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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 631 records · Page 35

Design of additively manufactured methanol conversion reactor for high throughput production

Additively manufactured methanol conversion reactor was designed and fabricated for high throughput fuel production while capturing carbon dioxide. Here, the reactor designed is part of large effort in integrating electrolyzer and catalytic reactor system. Processing in fabricating the steel, titanium, and nickel alloy reactors were optimized to improve the catalyst deposition process and reaction efficiency. Microstructure of the additively manufactured reactors were characterized. General design is utilized to improve the performance of the reactor while exploring the benefit of freeform in additive manufacturing.

08 HYDROGEN↗

Compatibility Assessment Tool

In support of ground system development for the Space Launch System (SLS), engineers are tasked with building immense engineering models of extreme complexity. The various systems require rigorous analysis of pneumatics, hydraulic, cryogenic, and hypergolic systems. There are certain standards that each of these systems must meet, in the form of pressure vessel system (PVS) certification reports. These reports can be hundreds of pages long, and require many hours to compile. Traditionally, each component is analyzed individually, often utilizing hand calculations in the design process. The objective of this opportunity is to perform these analyses in an integrated fashion with the parametric CADCAE environment. This allows for systems to be analyzed on an assembly level in a semi-automated fashion, which greatly improves accuracy and efficiency. To accomplish this, component specific parameters were stored in the Windchill database to individual Creo Parametric models based on spec control drawings. These parameters were then accessed by using the Prime Analysis within Creo Parametric. MathCAD Prime spreadsheets were created that automatically extracted these parameters, performed calculations, and generated reports. The reports described component compatibility based on local conditions such as pressure, temperature, density, and flow rates. The reports also determined component pairing compatibility, such as properly sizing relief valves with regulators. The reports stored the input conditions that were used to determine compatibility to increase traceability of component selection. The desired workflow for using this tool would begin with a Creo Schematics diagram of a PVS system. This schematic would store local conditions and locations of components. The schematic would then populate an assembly within Creo Parametric, using Windchill database parts. These parts would have their attributes already assigned, and the MathCAD spreadsheets could begin running through database parts to determine which components would be suited for specific locations within the assembly. This eliminates a significant amount of time from the design process, and makes initial analysis assessments more accurate. Each component that would be checked for a location within the assembly would generate a report, showing whether the component was compatible. These reports could be used to generate the PVS report without the need to perform the same analysis multiple times. This process also has the potential to be expanded upon to further automate PVS reports. The integration of software codes or macros could be used to automatically check through hundreds of parts for each location on the schematic. If the software could recognize which type of component would be necessary for each location, it is possible that simply starting the macro could completely choose all the components needed for the schematic, and in turn the system. This would save many hours of work initially selecting components, which could end up saving money. Overall, this process helps to automate initial component selections for PVS systems to fit local design specifications. These selections will automatically generate reports showing how the design criteria are met by the specific component that was chosen. These reports will contribute to easier compilation of the PVS certification reports, which currently take a great amount of time and effort to produce.

Egbert, James Allen↗

Modelling I and C systems with relays for simulation, adapting CIM standards - 243

As the nuclear power plants are in operation for many years, a main issue is to integrate simulation activities in parallel to the present I and C design process in order to limit impacts on current operating I and C engineering process and commissioning activities. The objective is to keep the existing I and C data and diagrams format. EDF chose to build an intermediate file independent of the tool used for simulation to exchange and store data. This file has been created adapting CIM standards (IEC 61968-13 and IEC 61970-301). It is an XML file built according to an RDF schema. CIM standards are intended to model transport or distribution electrical networks and used to facilitate system integration and information exchanges. We chose to adapt CIM to model EDF electromechanical relay circuitries in order to re-use all methods and tools developed around CIM standards such as RDF schema and RiseClipse, an open source tool developed by EDF and SUPELEC engineering school that will be used to verify exported I and C data according to a data model and to EDF engineering rules. This paper will describe the ongoing project on simulation in parallel to current I and C design process, focusing on how I and C electromechanical relays data are modelled based on CIM standards, and what benefits that model provides to I and C Verification and Validation activities. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Vapor–liquid equilibrium estimation of n-alkane/nitrogen mixtures using neural networks

Understanding fluid phase behavior, like VLE, in high P&T conditions is crucial for developing high-fidelity simulations of chemically reacting flows in liquid-fueled combustion systems and also forms an integral part of the design-modeling of the control processes in chemical industries. Two data-driven models have been proposed here in this study, each of which was competent in estimating VLE for the Type III binary systems of C 10 /N 2 and C 12 /N 2 , at pressures ranging up to 50–60 MPa. Both models showed better performance in predicting equilibrium pressure as compared to VLE modeled using PR-EOS. A modified model has also been proposed, capable of estimating the full phase envelope for the binary systems of C 10 /N 2 and C 12 /N 2 across a wide range of temperatures, and thus exhibit the mixture critical pressure at the concerned temperature. The diverse applicability of the proposed network architecture was further exhibited while estimating the VLE of a ternary system of C 1 /C 10 /N 2 .

