Adaptation to prismatic displacements - hand position and target location.
Adaptation to prismatic displacements - hand position and target location
ADAPTATION↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Design of a simulated cruise scene visual attachment. Volume 3 - Assembly and detail drawings
Cruise scene visual attachment system assembly and detail design drawings for manned spacecraft or aircraft flight simulators
Source record↗
Photometric studies of Saturn's ring and eclipses of the Galilean satellites
Reliable data defining the photometric function of the Saturn ring system at visual wavelengths are interpreted in terms of a simple scattering model. To facilitate the analysis, new photographic photometry of the ring has been carried out and homogeneous measurements of the mean surface brightness are presented. The ring model adopted is a plane parallel slab of isotropically scattering particles; the single scattering albedo and the perpendicular optical thickness are both arbitrary. Results indicate that primary scattering is inadequate to describe the photometric properties of the ring: multiple scattering predominates for all angles of tilt with respect to the Sun and earth. In addition, the scattering phase function of the individual particles is significantly anisotropic: they scatter preferentially towards the sun. Photoelectric photometry of Ganymede during its eclipse by Jupiter indicate that neither a simple reflecting-layer model nor a semi-infinite homogeneous scattering model provides an adequate physical description of the Jupiter atmosphere.
Brunk, W. E.↗
Medical technology advances from space research
Details of medical research and development programs, particularly an integrated medical laboratory, as derived from space technology are given. The program covers digital biotelemetry systems, automatic visual field mapping equipment, sponge electrode caps for clinical electroencephalograms, and advanced respiratory analysis equipment. The possibility of using the medical laboratory in ground based remote areas and regional health care facilities, as well as long duration space missions is discussed.
Pool, S. L.↗
Program for transfer research and impact studies
The progress made in achieving TRIS research objectives during the first six months of 1972 is reviewed. The Tech Brief-Technical Support Package Program and technology transfer profiles are presented along with summaries of technology transfer in nondestructive testing, and visual display systems.
Kottenstette, J. P.↗
Optical scattering properties of Saturn's ring.
Reliable data defining the photometric function of the Saturn ring system at visual (V) wavelengths are interpreted in terms of a simple scattering model. To facilitate the analysis, new photographic photometry of the ring has been carried out utilizing the Lowell observatory plate collection. Homogeneous measurements of the mean surface brightness (rings A and B together), covering almost the complete range in planetocentric solar declination angle, are presented. The ring model adopted is a plane-parallel slab of isotropically scattering particles; the single scattering albedo and the perpendicular optical thickness are both arbitrary. Results indicate that primary scattering is inadequate to describe the photometric properties of the ring; multiple scattering predominates for all angles of tilt with respect to the Sun and Earth.
Price, M. J.↗
An international space transportation and service system.
An overview of the state of the art in international space transportation systems, covering current launch vehicles, the space shuttle system, and the related aspects of IR astronomy, space physics, and space biology. A phase-over from expendable vehicles to a shuttle-based reusable space transportation system is visualized in 1980.
Naugle, J. E.↗
Planetary imaging - Past, present, and future
Recent exploration of the planets has been highlighted by the development of visual imaging systems carried on board the spacecraft. This paper describes the evolution of planetary camera systems from the earliest reconnaissance flight to Mars in 1965 (Mariner 4) through the planned mission to Jupiter and Saturn in 1977. Advances in telecommunication performance, mission planning and operations, and digital processing of images are also discussed. Science objectives and changes in the imaging systems required to meet these objectives are discussed for the Mariner Mars 1971 (Mariner 9), Mariner Venus-Mercury (Mariner 10), Viking 1975 (Mars Orbiter), and Mariner Jupiter-Saturn 1977 missions. The last section of the paper describes future plans for imaging experiments based on cameras using solid-state sensors, particularly charge-coupled devices.
