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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1980

Carbonic metamorphism, granulites and crustal growth

Stabilization of early crust against melting by high radioactivity and against resorption into the mantle by fast convective overturn requires that water and heat producers were flushed upwards within 50 Myr of accretion. Creation of a refractory base of granulite by metamorphism associated with CO2 vapour explains CO2-rich fluid inclusions in ancient high-grade rocks, minor-element depletions and local phenomena of arrested development of charnockite in Precambrian terrains. The hot-spot and plate-tectonic models of Precambrian crustal evolution lead to different schemes for CO2 delivery to continental roots. New tectonic concepts may be needed to explain carbonic metamorphism and other features of early crustal evolution.

Newton, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Bi-directional streaming of solar wind electrons greater than 80 eV - ISEE evidence for a closed-field structure within the driver gas of an interplanetary shock

In near time coincidence with the arrival of helium enriched plasma driving the shock wave disturbance of November 12-13, 1978, strong bi-directional streaming of solar wind electrons greater than about 80 eV was observed with Los Alamos instrumentation on ISEE 3. The streaming persisted for many hours simultaneously parallel and anti-parallel to the interplanetary magnetic field which was directed roughly perpendicular to the sun-satellite line. This example of bidirectional streaming cannot be explained by field line connection to the earth's bow shock or the outward propagating interplanetary shock which passed ISEE 3 approximately 16 hours earlier. The event is explained if the local interplanetary field was a part of a magnetic bottle rooted at the sun or a disconnected loop propagating outward.

Bame, S. J.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Mesoscale convection in the clouds of Venus

A theory explaining the high aspect ratios for cloud level convection in the Venusian atmosphere is presented. The apparent flatness of large-scale convection cells in the Venusian clouds is accounted for by anisotropic eddy diffusion and radiative transfer effects. Horizontal eddy diffusivities must be at least ten-fold greater than vertical diffusivities. Anisotropy ratios greater than or approximately equal to 1,000 are sufficient to explain the flattening in cases where the vertical eddy diffusivity is greater than or approximately equal to 100,000 sq cm/s and the effects of radiative transfer are negligible. For vertical diffusivity greater than or approximately equal to 100,000 sq cm/s, radiative transfer contributes to the flattening. Radiative transfer alone can not account for the apparent aspect ratios, as this would require vertical heat diffusivities large enough to give a nonphysically high value of convective heat transport.

Covey, C. C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Infrared and optical observations of the hydrogen lines in quasars

Infrared and optical spectrophotometric observations of the hydrogen lines in a sample of 16 quasars are discussed. The addition of these observations to previously published observations of hydrogen lines in quasars brings to 12 the number of quasars for which the P-alpha/H-alpha/H-beta line ratios have been measured and to nine the number of quasars for which the L-alpha/H-alpha line ratio has been measured. It is noted that the P-alpha/H-alpha ratios in low-redshift quasars are distributed around the case B value with a tendency toward values lower than that predicted by case B. The H-alpha/H-beta values in these same quasars are for the most part greater than the case B value. The tendency in the P-alpha/H-alpha/H-beta ratios is for the P-alpha/H-alpha ratio to decrease as the H-alpha/H-beta ratio increases. The decrease of the P-alpha/H-alpha ratio with increasing H-alpha/H-beta ratio is the most significant correlation obtained from the present data that any valid model of the line-emitting regions must explain. The low values of the L-alpha/H-alpha in comparison with the case B value are confirmed for a large sample of high-redshift quasars. L-alpha is seemingly destroyed rather than H-alpha being enhanced. It is concluded that reddening external to the emission-line regions cannot satisfactorily explain all the observed hydrogen line ratios.

Soifer, B. T.↗
NASA NTRS1980

The thermal balance of Venus in light of the Pioneer Venus mission

Pioneer Venus orbiter and probes measured many of the properties of the Venus atmosphere which control its thermal balance and support its high surface temperature. Estimates based on orbiter data yield an effective radiating temperature of Venus of 228 + or - 5 K, corresponding to a solar emission of 153 + or - 13 W/sq cm. A mode of submicron particles is suggested as an important source of thermal opacity near the cloud tops to explain the orbiter and probe thermal flux measurements. A comparison of the measured solar flux profile with thermal fluxes computed from the measured temperature structure and composition shows that the greenhouse mechanism explains essentially all of the 500-K difference between the surface and radiating temperatures of Venus.