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Strategic environmental assessment performance factors and their interaction: An empirical study in China

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) has been seen as a preventive and participatory environmental management tool designed to integrate environmental protection into the decision-making process. However, the debate about SEA performance and effectiveness has increased in recent decades. Two main challenges exist in relation to this issue. The first is identifying the key influencing factors that affect SEA effectiveness, and the second is analyzing the relationship between SEA and these influencing factors. In this study, influencing factors were investigated through questionnaire surveys in the Chinese context, and then a Structural Equation Model (SEM) was developed and tested to identify potential links and causal relationships among factors. The associations between the independent factors were divided into direct and indirect causal associations. The results indicate that the decision-making process and policy context directly affect SEA implementation, while information and data sharing, public participation, expertise and SEA institutions are indirectly related with SEA. The results also suggest that a lack of cooperation between different sectors is an obstacle to the implementation of SEA. These findings could potentially contribute to the future management and implementation of SEA or enhance existing knowledge of SEA. The results show that the proposed model has a degree of feasibility and applicability. - Highlights: • Influencing factors were identified and investigated through questionnaire surveys. • Structural Equation Model (SEM) was developed and tested to identify potential links and causal relationships among factors. • Decision-making process and policy context directly affect SEA implementation. • Lack of cooperation among different sectors is an obstacle to the implementation of SEA. • The proposed model has a degree of feasibility and applicability.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Algorithms and data structures to accelerate network analysis

As the sheer amount of computer generated data continues to grow exponentially, new bottlenecks are unveiled that require rethinking our traditional software and hardware architectures. Here in this paper we present five algorithms and data structures (long queue emulation, lockless bimodal queues, tail early dropping, LFN tables, and multiresolution priority queues) designed to optimize the process of analyzing network traffic. We integrated these optimizations on R-Scope, a high performance network appliance that runs the Bro network analyzer, and present benchmarks showcasing performance speed ups of 5X at traffic rates of 10 Gbps.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Techno-economics of hydrocarbon fuel production and recyclables recovery from landfill-destined municipal solid waste: AI-enhanced materials recovery facility design

Sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) production from cellulosic paper fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW) destined for landfills has strong potential to advance environmental, social, and economic sustainability across the aviation and waste sectors. This study proposes an artificial intelligence-enabled material recovery facility (AI-MRF) design to efficiently characterize, separate, process, and convert recovered paper waste from MSW into intermediate chemicals and SAF. The AI-MRF, designed to process 233,091 metric tons of MSW annually, integrates smart manufacturing technologies including AI, visual and hyperspectral imaging, multi-sensor data, and traditional sorting systems. Well-characterized and sorted cellulosic paper waste was utilized for chemical and fuel production scenarios, while clean plastics, metals, and glass were considered for recycling. Conversion of paper waste into intermediate sugars achieved a net present value (NPV) of up to $\$67$ million. For sugar-to-SAF production scenarios, the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) was calculated at $\$6.11$ per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) when excluding recyclable revenue, and $\$4.03$ per GGE when halving recyclable revenue. The MFSP was further reduced to $\$1.96$ per GGE when accounting for SAF sales and recyclables. Nationally, this approach could yield about 2 billion GGE of hydrocarbon fuel annually from available MSW in the United States.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Current leakage relaxation and charge trapping in ultra-porous low-k materials

Time dependent dielectric failure has become a pivotal aspect of interconnect design as industry pursues integration of sub-22 nm process-technology nodes. Literature has provided key information about the role played by individual species such as electrons, holes, ions, and neutral impurity atoms. However, no mechanism has been shown to describe how such species interact and influence failure. Current leakage relaxation in low-k dielectrics was studied using bipolar field experiments to gain insight into how charge carrier flow becomes impeded by defects within the dielectric matrix. Leakage current decay was correlated to injection and trapping of electrons. We show that current relaxation upon inversion of the applied field can be described by the stretched exponential function. The kinetics of charge trapping events are consistent with a time-dependent reaction rate constant, k=k{sub 0}⋅(t+1){sup β−1}, where 0 < β < 1. Such dynamics have previously been observed in studies of charge trapping reactions in amorphous solids by W. H. Hamill and K. Funabashi, Phys. Rev. B 16, 5523–5527 (1977). We explain the relaxation process in charge trapping events by introducing a nonlinear charge trapping model. This model provides a description on the manner in which the transport of mobile defects affects the long-tail current relaxation processes in low-k films.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

