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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

Unusual expression of red fluorescence at M phase induced by anti-microtubule agents in HeLa cells expressing the fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (Fucci)

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Fucci visualizes cell cycle by green and red fluorescence. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Plinabulin, induced unusual red fluorescence at M-phase in HeLa-Fucci cells. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The unusual pattern was followed by mitotic catastrophe. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The unusual pattern may be an early indicator of cell death in HeLa cells. -- Abstract: Plinabulin (NPI-2358) is a novel microtubule-depolymerizing agent. In HeLa cells, plinabulin arrests the cell-cycle at M phase and subsequently induces mitotic catastrophe. To better understand the effects on this compound on the cell-cycle, we used the fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (Fucci), which normally enables G1 and S/G2/M cells to emit red and green fluorescence, respectively. When HeLa-Fucci cells were treated with 50 nM plinabulin, cells began to fluoresce both green and red in an unusual pattern; most cells exhibited the new pattern after 24 h of treatment. X-irradiation efficiently induced G2 arrest in plinabulin-treated cells and significantly retarded the emergence of the unusual pattern, suggesting that entering M phase is essential for induction of the pattern. By simultaneously visualizing chromosomes with GFP-histone H2B, we established that the pattern emerges after nuclear envelope breakdown but before metaphase. Pedigree assay revealed a significant relationship between the unusual expression and mitotic catastrophe. Nocodazole, KPU-133 (a more potent derivative of plinabulin), and paclitaxel also exerted similar effects. From these data, we conclude that the unusual pattern may be associated with dysregulation of late M phase-specific E3 ligase activity and mitotic catastrophe following treatment with anti-microtubule agents.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1973

Performance optimized, small structurally integrated ion thruster system

A 5-cm structurally integrated ion thruster has been developed for attitude control and stationkeeping of synchronous satellites. As optimized with a conventional ion extraction system, the system demonstrates a thrust T = 0.47 mlb at a beam voltage of 1600 V, total mass efficiency of 76%, and electrical efficiency of 56%. Under the subject contract effort, no significant performance change was noted for operation with two dimensional electrostatic thrust-vectoring grids. Structural integrity with the vectoring grids was demonstrated for shock (+ or - 30 G), sinusoidal (9 G), and random (19.9 G rms) accelerations. System envelope is 31.2 cm long by 13.4 cm flange bolt circle, with a mass of 9.0 Kg, including 6.8 Kg mercury propellant.

Hyman, J., Jr.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Using Residential and Office Building Archetypes for Energy Efficiency Building Solutions in an Urban Scale: A China Case Study

Building energy consumption accounts for 36% of the overall energy end use worldwide and is growing rapidly as developing countries continue to urbanize. Understanding the energy use at urban scale will lay the foundation for identification of energy efficiency opportunities to be deployed at speed. China has almost half of global new constructions and plays an important role in building suitability. However, an open source national building energy consumption database is not available in China. To provide data support for building energy consumptions, this paper used a simulation method to develop an urban building energy consumption database for a pilot city in Wuhan, China. First, residential, small, and large office building archetype energy models were created in EnergyPlus to represent typical building energy consumption in Wuhan. The baseline reference model simulation results were further validated using survey data from the literature. Second, stochastic simulations were conducted to consider different design parameters and occupants’ energy usage intensity scenarios, such as thermal properties of the building envelope, lighting power density, equipment power density, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) schedule, etc. A building energy consumption database was generated for typical building archetypes. Third, data-driven regression analysis was conducted to support quick building energy consumption prediction using key high- level building information inputs. Finally, a web-based urban energy platform and an interface were developed to support further third-party application development. The research is expected to provide fast energy efficiency building design solutions for urban planning, new constructions as well as building retrofits.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2014

s-processing in AGB stars revisited. I. Does the main component constrain the neutron source in the {sup 13}C pocket?

