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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 649 records · Page 36
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Simulations of relativistic quantum plasmas using real-time lattice scalar QED

Real-time lattice quantum electrodynamics (QED) provides a unique tool for simulating plasmas in the strong-field regime, where collective plasma scales are not well separated from relativistic-quantum scales. As a toy model, we study scalar QED, which describes self-consistent interactions between charged bosons and electromagnetic fields. To solve this model on a computer, we first discretize the scalar-QED action on a lattice, in a way that respects geometric structures of exterior calculus and U(1)-gauge symmetry. The lattice scalar QED can then be solved, in the classical-statistics regime, by advancing an ensemble of statistically equivalent initial conditions in time, using classical field equations obtained by extremizing the discrete action. To demonstrate the capability of our numerical scheme, we apply it to two example problems. The first example is the propagation of linear waves, where we recover analytic wave dispersion relations using numerical spectrum. The second example is an intense laser interacting with a one-dimensional plasma slab, where we demonstrate natural transition from wakefield acceleration to pair production when the wave amplitude exceeds the Schwinger threshold. Our real-time lattice scheme is fully explicit and respects local conservation laws, making it reliable for long-time dynamics. The algorithm is readily parallelized using domain decomposition, and the ensemble may also be computed using quantum parallelism in the future.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Temporally and spatially resolved characterization of microwave induced argon plasmas: Experiment and modeling

Experiments and modeling of the plasma-microwave interaction have been performed in a coaxial microwave plasma source at a field frequency of 2.45 GHz generating argon plasmas at pressures of 20 and 40 millibars and a ratio of flow rate to pressure of 0.125 sccm/Pa. The incident microwave power between 100 W and 300 W is supplied in a regime of a pulse-width modulation with cycle duration of 110 ms and a power-on time of 23 ms. The experiments are based on heterodyne reflectometry and microwave interferometry at 45.75 GHz. They provide the temporal behaviour of the complex reflection coefficient, the microwave power in the plasma, as well as the electron density in the afterglow zone of the discharge. The self-consistent spatially two-dimensional and time-dependent modeling complements the analysis of the plasma-microwave interaction delivering the plasma and electromagnetic field parameters. The consolidating experimental observations and model predictions allow further characterizing the plasma source. The generated plasma has a core occupying the region close to the end of the inner electrode, where maximum electron densities above 10{sup 20} m{sup −3} and electron temperatures of about 1 eV are observed. Due to a longer outer electrode of the coaxial structure, the plasma region is extended and fills the volume comprised by the outer electrode. The electron density reaches values of the order of 10{sup 19} m{sup −3}. The heating of the gas occurs in its great part due to elastic collisions with the plasma electrons. However, the contribution of the convective heating is important especially in the extended plasma region, where the gas temperature reaches its maximum values up to approximately 1400 K. The temporally and spatially resolved modeling enables a thorough investigation of the plasma-microwave interaction which clearly shows that the power in-coupling occurs in the region of the highest electron density during the early stage of the discharge. In the steady state phase, however, the power in-coupling occurs close to the source walls where the electron density is significantly lower than on the discharge axis.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Direct detection of dark baryons naturally suppressed by ℋ-parity

We identify symmetries in a broad class of vectorlike confining dark sectors that forbid the leading electromagnetic moments that would ordinarily mediate dark baryon scattering with the Standard Model. The absence of these operators implies dark baryon dark matter has much smaller cross sections for elastic scattering off nuclei, leading to suppressed direct detection signals. In the confined description, we identify an “ℋ-parity” symmetry that exists in any dark sector with dark quarks transforming under a vectorlike representation of a new confining SU(𝑁 𝑐 ) gauge theory as well as a vectorlike representation of the electroweak group SU⁡(2) 𝐿 . The parity is independent of 𝑁 𝑐 and 𝑁 𝑓 , though it is essential that the dark quarks are neutral under hypercharge. This parity forbids dark hadron electric and magnetic dipole moments, charge radius, and anapole moment, while permitting dimension-7 operators that include polarizability, electroweak loop-induced interactions, and lower-dimensional electromagnetic transition moments between different neutral dark baryon states. We work out an explicit example, 𝑁 𝑐 = 𝑁 𝑓 = 3, that is the most minimal theory with fermionic dark baryons. In this specific model, we use the nonrelativistic quark model to show the magnetic dipole moment and charge radius vanish, while the transition moments are nonzero, consistent with ℋ-parity. We discuss the implications of a suppressed direct detection signal, emphasizing that this broad class of models provide a well-motivated target for future colliders.

composite models↗
DOE OSTI2016

A Review of the Environmental Impacts for Marine and Hydrokinetic Projects to Inform Regulatory Permitting: Summary Findings from the 2015 Workshop on Marine and Hydrokinetic Technologies, Washington, D.C.

