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At least 631 records · Page 35

High-pressure phase of cold-compressed bulk graphite and graphene nanoplatelets

Here, we have studied the high-pressure vibrational and structural behavior of bulk graphite and graphene nanoplatelets at room temperature by means of high-pressure Raman spectroscopic and x-ray diffraction probes. We have detected a clear pressure-induced structural transition in both materials, evidenced by the appearance of new Bragg peaks and Raman features, deviating from the starting hexagonal graphitic structure. The high-pressure phase is identified as a partially disordered orthorhombic structure, consisting of mixed sp 2 - and sp 3 -type bonding. Our experimental findings serve as direct evidence for the existence of a metastable transient modification in cold compressed carbon, lying between the sp 2 -type graphite and sp 3 -type diamond allotropes.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Detonation duct gas generator demonstration program

The feasibility of the generation of detonation waves moving periodically across high speed channel flow is experimentally demonstrated. Such waves are essential to the concept of compressing requirements and increasing the engine pressure compressor with the objective of reducing conventional compressor requirements and increasing the engine thermodynamic efficiency through isochoric energy addition. By generating transient transverse waves, rather than standing waves, shock wave losses are reduced by an order of magnitude. The ultimate objective is to use such detonation ducts downstream of a low pressure gas turbine compressor to produce a high overall pressure ratio thermodynamic cycle. A 4 foot long, 1 inch x 12 inch cross-section, detonation duct was operated in a blow-down mode using compressed air reservoirs. Liquid or vapor propane was injected through injectors or solenoid valves located in the plenum or the duct itself. Detonation waves were generated when the mixture was ignited by a row of spark plugs in the duct wall. Problems with fuel injection and mixing limited the air speeds to about Mach 0.5, frequencies to below 10 Hz, and measured pressure ratios of about 5 to 6. The feasibility of the gas dynamic compression was demonstrated and the critical problem areas were identified.

Wortman, Andrew↗

Investigating realistic anode off-gas combustion in SOFC/ICE hybrid systems: mini review and experimental evaluation

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been deployed in hybrid decentralized energy systems, in which they are directly coupled to internal combustion engines (ICEs). Prior research indicated that the anode tailgas exiting the SOFC stack should be additionally exploited due to its high energy value, with typical ICE operation favoring hybridization due to matching thermodynamic conditions during operation. Consequently, extensive research has been performed, in which engines are positioned downstream the SOFC subsystem, operating in several modes of combustion, with the most prevalent being homogeneous compression ignition (HCCI) and spark ignition (SI). Experiments were performed in a 3-cylinder ICE operating in the latter modus operandi, where the anode tailgas was assimilated by mixing syngas (H 2 : 33.9%, CO: 15.6%, CO 2 : 50.5%) with three different water vapor flowrates in the engine’s intake. While increased vapor content significantly undermined engine performance, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) surpassed 34% in the best case scenario, which outperformed the majority of engines operating under similar operating conditions, as determined from the conducted literature review. Nevertheless, the best performing application was identified operating under HCCI, in which diesel reformates assimilating SOFC anode tailgas, fueled a heavy duty ICE (17:1), and gross indicated thermal efficiency ([Formula: see text]) of 48.8% was achieved, with the same engine exhibiting identical performance when operating in reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI). Overall, emissions in terms of NO x and CO were minimal, especially in SI engines, while unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) were non-existent due to the absence of hydrocarbons in the assessed reformates.

Engineering↗

Effects of fiber, matrix, and interphase on carbon fiber composite compression strength

The major goal of this project was to obtain basic information on compression failure properties of carbon fiber composites. To do this, we investigated fiber effects, matrix effects, and fiber/matrix interface effects. Using each of nine fiber types, we prepared embedded single-fiber specimens, single-ply specimens, and full laminates. From the single-fiber specimens, in addition to the standard fragmentation test analysis, we were able to use the low crack density data to provide information about the distribution of fiber flaws. The single-ply specimens provided evidence of a correlation between the size of kink band zones and the quality of the interface. Results of the laminate compression experiments mostly agreed with the results from single-ply experiments, although the ultimate compression strengths of laminates were higher. Generally, these experiments showed a strong effect of interfacial properties. Matrix effects were examined using laminates subjected to precracking under mixed-mode loading conditions. A large effect of precracking conditions on the mode 1 toughness of the laminates was found. In order to control the properties of the fiber/matrix interface, we prepared composites of carbon fiber and polycarbonate and subjected these to annealing. The changes in interfacial properties directly correlated with changes in compression strength.