Slow neutron captures at A ≳ 85 are mainly guaranteed by the reaction {sup 13}C(α,n){sup 16}O in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, requiring proton injections from the envelope. These were so far assumed to involve a small mass (≲ 10{sup –3} M {sub ☉}), but models with rotation suggest that in such tiny layers excessive {sup 14}N hampers s-processing. Furthermore, s-element abundances in galaxies require {sup 13}C-rich layers substantially extended in mass (≳ 4 × 10{sup –3} M {sub ☉}). We therefore present new calculations aimed at clarifying those issues and at understanding whether the solar composition helps to constrain the {sup 13}C 'pocket' extension. We show that: (1) mixing 'from bottom to top' (as in magnetic buoyancy or other forced mechanisms) can form a {sup 13}C reservoir substantially larger than assumed so far, covering most of the He-rich layers; (2) on the basis of this idea, stellar models at a fixed metallicity reproduce the main s-component as accurately as before; and (3) they make nuclear contributions from unknown nucleosynthesis processes (LEPP) unnecessary, against common assumptions. These models also avoid problems of mixing at the envelope border and fulfil requirements from C-star luminosities. They yield a large production of nuclei below A = 100, so that {sup 86,} {sup 87}Sr may be fully synthesized by AGB stars, while {sup 88}Sr, {sup 89}Y, and {sup 94}Zr are contributed more efficiently than before. Finally, we suggest tests suitable for providing a final answer regarding the extension of the {sup 13}C pocket.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Novel Functional Thermal Energy Storage Materials for Buildings Applications

The leakage of solid-liquid phase change materials (PCMs) tremendously limits their long-term application in thermal energy storage (TES). In this work, we present durable and form-stable shape-stabilized PCMs (ss-PCMs) for TES in building envelopes. These ss-PCMs are fabricated by encapsulating polyethylene glycol (PEG) consisting of different molecular weights within mesoporous magnesium oxide and silica dioxide. For the first time, the phase transition temperature (Tt) of ss-PCMs has been fine-tuned synthetically to be comfortable to building occupants by utilizing PEG blends with molecular weights of 600 and 800 g/mol. Several parameters, including surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, surface area, and PCM loading percentage, have been studied to maximize the latent heat enthalpy for high energy efficiency and maintain form stability. The best ss-PCM candidate with suitable Tt and appreciable latent heat enthalpy exhibits a repeatable phase change behavior for up to 1,000 thermal cycles without leakage, which provides a promising solution for durable TES in buildings. The Tt tunability extends its application over a wider temperature range beyond buildings.

building envelope↗
DOE OSTI2016

Characterization of dengue virus 2 growth in megakaryocyte–erythrocyte progenitor cells

Megakaryocyte–erythrocyte progenitor (MEP) cells are potential in vivo targets of dengue virus (DENV); the virus has been found associated with megakaryocytes ex vivo and platelets during DENV-induced thrombocytopenia. We report here that DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) propagates well in human nondifferentiated MEP cell lines (Meg01 and K562). In comparison to virus propagated in Vero cells, viruses from MEP cell lines had similar structure and buoyant density. However, differences in MEP-DENV2 stability and composition were suggested by distinct protein patterns in western blot analysis. Also, antibody neutralization of envelope domain I/II on MEP-DENV2 was reduced relative to that on Vero-DENV2. Infectious DENV2 was produced at comparable kinetics and magnitude in MEP and Vero cells. However, fewer virion structures appeared in electron micrographs of MEP cells. We propose that DENV2 infects and produces virus efficiently in megakaryocytes and that megakaryocyte impairment might contribute to dengue disease pathogenesis. - Highlights: • DenV replicates efficiently in undifferentiated megakaryocyte–erythrocyte progenitors. • MEP produced DenV differs in protein content from Vero produced DenV. • MEP produced DenV may be more difficult to neutralize relative to Vero DenV.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

