plasma. Therefore, the intensity ratio of [N II] lines can be measured only in the spectra of astrophysical objects. However, precise and systematic measurements have not be done so far, because of difficulties in measurement of the [N II] ratio in various spectra (overlapping with Hα, weak intensity of [N II], influence of the continuum noise and outflow contribution, etc.). Here we present the measurements of the flux ratio of the [N II] λλ 6548, 6583 Å emission lines for a sample of 250 Type 2 AGNs spectra taken form Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data base. Further, the spectra are chosen to have high signal-to-noise ratio and to [N II] and Hα lines do not overlap. The obtained mean flux ratio from measurements is 3.049 ± 0.021. Our result is in agreement with theoretical result obtained by taking into account the relativistic corrections to the magnetic dipole operator.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measure this, not that: Optimizing the cost and model-based information content of measurements

Model-based design of experiments (MBDoE) is a powerful framework for selecting and calibrating science-based mathematical models from data. Here, this work extends popular MBDoE workflows by proposing a convex mixed integer (non)linear programming (MINLP) to optimize the selection of measurements. The solver MindtPy is modified to support calculating the D-optimality objective and its gradient via an external package, scipy, using the grey-box module in Pyomo. The new approach is demonstrated in two case studies: estimating highly correlated kinetics from a batch reactor and estimating transport parameters in a large-scale rotary packed bed for CO 2 capture. Both case studies show how examining the Pareto optimal trade-offs between information content measured by A- and D-optimality versus measurement budget offers practical guidance for selecting measurements for scientific experiments.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Automated model generation and parameter estimation of building energy models using an ontology-based framework

This study presents a methodology for automated model generation and parameter estimation of building energy models using semantic modeling and Bayesian estimation. Semantic modeling techniques are used to represent the system components and their interactions, facilitating the automatic generation of a simulation model from dynamic component models. The proposed approach is applied to a case study of a ventilation system where a simulation model is generated, calibrated, and assessed through different performance metrics. These metrics demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of both model point estimates and probabilistic prediction intervals across all model outputs. Overall, the proposed methodology offers a systematic and automated approach to model development and calibration in building energy systems, with potential applications in building performance analysis, monitoring, and optimization.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2019

Application of deconvolution to recover frequency-domain multiplexed detector pulses

Multiplexing of radiation detectors reduces the number of readout channels, which in turn reduces the number of digitizer input channels for data acquisition. We recently demonstrated frequency domain multiplexing (FDM) of pulse mode radiation detectors using a resonator that converts the detector signal into a damped sinusoid by convolution. The detectors were given unique “tags” by the oscillation frequency of each resonator. The charge collected and the time-of-arrival of the detector pulse were estimated from the corresponding resonator output in the frequency domain. In this paper, we demonstrate a new method to recover the detector pulse from the damped sinusoidal output by deconvolution. Deconvolution converts the frequency-encoded detector signal back to the original detector pulse. We have developed a new prototype FDM system to multiplex organic scintillators based on convolution and deconvolution. Using the new prototype, the charge collected under the anode pulse can be estimated from the recovered pulse with an uncertainty of about 4.4 keVee (keV electron equivalent). The time-of-arrival can be estimated from the recovered pulse with an uncertainty of about 102 ps. We also used a CeBr3 inorganic scintillator to measure the Cs-137 gamma spectrum using the recovered pulses and found a standard deviation of 13.8 keV at 662 keV compared to a standard deviation of 13.5 keV when the original pulses were used. Coincidence measurements with Na-22 using the deconvolved pulses resulted in a timing uncertainty of 617 ps compared to an uncertainty of 603 ps using the original pulses. Pulse shape discrimination was also performed using Cf-252 source and EJ-309 organic scintillator pulses recovered by deconvolution. In conclusion, a figure of merit value of 1.08 was observed when the recovered pulses were used compared to 1.2 for the original pulses.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

The big data challenges of connectomics

The structure of the nervous system is extraordinarily complicated because individual neurons are interconnected to hundreds or even thousands of other cells in networks that can extend over large volumes. Mapping such networks at the level of synaptic connections, a field called connectomics, began in the 1970s with a the study of the small nervous system of a worm and has recently garnered general interest thanks to technical and computational advances that automate the collection of electron-microscopy data and offer the possibility of mapping even large mammalian brains. However, modern connectomics produces ‘big data’, unprecedented quantities of digital information at unprecedented rates, and will require, as with genomics at the time, breakthrough algorithmic and computational solutions. Here in this paper we describe some of the key difficulties that may arise and provide suggestions for managing them.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