Nairn, John A.↗

What next: Further implosion space exploration on the path to NIF extended yield capability

We present quantitative motivations and assessments of various proposed and ongoing directions to further improving yields and target gain of igniting indirect-drive implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). These include increasing compression and confinement time, improving hohlraum and ablator efficiency, and further increasing peak power and laser energy. 1D hydroscaled simulations, augmented by analytic 1D theory, have been used to project yield improvements for each of these implosion optimization tracks, normalized to the best current performing 4 MJ shot. At current NIF capabilities of 2.2 MJ, 450 TW, we project several paths could reach 15 MJ yield levels. We also expect several key implosion physics questions will be addressed in attempting to reach this yield level. These include demonstrating to what extent lower adiabat designs leading to higher compression will increase gain and efficiency, and whether we can reduce residual kinetic energy and ablator-fuel mix that is probably limiting the current burn-up fraction. For an envisaged NIF upgrade to EL = 3 MJ at fixed 450 TW peak power, scaling capsule size and fuel thicknesses faster than pure hydroscaling should allow for yields that could reach up to 60–80 MJ, depending on the efficiency gains realized in increasing deuterium-tritium fuel thickness, reducing hohlraum losses, and switching to lower Z ablators. The laser-plasma instability and beam transmission scaling in these larger hohlraums is shown to be favorable if the spot size is increased with hohlraum scale.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Multifunctional Cement for Geothermal Wells

This report compiles the work of BNL in support of Thermal Shock Resistant Cement evaluations (TSRC) by Schlumberger. BNL has worked on the formulation of thermal-shock resistant cement since 2011. All the materials on the blend including publications and presentations are in public domain and were sent to Schlumberger for review prior the beginning of the evaluations. Initial efforts focused on achieving long and controlled thickening time of TSRC at 85°C in thickening time tests in a pressurized consistometer. Since the results of BNL set control were not reproduced by Schlumberger technical feedback on Schlumberger testing was among the main efforts of the BNL team in the beginning of the collaboration. When it became clear that the main reason of results deviation was the difference in the mode of retarder addition (dry-blended at BNL and pre-dissolved at Schlumberger) the efforts shifted to the possible decrease in the cost of the formulation by changing concentrations and nature of the alkali activator as well as evaluating performance of more economical formulations with calcium-aluminate cement, Secar #51, Secar #71 and Ciment Fondu, suggested by Schlumberger based on communications with Kerneos (supplier of calcium aluminate cements). Another piece of information obtained by Schlumberger from Kerneos that prompted evaluations of different calcium-aluminate cements in the composition of TSRC was the fact that originally used Secar#80 contains some performance-improving additives that may interfere with the set control and rheological properties of the slurries. In summary, the report contains the following information: 1. Review of the setting behavior of TSRC slurries prepared by dry-blending TA powder or pre dissolving it in mix water in calorimetric tests at 85°C; 2. Results of evaluation of different alkali activators for improved compressive strength development and cost reduction; 3. Results of evaluation of Secar #51, 71 and cement Fondu as an alternative to Secar #80 in TSRC formulation – thermal shock tests and phases’ analyses of set cement; 4. A brief discussion of early-compressive-strength-development test conditions appropriate for geothermal wells.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Density variance dynamics in disparate shock tubes

This report discusses two experiments which investigate thin layer, heavy curtain fragmentation from the perspective of a Reynolds-Averaged mix model, in drastically disparate experimental regimes. The first, the centimeter/millisecond-scale “Horizontal Shock Tube” (HST) is a compressed-gas piston-driven shock tube experiment. The second, the “Multishock thin layer” (Mshock) experiment performed at the National Ignition Facility, is a micrometer/nanosecond-scale laser-driven shock tube experiment. Both are situations in which a heavy plane layer (a ‘curtain’) is initially suspended in a lighter medium. After being shocked from at least one side, the layer translates while its interfaces evolve due to the excitation of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability at its surfaces. The evolution of density variance, which initially exists only on the surface of the layer, as it comes to encompass the whole layer interior is used as a description of layer fragmentation and dissolution. These experiments have each been simulated in the Los Alamos National Laboratory multi-physics code xRAGE, which includes fundamental hydrodynamics, extended plasma physics and radiation effects which are important to drive the high-energy density experiment, and the Besnard-Harlow-Rauenzahn (BHR) turbulence model. In each, the principal diagnostic for comparison is an experimental metric for the density (co)variance, b, which tracks the moments of the density field at the curtain interfaces and body. Due to experimental constraints in different regimes (i.e. optical diagnostics can be deployed on conventional shock tubes, while the plasma shock tubes must be imaged by x-rays; interfaces can be imposed to specification on laser-driven experiments, which are stored in the solid phase, while conventional experiments have imperfect control of the flow fields which separate the layer, etc.) the experiments are not designed to be perfect scaled cognates of one another. However, despite the separation of six orders of magnitude of scaling in time, and four in space, we are able to demonstrate that the same turbulence model, operating in the same fashion in the same computer code, is able to reproduce results in each experiment, by tracking evolution due to common relevant physics. Additionally, we will present preliminary work toward density variance comparisons in a single-interface Richtmyer-Meshkov configuration, the conventional fluid “Vertical Shock Tube” (VST) experiment, and the Modal Initial Conditions (ModCons) campaign fielded at the OMEGA-EP laser facility.