FROM PRESTELLAR TO PROTOSTELLAR CORES. II. TIME DEPENDENCE AND DEUTERIUM FRACTIONATION

We investigate the molecular evolution and D/H abundance ratios that develop as star formation proceeds from a dense molecular cloud core to a protostellar core, by solving a gas-grain reaction network applied to a one-dimensional radiative hydrodynamic model with infalling fluid parcels. Spatial distributions of gas and ice-mantle species are calculated at the first-core stage, and at times after the birth of a protostar. Gas-phase methanol and methane are more abundant than CO at radii r {approx}< 100 AU in the first-core stage, but gradually decrease with time, while abundances of larger organic species increase. The warm-up phase, when complex organic molecules are efficiently formed, is longer-lived for those fluid parcels infalling at later stages. The formation of unsaturated carbon chains (warm carbon-chain chemistry) is also more effective in later stages; C{sup +}, which reacts with CH{sub 4} to form carbon chains, increases in abundance as the envelope density decreases. The large organic molecules and carbon chains are strongly deuterated, mainly due to high D/H ratios in the parent molecules, determined in the cold phase. We also extend our model to simulate simply the chemistry in circumstellar disks, by suspending the one-dimensional infall of a fluid parcel at constant disk radii. The species CH{sub 3}OCH{sub 3} and HCOOCH{sub 3} increase in abundance in 10{sup 4}-10{sup 5} yr at the fixed warm temperature; both also have high D/H ratios.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

DUST FORMATION IN THE EJECTA OF COMMON ENVELOPE SYSTEMS

The material that is ejected in a common-envelope (CE) phase in a close binary system provides an ideal environment for dust formation. By constructing a simple toy model to describe the evolution of the density and the temperature of CE ejecta and using the AGBDUST code to model dust formation, we show that dust can form efficiently in this environment. The actual dust masses produced in the CE ejecta depend strongly on their temperature and density evolution. We estimate the total dust masses produced by CE evolution by means of a population synthesis code and show that, compared to dust production in asymptotic giant branch stars, the dust produced in CE ejecta may be quite significant and could even dominate under certain circumstances.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1993

Direct time integration of Maxwell's equations in two-dimensional dielectric waveguides for propagation and scattering of femtosecond electromagnetic solitons

We present what are to our knowledge first-time calculations from vector nonlinear Maxwell's equations of femtosecond soliton propagation and scattering, including carrier waves, in two-dimensional dielectric waveguides. The time integration efficiently implements linear and nonlinear convolutions for the electric polarization, and the nonlinear convolution accounts for two quantum effects, the Kerr and Raman interactions. By retaining the optical carrier, the new method solves for fundamental quantities - optical electric and magnetic fields in space and time - rather than a nonphysical envelope function. It has the potential to provide an unprecedented two- and three-dimensional modeling capability for millimeter-scale integrated-optical circuits with submicrometer engineered inhomogeneities.

Joseph, Rose M.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Building Energy Asset Score for Energy Services Companies, Engineers and Green Building Consultants

The Building Energy Asset Score is a national standardized tool for evaluating the physical and structural energy efficiency of commercial and multifamily residential buildings. The Asset Score generates a simple energy efficiency rating that enables comparison among buildings, and identifies opportunities for users to invest in energy efficiency upgrades. It is web-based and free to use. This fact sheet discusses the value of the score for energy services companies, engineers and green building consultants.

Building energy simulation, building envelope, hot↗
NASA NTRS1993

The soliton transform and a possible application to nonlinear Alfven waves in space

The inverse scattering transform (IST) based on the derivative nonlinear Schroedinger (DNLS) equation is applied to a complex time series of nonlinear Alfven wave data generated by numerical simulation. The IST describes the long-time evolution of quasi-parallel Alfven waves more efficiently than the Fourier transform, which is adapted to linear rather than nonlinear problems. When dissipation is added, so the conditions for the validity of the DNLS are not strictly satisfied, the IST continues to provide a compact description of the wavefield in terms of a small number of decaying envelope solitons.