Masursky, H.↗
NAVTOLAND and flying qualities
The V/STOL operational capability is reviewed with emphasis on pilot workload and all-weather landing guidance systems. A research and development program to correlate and integrate the development of all systems and techniques involved in enabling the pilot to fly V/STOL aircraft onto ships and tactical sites is described. Aircraft design parameters that affect its control in the vertical takeoff and landing flight regimes are emphasized. Topics considered include: (1) integrated flight controls and displays; (2) low speed sensor; (3) air traffic control appraoch and landing guidance systems; (4) visual landing aids; (5) ground effect induced thrust variation problems; and (6) handling qualities.
Momiyama, T. S.↗
To develop behavioral tests of vestibular functioning in the Wistar rat
Two tests of vestibular functioning in the rat were developed. The first test was the water maze. In the water maze the rat does not have the normal proprioceptive feedback from its limbs to help it maintain its orientation, and must rely primarily on the sensory input from its visual and vestibular systems. By altering lighting conditions and visual cues the vestibular functioning without visual cues was assessed. Whether there was visual compensation for some vestibular dysfunction was determined. The second test measured vestibular functioning of the rat's behavior on a parallel swing. In this test the rat's postural adjustments while swinging on the swing with the otoliths being stimulated were assessed. Less success was achieved in developing the parallel swing as a test of vestibular functioning than with the water maze. The major problem was incorrect initial assumptions of what the rat's probable behavior on the parallel swing would be.
Nielson, H. C.↗
Some effects of Field Of View (FOV) and target size on lateral tracking at hover
An exploratory flight-simulator experiment examined the gross effects of several factors potentially important to the design of a visual display system for aiding VTOL pilots in the difficult task of landing on a small sea-control ship. Field of view (FOV) and target size were the primary variables examined for a lateral tracking task in a full motion 5 degree-of-freedom hover simulation. The mean absolute value of tracking error was used to measure tracking performance, and cross spectral transfer function analysis was performed to determine the pilot's ability to generate good open-loop transfer function characteristics as a function of the experimental variables. It was found that FOV and target size can have a large effect on the pilot's ability to generate open-loop gain, and on his tracking performance.
Breul, H. T.↗
Pilot response with conventional displays
A critical examination of pilot-aircraft-display system response was conducted for conventional displays. The system frequency and damping both by visual examination of system responses to initial errors and by pilot model analysis was studied. Examples of system response at two points in a flight are shown. The long periods and the occasional loss of system damping in these responses are a matter of concern. These system characteristics can be duplicated with the pilot model given on the pilot-model-aircraft system block diagram. The responses obtained with the pilot model are also shown, together with the pilot model gains used in obtaining these responses. The factors that determine what these gains will be are the requirements for system stability, the sensitivity of the displays, and the scanning required in looking at the displays. The effects of scanning on system response can be determined with the test set-up given. Using this test equipment, it was found that separating bank angle information from heading information caused a noticeable degradation in system response.
Adams, J. J.↗
Visual accommodation trainer-tester
An apparatus for training of the human visual accommodation system is presented, specifically, useful for training a person to volitionally control his focus to his far point (normaly infinity) from a position of myopia due to functional causes. The functional causes could be due, for example, to a behavioral accommodative spasm or the effects of an empty field. The device may also be used to measure accommodation, the accommodation resting position and the near and far points of vision.
Randle, R. J., Jr.↗
Research in computer science
Synopses are given for NASA supported work in computer science at the University of Virginia. Some areas of research include: error seeding as a testing method; knowledge representation for engineering design; analysis of faults in a multi-version software experiment; implementation of a parallel programming environment; two computer graphics systems for visualization of pressure distribution and convective density particles; task decomposition for multiple robot arms; vectorized incomplete conjugate gradient; and iterative methods for solving linear equations on the Flex/32.