An open source analysis framework for large-scale building energy modeling

Full integration of building energy modelling into the design and retrofit process has long been a goal of building scientists and practitioners. However, significant barriers still exist. Among them are the lack of available: (1) configurable technology stacks for performing both small- and large-scale analyses, (2) different classes of algorithms compatible with common design workflows, and (3) analysis tools for effectively visualizing large-scale simulation results. This article discusses the OpenStudio® Analysis Framework: a scalable analysis framework for building energy modelling that was developed to overcome the three barriers listed above. The framework is open-source and scalable to facilitate wider adoption and has a clearly defined application programming interface upon which other applications can be built. It runs on high-performance computing systems, within cloud infrastructure, and on laptops, and uses a common workflow to enable different classes of algorithms. Lessons learned from previous development efforts are also discussed.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

SU-E-T-570: Management of Radiation Oncology Patients with Cochlear Implant and Other Bionic Devices in the Brain and Head and Neck Regions

Purpose: To investigate the current status of clinical usage of cochlear implant (CI) and other bionic devices (BD) in the brain and head and neck regions (BH and N) and their management in patients during radiotherapy to ensure patient health and safety as well as optimum radiation delivery. Methods: Literature review was performed with both CIs and radiotherapy and their variants as keywords in PubMed, INSPEC and other sources. The focus was on CIs during radiotherapy, but it also included other BDs in BHȦN, such as auditory brainstem implant, bionic retinal implant, and hearing aids, among others. Results: Interactions between CIs and radiation may cause CIs malfunction. The presence of CIs may also cause suboptimum dose distribution if a treatment plan was not well designed. A few studies were performed for the hearing functions of CIs under irradiations of 4 MV and 6 MV x-rays. However, x-rays with higher energies (10 to 18 MV) broadly used in radiotherapy have not been explored. These higher energetic beams are more damaging to electronics due to strong penetrating power and also due to neutrons generated in the treatment process. Modern CIs are designed with more and more complicated integrated circuits, which may be more susceptible to radiation damage and malfunction. Therefore, careful management is important for safety and treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Although AAPM TG-34, TG-63, and TG-203 (update of TG-34, not published yet) reports may be referenced for management of CIs and other BDs in the brain and H and N regions, a site- and device-specified guideline should be developed for CIs and other BDs. Additional evaluation of CI functions under clinically relevant set-ups should also be performed to provide clinicians with better knowledge in clinical decision making.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

hfem3d_parfrac

A toolkit of FORTRAN90 and PYTHON routines to automate calculation of electrostatic response of fracture networks in geomaterials, specifically designed for distributed memory compute clusters. Software integrates pre-processing of Cubit-generated meshes with calculations from HFEM3D and post-processing for aggregate data analysis.SAND2019-11083 M Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Beskardes, Gungor↗

Advanced Reactor Safeguards: 2022 Program Roadmap

The Advanced Reactor Safeguards (ARS) program was established in 2020 as part of appropriations for the Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program (ARDP) through the Office of Nuclear Energy in the Department of Energy. The goal of this program is to help address near term challenges that advanced nuclear reactor vendors face in meeting domestic Material Control and Accountancy (MC&A) and Physical Protection System (PPS) requirements for U.S. construction. The technical work in the program is meant to (1) support nuclear reactor vendors with advanced MC&A and PPS designs for next generation reactors, (2) provide technical bases for the regulator, and (3) promote the integration of Safeguards and Security by Design early in the design process. Existing domestic regulations for safeguards and security, as outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations, were written for large light water reactors, and rule-making efforts are underway to develop regulations more suited to different reactor designs. The ARS program seeks to remove roadblocks in the deployment of new and advanced reactors by solving regulatory challenges, reducing safeguards and security costs, and utilizing the latest technologies and approaches for robust plant monitoring and protection. This roadmap discusses the goals of the ARS program, current research, and program plan for the next five years.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗

Advanced Reactor Safeguards & Security 2024 Program Roadmap

The Advanced Reactor Safeguards and Security (ARSS) program was established to provide research support addressing near term challenges that advanced nuclear reactor vendors face in meeting domestic Material Control and Accounting (MC&A), Physical Protection System (PPS), and Cybersecurity requirements for U.S. construction. The technical work in the program is meant to (1) support nuclear reactor vendors with advanced MC&A, PPS, and Cybersecurity designs for next generation reactors, (2) provide technical bases for the regulator, and (3) promote the integration of Safeguards and Security by Design early in the design process. Existing domestic regulations for safeguards and security, as outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations, were written for large light water reactors, and rule-making efforts are underway to develop regulations more suited to different reactor designs. The ARSS program seeks to remove roadblocks in the deployment of new and advanced reactors by solving regulatory challenges, reducing safeguards and security costs, and utilizing the latest technologies and approaches for robust plant monitoring and protection. This roadmap discusses the goals of the ARSS program, current research, and program plan for the next five years.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Techno Economic Analysis for Production of Renewable Natural Gas and Value-Added Chemicals from Forest Biomass Residues (CRADA Final Report)