Hada, T.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Roll-to-Roll Integrated Substrates for OLED Lighting (Final Report)

OLED lighting has immense potential as aesthetically pleasing, energy-efficient general illumination. Unlike other light sources, such as incandescents, fluorescents, and inorganic LEDs, OLEDs naturally emit over a large-area surface. They are glare free, do not need to be shaded, and are cool to the touch, requiring no heatsink. The best efficiencies and lifetimes reported are on par with or better than current forms of illumination. However, the cost for OLED lighting remains high – so much so that these products are not market competitive and there is very low consumer demand. We believe that flexible, plastic-based devices will highlight the advantages of aesthetically-pleasing OLED lighting systems while paving the way for lowering both materials and manufacturing costs. These flexible devices require new development in substrate and support technology, which was the focus of the work reported here. Sinovia Technologies, as part of a collaborative team, has developed integrated plastic substrates to serve as supports for flexible OLED lighting. These substrates include a barrier to protect the OLED from moisture and oxygen-related degradation, a smooth, highly conductive transparent anode to define the OLED area, and a light scattering layer to improve emission efficiency. To ensure low cost, the anode pattern must be defined using high throughput, continuous processing, and any pattern shape should be possible. No current patterning technique meets all of these requirements. This SBIR work demonstrated the use of flexographic printing as an effective method of patterning for integrated substrates. Flexography is a letterpress process commonly used for many types of everyday items including boxes, retail bags, milk cartons, food packaging, disposable cups, adhesive tapes, envelopes, wallpaper, and newspaper. The printing process can go as fast as 600 meters per minute with feature resolution around 10 microns, showing promise for low-cost with high throughput. In this case, Sinovia has successfully used this technique to print transparent anode patterns roll-to-roll as part of our integrated substrate for OLED lighting. We have characterized the printed films and tailored the edges of the printed areas for OLED compatibility. We followed this by making white OLEDs using these anodes. To ensure that our anodes were compatible with different OLED stack structures, we fabricated solution-processed polymer white OLEDs, as well as collaborated with OLEDWorks to fabricate evaporated small-molecule devices. Comparing to results from our previous studies, we find that the flexography process does not have any detrimental effects to our overall substrate. We were able to show that our flexographically printed integrated substrate improves OLED efficiency by 24 – 35%, similar to previous results demonstrated using batch-patterning techniques. The success of this work represents two substantial opportunities for OLED lighting manufacturers. The first to first facilitate flexible lighting panels at scale, and the second to lower costs for by enabling roll-to-roll manufacture of the entire device stack. When realized, both of these will help OLED to become market competitive with other forms of general illumination.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

Online and Offline Analytical Techniques to Quantify Chloride Salts

This report serves as the deliverable for Milestone- M3FT-26AN080502017: Summary of Accomplishments for Online and Offline Analytical Qualification of Chloride Fuel Salts. The qualification of chloride fuel salts is a critical challenge for the development and deployment of molten salt reactors (MSRs), requiring precise control and verification of chemical and isotopic composition to ensure predictable neutronics, manageable radiological behavior, and safe plant operation. Currently, there is no universally accepted standard for fuel salt qualification, particularly for chloride-based systems, which underscores the need for robust, science-based analytical methodologies. This report presents a comprehensive evaluation of both online and offline techniques for quantifying chloride fuel salts, including multielectrode array voltammetry, differential thermal analysis (DTA) probes, inert gas fusion (IGF) analyzers, and gamma spectrometry using the Mirion NAIS-2x2 NaI(Tl) detector. The integration of these methods enables real-time monitoring of actinide concentrations, redox state, and thermophysical properties, as well as high-precision measurement of impurities and isotopic composition. The acquisition of advanced instruments such as the Bruker Leonardo G6 for IGF and the Mirion NaI detector enhances analytical capabilities, supporting the establishment of operational envelopes and impurity thresholds. These approaches provide essential data for neutronic impact evaluation, feedstock documentation, and compliance with nuclear safety standards. The methodologies developed and validated in this report lay the groundwork for future standardized protocols, bridging the gap between laboratory research and commercial reactor operation, and advancing the safe and efficient deployment of chloride-fueled MSRs.