42 ENGINEERING↗

A complete model of turbulence

A set of constitutive equations suitable for a priori computation of turbulent shear flows has been developed. Since no properties of a given turbulent flow need be known in advance in order to obtain a solution, the equations comprise a complete model of turbulence. Perturbation analysis shows that the model predicts a composite five-layer structure for an incompressible turbulent boundary layer, viz, a defect layer, a law-of-the-wall layer, a viscous sublayer, a near-surface roughness layer, and a viscous superlayer at the boundary-layer edge. Analysis of the defect layer demonstrates the key improvement of the model over its predecessor, the Saffman-Wilcox two-equation model of turbulence. Examination of model-predicted sublayer structure yields model-parameter boundary conditions appropriate for surfaces with roughness and mass injection. Results of numerical computations of compressible and incompressible equilibrium boundary layers show that, for such flows, the model is as accurate as mixing-length theory. Applications to transitional boundary layers and to nonequilibrium relaxation of a boundary layer passing from a rough to a smooth surface indicate that the model's applicability extends far beyond that of mixing-length theory's.

Wilcox, D. C.↗

A formulation of convection for stellar structure and evolution calculations without the mixing-length theory approximations. II - Application to Alpha Centauri A and B

We have constructed a series of models of Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B for the purposes of testing the effects of convection modeling both by means of the mixing-length theory (MLT), and by means of parameterization of energy fluxes based upon numerical simulations of turbulent compressible convection. We demonstrate that while MLT, through its adjustable parameter alpha, can be used to match any given values of luminosities and radii, our treatment of convection, which lacks any adjustable parameters, makes specific predictions of stellar radii. Since the predicted radii of the Alpha Centauri system fall within the errors of the observed radii, our treatment of convection is applicable to other stars in the H-R diagram in addition to the sun. A second set of models is constructed using MLT, adjusting alpha to yield not the 'measured' radii but, instead, the radii predictions of our revised treatment of convection. We conclude by assessing the appropriateness of using a single value of alpha to model a wide variety of stars.

Lydon, Thomas J.↗

Effects of Aspect Ratio on Air Flow at High Subsonic Mach Numbers

Schlieren photographs were used in an investigation to determine the effects of changing the aspect ratio from infinity to 2 on the air flow past a wing at high subsonic Mach numbers. The results indicated that the decreased effects of compressibility on drag coefficients for the finite wing are produced by a reduction in the compression shock and flow separation.

FLOW, MIXED↗

Comparative Study of Three High Order Schemes for LES of Temporally Evolving Mixing Layers

Three high order shock-capturing schemes are compared for large eddy simulations (LES) of temporally evolving mixing layers (TML) for different convective Mach numbers (Mc) ranging from the quasi-incompressible regime to highly compressible supersonic regime. The considered high order schemes are fifth-order WENO (WENO5), seventh-order WENO (WENO7) and the associated eighth-order central spatial base scheme with the dissipative portion of WENO7 as a nonlinear post-processing filter step (WENO7fi). This high order nonlinear filter method (H.C. Yee and B. Sjogreen, Proceedings of ICOSAHOM09, June 22-26, 2009, Trondheim, Norway) is designed for accurate and efficient simulations of shock-free compressible turbulence, turbulence with shocklets and turbulence with strong shocks with minimum tuning of scheme parameters. The LES results by WENO7fi using the same scheme parameter agree well with experimental results of Barone et al. (2006), and published direct numerical simulations (DNS) work of Rogers & Moser (1994) and Pantano & Sarkar (2002), whereas results by WENO5 and WENO7 compare poorly with experimental data and DNS computations.