Ortega, J. M.↗
The Nagoya cosmic-ray muon spectrometer 3, part 4: Track reconstruction method
One of the greatest problems in measuring particle trajectories with an optical or visual detector system, is the reconstruction of trajectories in real space from their recorded images. In the Nagoya cosmic-ray muon spectrometer, muon tracks are detected by wide gap spark chambers and their images are recorded on the photographic film through an optical system of 10 mirrors and two cameras. For the spatial reconstruction, 42 parameters of the optical system should be known to determine the configuration of this system. It is almost impossible to measure this many parameters directly with usual techniques. In order to solve this problem, the inverse transformation method was applied. In this method, all the optical parameters are determined from the locations of fiducial marks in real space and the locations of their images on the photographic film by the non-linear least square fitting.
Shibata, S.↗
The comet rendezvous asteroid flyby mission
The Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby Mission (CRAF) is described. After gravity assists from Venus and Earth, the spacecraft will fly by the asteroid 46 Hestia en route to a rendezvous with P/Tempel 2 in Nov. 1996, when the comet is near aphelion. The scientific experiments for the CRAF mission are: an imaging system; a visual and infrared mapping spectrometer; an infrared radiometer; a penetrator carrying a gamma-ray spectrometer, a scanning differential calorimeter and evolved gas analyzer, accelerometers, and temperature probes; a neutral gas and thermal ion mass spectrometer; a secondary ion mass spectrometer for analyzing dust, gas, and thermal ions; a scanning electron microscope and particle analyzer; an X-ray fluorescence and gas chromatographic analyzer for collected dust and ice samples; a dust counter and velocity analyzer; a retarding potential ion mass spectrometer; a supra-thermal ion mass spectrometer and electron analyzer; a magnetometer; and a coordinated radio, electron, and plasma wave analyzer.
Neugebauer, M.↗
Visual accommodation trainer-tester
An apparatus for training the human visual accommodation system is described. Specifically, the apparatus is useful for training personnel to volitionally control focus to the far point (normally infinity) from a position of myopia due to functional causes. The functional causes could be due, for example, to a behavioral accommodative spasm or the effects of an empty field. The device may also be used to measure accommodation, the accommodation resting position and the near and far points of vision. The device comprises a number of optical elements arranged on a single optical axis. Several of the elements are arranged in order on a movable stage in fixed relationship to each other: a light source, a lens, a target, an aperture and/or a second lens. On a base and in fixed relationship to each other are eyepiece and third lens. A stage generates an image of the target and the stage is movable with respect to the base by means of a knob. The device is utilized for the various training and test functions by following a series of procedural steps, and interchanging the apertures as necessary for the selected procedure.
Robert J Randle↗
Visually guided control of movement in the context of multimodal stimulation
Flight simulation has been almost exclusively concerned with simulating the motions of the aircraft. Physically distinct subsystems are often combined to simulate the varieties of aircraft motion. Visual display systems simulate the motion of the aircraft relative to remote objects and surfaces (e.g., other aircraft and the terrain). 'Motion platform' simulators recreate aircraft motion relative to the gravitoinertial vector (i.e., correlated rotation and tilt as opposed to the 'coordinated turn' in flight). 'Control loaders' attempt to simulate the resistance of the aerodynamic medium to aircraft motion. However, there are few operational systems that attempt to simulate the motion of the pilot relative to the aircraft and the gravitoinertial vector. The design and use of all simulators is limited by poor understanding of postural control in the aircraft and its effect on the perception and control of flight. Analysis of the perception and control of flight (real or simulated) must consider that: (1) the pilot is not rigidly attached to the aircraft; and (2) the pilot actively monitors and adjusts body orientation and configuration in the aircraft. It is argued that this more complete approach to flight simulation requires that multimodal perception be considered as the rule rather than the exception. Moreover, the necessity of multimodal perception is revealed by emphasizing the complementarity rather than the redundancy among perceptual systems. Finally, an outline is presented for an experiment to be conducted at NASA ARC. The experiment explicitly considers possible consequences of coordination between postural and vehicular control.
Riccio, Gary E.↗