West Biofuels - in collaboration with the University of California San Diego, the University of California Davis, the National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), the Colorado School of Mines’ Center for Hydrate Research, Placer County Air Pollution Control District, the Sierra Business Council, and the Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas)-will demonstrate an innovative pathway to convert forest biomass to renewable gas (RG). The project, Production of Pipeline Grade Renewable Natural Gas and Value-Added Chemicals from Forest Biomass Residues, will utilize an existing pilot-scale gasification system and data and lessons learned from a lab-scale catalytic reactor design, develop, and demonstrate an integrated pilot-scale RG process with a scaled-up catalytic reactor and hydrate-based gas separation process. This robust and simple process uses a commercial proven gasifier, a commercially available catalyst that can tolerate gas contaminants, and a gas separation process that simplifies the downstream processing. Current testing has shown that the process can yield a large amount of methane rich renewable gas in addition to a mixture of propanol, ethanol and other higher alcohols and the relative amounts can be controlled by shifting the process conditions. This process is novel and groundbreaking because the product mixture of RG and valuable alcohols byproducts makes RG production economically feasible at $\$$12 per million British thermal units (MMBtu) or less using forest biomass from high hazard zones.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Annual Conference on Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects, 14th, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., July 12-15, 1977, Proceedings

Topics related to processing and hardness assurance are considered, taking into account the radiation hardening of CMOS technologies, technological advances in the manufacture of radiation-hardened CMOS integrated circuits, CMOS hardness assurance through process controls and optimized design procedures, the application of operational amplifiers to hardened systems, a hard off-the-shelf SG1524 pulse width modulator, and the gamma-induced voltage breakdown anomaly in a Schottky diode. Basic mechanisms are examined, giving attention to chemical and structural aspects of the irradiation behavior of SiO2 films on silicon, experimental observations of the chemistry of the SiO2/Si interface, leakage current phenomena in irradiated SOS devices, the avalanche injection of holes into SiO2, the low-temperature radiation response of Al2O3 gate insulators, and neutron damage mechanisms in silicon at 10 K. Other subjects discussed are related to radiation effects in devices and circuits, space radiation effects, and aspects of simulation, energy deposition, and dosimetry.

Stahl, R. H.↗

The atmosphere of Mars - Resources for the exploration and settlement of Mars

This paper describes methods of processing the Mars atmosphere to supply water, oxygen and buffer gas for a Mars base. Existing life support system technology is combined with innovative methods of water extraction, and buffer gas processing. The design may also be extended to incorporate an integrated greenhouse to supply food, oxygen and water recycling. It is found that the work required to supply one kilogram of an argon/nitrogen buffer gas is 9.4 kW-hr. To extract water from the dry Martian atmosphere can require up to 102.8 kW-hr per kilogram of water depending on the relative humidity of the air.

Meyer, T. R.↗

Development and application of unified algorithms for problems in computational science

A framework is presented for developing computationally unified numerical algorithms for solving nonlinear equations that arise in modeling various problems in mathematical physics. The concept of computational unification is an attempt to encompass efficient solution procedures for computing various nonlinear phenomena that may occur in a given problem. For example, in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), a unified algorithm will be one that allows for solutions to subsonic (elliptic), transonic (mixed elliptic-hyperbolic), and supersonic (hyperbolic) flows for both steady and unsteady problems. The objectives are: development of superior unified algorithms emphasizing accuracy and efficiency aspects; development of codes based on selected algorithms leading to validation; application of mature codes to realistic problems; and extension/application of CFD-based algorithms to problems in other areas of mathematical physics. The ultimate objective is to achieve integration of multidisciplinary technologies to enhance synergism in the design process through computational simulation. Specific unified algorithms for a hierarchy of gas dynamics equations and their applications to two other areas: electromagnetic scattering, and laser-materials interaction accounting for melting.

Shankar, Vijaya↗

NASA radar altimeter for the Topex/Poseidon Project

The Topex/Poseidon Project is a joint U.S. and French mission to develop and operate an earth-orbiting satellite with sensors capable of making accurate measurements of sea level. The NASA Radar Altimeter (NRA), a fifth-generation U.S. altimeter, will provide the primary measurement for the Topex/Poseidon altimetric mission. This paper presents the requirements, altimeter fundamentals, design description, integration and test program, primary elements of ground processing, and assessment for the dual-frequency NRA.

Zieger, Alfred R.↗