Polke, Amber↗
NASA NTRS1974

Eight cm technology thruster development

A structural integrated ion thruster with 8-cm beam diameter (SIT-8) was developed for attitude control and stationkeeping of synchronous satellites. As optimized, the system demonstrates a thrust T=1.14 mlb (not corrected for beam V sub B = 1200 V (I sub sp = 2200 sec) total propellant utilization efficiency nu sub u = 59.8% (is approximately 72% without auxiliary pulse-igniter electrode), and electrical efficiency n sub E 61.9%. The thruster incorporates a wire-mesh anode and tantalum cover surfaces to control discharge chamber flake formation and employs an auxiliary pulse-igniter electrode for hollow-cathode ignition. When the SIT-8 is integrated with the compatible SIT-5 propellant tankage, the system envelope is 35 cm long by 13 cm flange bolt circle with a mass of 9.8 kg including 6.8 kg of mercury propellant. Two thrust vectoring systems which generate beam deflections in two orthogonal directions were also developed under the program and tested with the 8-cm thruster. One system vectors the beam over + or - 10 degrees by gimbaling of the entire thruster (not including tankage), while the other system vectors the beam over + or - 7 degrees by translating the accel electrode relative to the screen electrode.

Hyman, J., Jr.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Regional Analysis of Building Distributed Energy Costs and CO2 Abatement: A U.S. - China Comparison

The following paper conducts a regional analysis of the U.S. and Chinese buildings? potential for adopting Distributed Energy Resources (DER). The expected economics of DER in 2020-2025 is modeled for a commercial and a multi-family residential building in different climate zones. The optimal building energy economic performance is calculated using the Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model (DER CAM) which minimizes building energy costs for a typical reference year of operation. Several DER such as combined heat and power (CHP) units, photovoltaics, and battery storage are considered. The results indicate DER have economic and environmental competitiveness potential, especially for commercial buildings in hot and cold climates of both countries. In the U.S., the average expected energy cost savings in commercial buildings from DER CAM?s suggested investments is 17percent, while in Chinese buildings is 12percent. The electricity tariffs structure and prices along with the cost of natural gas, represent important factors in determining adoption of DER, more so than climate. High energy pricing spark spreads lead to increased economic attractiveness of DER. The average emissions reduction in commercial buildings is 19percent in the U.S. as a result of significant investments in PV, whereas in China, it is 20percent and driven by investments in CHP. Keywords: Building Modeling and Simulation, Distributed Energy Resources (DER), Energy Efficiency, Combined Heat and Power (CHP), CO2 emissions 1. Introduction The transition from a centralized and fossil-based energy paradigm towards the decentralization of energy supply and distribution has been a major subject of research over the past two decades. Various concerns have brought the traditional model into question; namely its environmental footprint, its structural inflexibility and inefficiency, and more recently, its inability to maintain acceptable reliability of supply. Under such a troubled setting, distributed energy resources (DER) comprising of small, modular, electrical renewable or fossil-based electricity generation units placed at or near the point of energy consumption, has gained much attention as a viable alternative or addition to the current energy system. In 2010, China consumed about 30percent of its primary energy in the buildings sector, leading the country to pay great attention to DER development and its applications in buildings. During the 11th Five Year Plan (FYP), China has implemented 371 renewable energy building demonstration projects, and 210 photovoltaics (PV) building integration projects. At the end of the 12th FYP, China is targeting renewable energy to provide 10percent of total building energy, and to save 30 metric tons of CO2 equivalents (mtce) of energy with building integrated renewables. China is also planning to implement one thousand natural gas-based distributed cogeneration demonstration projects with energy utilization rates over 70percent in the 12th FYP. All these policy targets require significant DER systems development for building applications. China?s fast urbanization makes building energy efficiency a crucial economic issue; however, only limited studies have been done that examine how to design and select suitable building energy technologies in its different regions. In the U.S., buildings consumed 40percent of the total primary energy in 2010 [1] and it is estimated that about 14 billion m2 of floor space of the existing building stock will be remodeled over the next 30 years. Most building?s renovation work has been on building envelope, lighting and HVAC systems. Although interest has emerged, less attention is being paid to DER for buildings. This context has created opportunities for research, development and progressive deployment of DER, due to its potential to combine the production of power and heat (CHP) near the point of consumption and delivering multiple benefits to customers, such as cost