Tomasko, M. G.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Fractional-frequency rotor motion due to nonsymmetric clearance effects

Analysis based on the Jeffcott model is presented to explain 1/2 speed and 1/3 speed whirling motion occurring in rotors which are subject to periodic normal-loose or normal-tight radial stiffness variations. The normal-loose stiffness variation results due to bearing-clearance effects, while normal-tight stiffness variations result from rubbing over a portion of a rotor's orbit. The results demonstrate that 1/2 speed subharmonic motion can be explained as either a linear parametric-excitation phenomenon or as a stable nonlinear subharmonic motion. The 1/3 speed motion is shown to be possible due to the radial stiffness nonlinearity. A linear parametric-excitation analysis demonstrates that during a normal-tight rubbing condition, Coulomb damping significantly widens the potential range of unstable speeds.

Childs, D. W.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Spherical harmonic analysis of a model-generated climatology

Monthly mean fields of 850 mb temperature (T850), 500 mb geopotential height (G500) and sea level pressure (SLP) were generated in the course of a five-year climate simulation run with a global general circulation model. Both the model-generated climatology and an observed climatology were subjected to spherical harmonic analysis, with separate analyses of the globe and the Northern Hemisphere. Comparison of the dominant harmonics of the two climatologies indicates that more than 95% of the area-weighted spatial variance of G500 and more than 90% of that of T850 are explained by fewer than three components, and that the model adequately simulates these large-scale characteristics. On the other hand, as many as 25 harmonics are needed to explain 95% of the observed variance of SLP, and the model simulation of this field is much less satisfactory. The model climatology is also evaluated in terms of the annual cycles of the dominant harmonics.

Christidis, Z. D.↗
NASA NTRS1981

The ultraviolet spectrum of Herbig-Haro Object 1

Continuum and emission line fluxes for HH 1 in the range of 1200-1300 A have been determined using IUE spectra, and it is found that the luminosity of HH 1 in this wavelength interval is slightly larger than 1 solar luminosity, or 20 times greater than for the wavelength range 3200-11,000 A. If averaged over intervals of 100 A, it is shown that the UV continuum rises almost monotonically toward shorter wavelengths over the entire interval 1300-3000 A. The UV continuum energy distribution cannot be explained by a T Tauri stellar continuum that is scattered by dust. Emission line identifications and flux measurements strongly confirm the statement that the high-ionization emission lines are too strong to be explained by shock-wave models derived from the emission line spectrum in the interval 3700-11,000 A. A possible explanation for this fact is discussed.

Boehm, K. H.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Absorbers seen near the Venus cloud tops from Pioneer Venus

Pioneer Venus Orbiter measurements of planetary contrast at the Venus cloud tops are discussed. Images of the cloud tops at wavelengths between 1990 and 3400 A were obtained by the Pioneer UV Spectrometer together with broadband imagery and polarimetry at 2700 and 3650 A from the Orbiter Cloud Photopolarimeter at Venus phase angles of 33 to 130 deg. The planet is found to be darkest at the point where the UV Spectrometer line of sight penetrates perpendicular to the cloud tops, indicating that the absorbing material must be deep in the atmosphere. The contrast observed at wavelengths shortward of 3200 A is explained by SO2 absorption in the dark regions, while the persistence of the contrast at longer wavelengths requires the presence of an additional absorber or absorbers closely associated with the SO2, and a haze of submicron particles overlying the cloud tops in the bright regions. The correlations found between contrast and polarization indicate that no single constituent or change in vertical structure can account for the UV contrast. The origin of the markings is instead explained by a model in which absorbers subject to photochemical destruction are mixed upward into the cloud top region.

Esposito, L. W.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Application of aerial photography to the study of small scale upper ocean phenomena

The industrial waste dumped 180 n. miles south of Galveston was monitored in July 1977 by water sampling, hydrographic measurements, acoustic tracking on board two vessels, and by aerial photography. The plume of the waste diffused vertically and horizontally. Photodensitometry of aerial photos of the plume showed lateral dispersion of the plume in agreement with two other methods: acoustic tracking of the waste suspensoid and transmissometer sampling. In addition, the method showed small scale features like the lateral and longitudinal variations in the photodensity, indicating the waste concentration. This waste concentration showed periodic changes in its axial distance, with the spectral peak at about 160 m wave length. It shows a sharp increase at the windward edge of the plume as do the acoustic records. This phenomenon is explained in terms of the shearing current near the surface together with vertical diffusion. The periodic change along the axis is explained in terms of the Langmuir circulation and in terms of internal ship waves.

Ichiye, T.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Seismic velocity, attenuation and rheology of the upper mantle

Seismic and rheological properties of the upper mantle in the vicinity of the low-velocity zone are expressed in terms of relaxation by dislocation glide. Dislocation bowing in the glide plane explains seismic velocities and attenuation. Climbing at higher stresses for longer periods of time give the observed viscosity, and explain the low velocity and high temperature attenuation found at seismic frequencies. Due to differing parameters, separate terms for thermal, seismic and rheological lithospheres are proposed. All three lithospheres, however, are related and are functions of temperature, and must be specified by parameters such as period, stress, and stress duration.