Yee, Helen M. C.↗

Toward Better Modeling of Supercritical Turbulent Mixing

study was done as part of an effort to develop computational models representing turbulent mixing under thermodynamic supercritical (here, high pressure) conditions. The question was whether the large-eddy simulation (LES) approach, developed previously for atmospheric-pressure compressible-perfect-gas and incompressible flows, can be extended to real-gas non-ideal (including supercritical) fluid mixtures. [In LES, the governing equations are approximated such that the flow field is spatially filtered and subgrid-scale (SGS) phenomena are represented by models.] The study included analyses of results from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of several such mixing layers based on the Navier-Stokes, total-energy, and conservation- of-chemical-species governing equations. Comparison of LES and DNS results revealed the need to augment the atmospheric- pressure LES equations with additional SGS momentum and energy terms. These new terms are the direct result of high-density-gradient-magnitude regions found in the DNS and observed experimentally under fully turbulent flow conditions. A model has been derived for the new term in the momentum equation and was found to perform well at small filter size but to deteriorate with increasing filter size. Several alternative models were derived for the new SGS term in the energy equation that would need further investigations to determine if they are too computationally intensive in LES.

Selle, Laurent↗

Optimal time splitting for two- and three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with mixed derivatives

A new explicit, time splitting algorithm has been developed for finite difference modelling of the full two and three-dimensional time-dependent, compressible, viscous Navier-Stokes equations of fluid mechanics. The scheme is optimal in the sense that the split operators achieve their maximum allowable time step, i.e., the corresponding Courant number. The algorithm allows a conservation-form formulation. Stability is proven analytically and verified numerically. In proving stability it was shown that all nine matrix coefficients of the Navier-Stokes equations are simultaneously symmetrizable by a similarity transformation. Two such transformations and their resulting symmetric matrix coefficients are presented explicitly.

Abarbanel, S.↗

Fluid channeling system

A fluid channeling system includes a fluid ejector, a heat exchanger, and a fluid pump disposed in series flow communication The ejector includes a primary inlet for receiving a primary fluid, and a secondary inlet for receiving a secondary fluid which is mixed with the primary fluid and discharged therefrom as ejector discharge. Heat is removed from the ejector discharge in the heat exchanger, and the heat exchanger discharge is compressed in the fluid pump and channeled to the ejector secondary inlet as the secondary fluid In an exemplary embodiment, the temperature of the primary fluid is greater than the maximum operating temperature of a fluid motor powering the fluid pump using a portion of the ejector discharge, with the secondary fluid being mixed with the primary fluid so that the ejector discharge temperature is equal to about the maximum operating temperature of the fluid motor.

Davis, Donald Y.↗

OmniFed: A Modular Framework for Configurable Federated Learning from Edge to HPC

Federated Learning (FL) is critical for edge and High Performance Computing (HPC) where data is not centralized and privacy is crucial. We present OmniFed, a modular framework designed around decoupling and clear separation of concerns for configuration, orchestration, communication, and training logic. Its architecture supports configuration-driven prototyping and code-level override-what-you-need customization. We also support different topologies, mixed communication protocols within a single deployment, and popular training algorithms. It also offers optional privacy mechanisms including Differential Privacy (DP), Homomorphic Encryption (HE), and Secure Aggregation (SA), as well as compression strategies. These capabilities are exposed through well-defined extension points, allowing users to customize topology and orchestration, learning logic, and privacy/compression plugins, all while preserving the integrity of the core system. We evaluate multiple models and algorithms to measure various performance metrics. By unifying topology configuration, mixed-protocol communication, and pluggable modules in one stack, OmniFed streamlines FL deployment across heterogeneous environments. Github repository is available at https://github.com/at-aaims/OmniFed.

Tyagi, Sahil [ORNL] (ORCID:0009000783144745)↗

Energy Efficient Engine Preliminary Design and Integration Studies

The technology and configurational requirements of an all new 1990's energy efficient turbofan engine having a twin spool arrangement with a directly coupled fan and low-pressure turbine, a mixed exhaust nacelle, and a high 38.6:1 overall pressure ratio were studied. Major advanced technology design features required to provide the overall benefits were a high pressure ratio compression system, a thermally actuated advanced clearance control system, lightweight shroudless fan blades, a low maintenance cost one-stage high pressure turbine, a short efficient mixer and structurally integrated engine and nacelle. A conceptual design analysis was followed by integration and performance analyses of geared and direct-drive fan engines with separate or mixed exhaust nacelles to refine previously designed engine cycles. Preliminary design and more detailed engine-aircraft integration analysis were then conducted on the more promising configurations. Engine and aircraft sizing, fuel burned, and airframe noise studies on projected 1990's domestic and international aircraft produced sufficient definition of configurational and advanced technology requirements to allow immediate initiation of component technology development.