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Mechanism of fusion of pathogenic enveloped viruses with the endosomal membrane

Dengue virus is a devastating human pathogen responsible for millions of infections each year. No antiviral therapies for Dengue currently exist, making effective treatment of the virus challenging. Dengue is taken into the cell through endocytosis. Low-pH mediated structural rearrangements of the envelope protein E leads to the formation of fusogenic E trimers that facilitate membrane fusion with late endosomes. The fusion mechanism is not fully understood, but is a key target for inhibiting the viral infection pathway. An important aspect of fusion is the dependence on endosomal membrane composition, and in particular, the requirement of anionic lipids. This study aims to characterize the biophysical reasons for this dependence. The work includes experimental studies and molecular simulations of the interactions of E with lipid membranes. These approaches revealed the structure of E bound to lipid membranes including the depth of its insertion into the membrane and the average angle with respect to the membrane, the fundamental interactions involved, the dependence of adsorption and anchoring energy on membrane composition, the membrane curvature induced upon insertion, and the correlation of the above with fusion efficiency of virus like particles (VLPs) with liposomes. As a part of this work we developed a new biophysical technique to measure the energy for pulling E out of a membrane, and distinguished anchoring (pull-out) and binding energies for this nonequilibrium system. We also developed a modeling approach combining molecular and continuum approaches to provide the first theoretical estimate of the binding energy. Taken together, this work lays the foundation for developing a systematic fundamental understanding of fusion in enveloped viruses that has been elusive to date.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Alfvén wave propagation through a moderate-amplitude transverse inhomogeneity in a magnetized plasma

Parallel propagation of a plane Alfvén wave in a moderate-amplitude Gaussian-shaped transverse inhomogeneity is studied numerically using a fluid model retaining low-frequency kinetic effects. It is shown that in such a situation, common in the solar wind where elongated pressure-balanced structures are frequently observed, phase mixing competes with wave focusing, in contrast with coronal loops or auroral regions where sharp gradients present at the edges of the inhomogeneities make phase mixing dominant. Some understanding about this competition is provided by a model based on an envelope formalism. Depending on the magnitude of the Alfvén wavelength and of the inhomogeneity transverse scale relative to the ion inertial length, various regimes can develop, ranging from the formation of localized gradients when phase mixing dominates to the development of an intense magnetic filament when focusing is stronger, with a different efficiency for the generation of magnetosonic and kinetic Alfvén waves. Electron parallel heating and parallel electric field generation are also briefly discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Spatially resolved x-ray detection with photonic crystal scintillators

We study the self-collimation phenomenon in photonic crystals (PhC) of wide bandgap materials for ultra-fast and high spatial resolution x-ray detection. We work on various heavy inorganic scintillators: BaF 2 , GaN, ZnO, CsI:Tl, NaI:Tl, LYSO, WO 4 compounds, and plastic scintillators. Conventional scintillator detectors do not rely on a direct detection mechanism; hence, they require intricate design and fabrication processes. We offer a PhC design to observe self-collimation phenomena and overcome the ongoing spatial resolution challenges with these types of materials. We investigate the photonic band diagrams and iso-frequency contours. Fourier transforms based on finite-difference time-domain and frequency domain simulations are done for verifying and analyzing the self-collimation with the selected material. Light extraction efficiency at the PhC–air interface, depending on the truncation distance from the excitation point, is measured. Beam divergence values are calculated at 1 mm propagation distance. The vertical field profiles are obtained to observe the confinement. For the spatial resolution analysis, cross-sectional beam profiles have been examined. Furthermore, Gaussian envelopes are fitted to beam profiles for a consistent data analysis, and full-width-at-half-maximum values are considered. As a result, we theoretically prove and demonstrate the spatially resolved x-ray detection at the sub-micrometer level for a wide range of scintillator materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