Anderson, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

NGC 7714 - The prototype star-burst galactic nucleus

New X-ray, ultraviolet (IUE), optical, and radio (VLA) observations are presented for the bright nucleus galaxy NGC 7714. All data are explainable as resulting from intense star-formation activity in this nucleus - a star burst. The X-ray and radio luminosities are explained by supernova remnants arising from the massive stars, and approximately 10,000 supernova remnants are required in a volume of 280 pc radius. It is thought that NGC 7714 is typical of a significant class of emission-line galaxies. It is pointed out that individual supernovae should be observable in this, or similar nuclei, because they are expected to occur at rates approaching one per year.

Weedman, D. W.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Satellite Power System. Concept development and evaluation program, volume 6: Construction and operations

The construction, operation, and maintenance requirements for a solar power satellite, including the space and ground systems, are reviewed. The basic construction guidelines are explained, and construction location options are discussed. The space construction tasks, equipment, and base configurations are discussed together with the operations required to place a solar power satellite in geosynchronous orbit. A rectenna construction technique is explained, and operation with the grid is defined. Maintenance requirements are summarized for the entire system. Key technology issues required for solar power satellite construction operations are defined.

Benson, H.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Fundamental studies of the solid-particle erosion of silicon

The predictions of the theories of solid-particle erosion of brittle materials are compared to experimental results of studies in which angular Al2O3 particles with mean diameters D of 23 to 270 microns are used to erode (111) surfaces of silicon single crystals at impact angles alpha from 20 to 90 deg and velocities v from 30 to 150 m/s. The description of the steady state erosion rate by a power law, delta W varies directly as (v sin alpha)(n)D(m) must be modified to include threshold and plasticity effects. Furthermore the velocity exponent n depends on D. Results using abrasives of different sizes mixed together can be explained using a logarithmic-normal distribution. The results of transient experiments can be used to explain the synergistic effects which are observed using a biomodal distribution of abrasives.

Routbort, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

A model to determine open or closed cellular convection

A simple mechanism is proposed to explain the observed presence in the atmosphere of open or closed cellular convection. If convection is produced by cooling concentrated near the top of the cloud layer, as in radiative cooling of stratus clouds, it develops strong descending currents which are compensated by weak ascent over most of the horizontal area, and closed cells result. Conversely, heating concentrated near the bottom of a layer, as when an air mass is heated by warm water, results in strong ascending currents compensated by weak descent over most of the area, or open cells. This mechanism is similar to the one suggested by Stommel (1962) to explain the smallness of the oceans' sinking regions. The mechanism is studied numerically by means of a two-dimensional, nonlinear Boussinesq model.

Helfand, H. M.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Selection of frequencies for deep-space telecommunications

The procedures used by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to select and recommend frequencies to be used for deep space telecommunications are explained. The frequency selection process described deals only with the potential for radio frequency interference between deep space telecommunication links. Channel plans based on bandwidth, hardware implementation, and frequency ratio considered are used. The channel selection process is based on calculations and analysis of interference-to-signal power ratios as a function of time for each possible pair of missions. The modes of interference and the interference protection ratio are explained, and the interference analysis procedure described. Equations used in calculating the downlink and uplink interference analyses are presented.

Degroot, N. F.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Wear mechanism based on adhesion

Various concepts concerning wear mechanisms and deformation behavior observed in the sliding wear track are surveyed. The mechanisms for wear fragment formation is discussed on the basis of adhesion. The wear process under unlubricated sliding conditions is explained in relation to the concept of adhesion at the interface during the sliding process. The mechanism for tearing away the surface layer from the contact area and forming the sliding track contour is explained by assuming the simplified process of material removal based on the adhesion theory.

Yamamoto, T.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Ultraviolet and X-ray detection of the 56 Peg system (KO 2p + WD)

Both IUE short and long wavelength exposures of the 56 Peg system are discussed. This mild barium star has an X-ray luminosity of 3 x 10 to the 31st power ergs/1, comparable to the rapidly rotating RS CVn binary systems, yet lies in a region of the HR diagram where stellar X-rays are generally not observed. This cool, bright giant is not a rapid rotator and the key to understanding its emission lies in the recent discovery of its white dwarf companion. Accretion onto the white dwarf of approximately 0.1% of the stellar wind of the primary is sufficient to power an X-ray source of the observed luminosity. Reprocessing of the X-rays in the cool dense stellar wind explains the origin of the UV emission line spectrum, and may explain the time varying asymmetry of the Mg 2 kappa line profile that is observed. Graphs which show observed fluxes and wavelengths are discussed.

Schindler, M.↗