Gray, D. E.↗

EGR Dilution and Fuel Property Effects on High-Efficiency Spark-Ignition Flames

Modern spark ignition internal combustion engines rely on fast combustion rates and high dilution to achieve high brake thermal efficiencies. To accomplish this, new engine designs have moved towards increased tumble ratios and stroke-to-bore ratios. Increased tumble ratios correlate positively with increases in turbulent kinetic energy and improved fuel and residual gas mixing, all of which favor faster and more efficient combustion. Longer stroke-to-bore ratios allow higher geometric compression ratios and use of late intake valve closing to control peak compression pressures and temperatures. The addition of dilution to improve efficiency is limited by the resulting increase in combustion instabilities manifested by cycle-to-cycle variability. A number of effects - preferential diffusion, turbulence-combustion interactions, stochastic flow patterns, laminar-turbulent flame kernel transitions, and relative length and velocity scales between flame and turbulence - are believed to be responsible for the increase in cycle-to-cycle variations, where their contributions are likely interlinked. Several studies have shown the influence of stochastic flow characteristics on the nature of combustion instabilities, such as velocity patterns on flame kernel formation and cycle-to-cycle variations in residual gas. However, few have focused on the specific effects of fuel properties. The objective of this work is to contrast the effects of dilution on propane stoichiometric combustion against gasoline. Dilution tolerance experiments were conducted in a purpose-built high stroke-to-bore ratio single cylinder engine with both gasoline and LPG. Three-dimensional full cycle computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations employing a level-set combustion approach and Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence modeling was used to qualitatively assess the changes in length and velocity scales for turbulence and the flame. The experimental results showed that LPG can tolerate higher exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) dilution under a variety of conditions. Analysis of CFD simulations showed that propane flames are likely less sensitive to influences from the flow field due to less thickening of the flame and higher effective flame speeds.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

OPTIMUS{sup TM} Packaging for Intermediate Level Wastes and Spent Fuel - 20129

NAC's OPTIMUS{sup TM} packaging is a family of Type B(U)F transportation packages designed for maximum flexibility and cost-efficiency to support shipment of a wide range of challenging wastes and materials. They are small, modular packaging designs meeting DOT weight limits for road transport. OPTIMUS{sup TM} contents include low level waste, mixed low-level waste, irradiated fuel waste and intermediate level waste. Contents can also include aerosol cans with compressed gas and liquefied gas propellants and standard DOT 3E lecture bottles for shipment to treatment facilities. OPTIMUS{sup TM} packaging provides a cost-effective solution for challenging and unique waste contents combined with design simplicity and operational flexibility meeting the requirements of both SSR-6 and 10 CFR 71 for Type B(U)F packaging. The modular design of the packaging components combined with the flexibility to add modified internals for enhanced packaging performance makes OPTIMUS{sup TM} the preferred solution for many radioactive material transportation needs. The OPTIMUS{sup TM} product line currently includes two packaging designs; OPTIMUS{sup TM}-L and OPTIMUS{sup TM}-H. OPTIMUS{sup TM}-L is a lightweight transportation packaging intended for low-activity wastes, whereas OPTIMUS{sup TM}-H is a larger, heavier package intended for high-activities wastes. Due to its small size and weight, six (6) to ten (10) OPTIMUS{sup TM}-L packages can be accommodated on a single legal-weight truck shipment, depending on the weight of the contents. For typical payloads, two (2) OPTIMUS{sup TM}-H packages can be accommodated on a single legal-weight truck shipment. The OPTIMUS{sup TM} packaging share the same cask containment vessel (CCV) in the OPTIMUS{sup TM}-H and OPTIMUS{sup TM}-L. The large cavity size of the CCV, which can accommodate a 416-liter (110-gallon) drum, combined with the small size, low weight and modularity of the OPTIMUS{sup TM} packaging provides unmatched flexibility. In this paper, NAC provides a technical overview of the OPTIMUS{sup TM} packaging and identifies the design features and technology advancements making the OPTIMUS{sup TM} a readily adaptable and flexible solution for packaging processing facilities, reactor and decommissioning wastes. Optimized shielding performance through the addition of internal shielding components and alternative shipping configurations are discussed. In addition, an overview of the first major deployment of the OPTIMUS{sup TM} packaging for the Whiteshell Laboratories Closure Project (WLCP) is discussed. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