In 2014 and 2015, the U.S. Department of Energy initiated efforts to develop and implement technology- and application-focused marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) workshops to share the global experience and knowledge base on evolving MHK technologies, observed and not-observed impacts, monitoring and measurement methods, and regulatory needs. The resulting MHK Regulator Workshops engaged resource managers and other decision makers at key regulatory organizations, scientists, researchers, facilitators, and technical experts and provided an opportunity to examine the risks of single-device and small-scale deployments, explore what can be learned and observed from single devices and small-scale arrays, and consider requirements for projects at varying scales of deployment. Experts and stakeholders identified key remaining information gaps. Initial discussions focused on differentiating between monitoring required for single or small-scale deployments and MHK impact research that, although important, goes beyond what is feasible or should be needed to meet specific project regulatory requirements but is appropriate for broader research and development. Four areas of identified potential environmental impacts provided the focus for the workshop: acoustic output impacts, electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions, physical interactions, and environmental effects of MHK energy development on the physical environment. Discussions also focused on the regulatory process and experience, adaptive management, industry drivers, and lessons that can be learned from the wind energy industry. The discussion was set in the context of the types of MHK technologies that are currently proposed or planned in the United States. All presentations and the following discussions are summarized in this document.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2013

Electromagnetic structure of the proton within the CP-violation hypothesis

The so-called non-Rosenbluth behavior of the proton electromagnetic form factors can be explained within the hypothesis of CP violation in electromagnetic processes involving composite systems of strongly interacting particles. It is shown that this hypothesis leads to the appearance of an additional, anapole, form factor of the proton. The proton electromagnetic form factors, including the anapole form factor, are estimated on the basis of experimental data on elastic electron-proton scattering.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Alfvén eigenmode evolution computed with the VENUS and KINX codes for the ITER baseline scenario

A new application of the VENUS code is described, which computes alpha particle orbits in the perturbed electromagnetic fields and its resonant interaction with the toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) for the ITER device. The ITER baseline scenario with Q = 10 and the plasma toroidal current of 15 MA is considered as the most important and relevant for the International Tokamak Physics Activity group on energetic particles (ITPA-EP). For this scenario, typical unstable TAE-modes with the toroidal index n = 20 have been predicted that are localized in the plasma core near the surface with safety factor q = 1. The spatial structure of ballooning and antiballooning modes has been computed with the ideal MHD code KINX. The linear growth rates and the saturation levels taking into account the damping effects and the different mode frequencies have been calculated with the VENUS code for both ballooning and antiballooning TAE-modes.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Design and Beam Test Results for the 2-D Projective sPHENIX Electromagnetic Calorimeter Prototype

sPHENIX is a new experiment under construction for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory which will study the quark-gluon plasma to further the understanding of quantum chromodynamics (QCP) matter and interactions. A prototype of the sPHENIX electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCal) was tested at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility in Spring 2018 as experiment T-1044.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Electromagnetic Shower from Cosmic Muons in NOvA Detector

NO$\nu$A (NuMI Off-Axis $\nu_e$ Appearance) experiment is a neutrino $\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_e$ oscillation experiment with a baseline of 810 km. The signature for a $\nu_\mu \rightarrow \nu_e$ oscillation in the far detector is the production of an electromagnetic (EM) shower due to the charge current (CC) interaction of $\nu_e$ with the detector material. Cosmic muon induced electromagnetic showers can serve as a source of EM shower sample that can be used as a data-driven method for validating the EM shower modelling and EM shower identification algorithms at NO$\nu$A. The work reported in the thesis is the first ever implementation of cosmic muon induced EM shower for such a purpose in the NO$\nu$A experiment. We extracted EM shower sample from two sources - muon undergoing bremsstrahlung (Brem) and muon decay in flight to electron (DiF). Brem sample, extracted from cosmic muon, turns out to be a very useful data-driven method for testing EM shower modelling and the part icle identification (PID) algorithms for the detection of $\nu_e$-CC interactions. A new muon removal (MR) technique is developed and applied to remove the muon hits inside the bremsstrahlung shower. However, a complete removal of the muon energy in the event is not possible with high efficiency. DiF induced EM shower, on the other hand, is exactly similar to $\nu_e$-CC EM shower because DiF is a pure electron initiated EM shower. Therefore, DiF EM shower, once extracted, mimicks the shower of a $\nu_e$-CC interaction event. We present the extraction methods for both brem and DiF events in MC and cosmic data in far and near detector of NO$\nu$A and its use in data driven validation of $\nu_e$ EM shower modelling and $\nu_e$ signal selection efficiency across the detector. A systematic uncertainty is also assigned on $\nu_e$ appearance signal selection based on this study to take into account the difference in EM shower modelling in data and MC.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1982

The measurement of lightning environmental parameters related to interaction with electronic systems

The measurement of electromagnetic fields and related quantities in a lightning environment is a challenging problem, especially at high frequencies and/or in the immediate vicinity of the lightning arcs and corona. This paper reviews the techniques for accomplishing such measurements in these regimes with examples. These sensors are often the same as for the nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP), but significant differences also appear.

Baum, C. E.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Radiation from laser-microplasma-waveguide interactions in the ultra-intense regime

When a high-contrast ultra-relativistic (>10{sup 20} W/cm{sup 2}) laser beam enters a micro-sized plasma waveguide, the pulse energy is coupled into waveguide modes, which significantly modifies the interaction between the electrons and electromagnetic wave. Electrons pulled out from the walls of the waveguide form a dense helical bunch inside the channel and are efficiently accelerated by the transverse magnetic modes to hundreds of MeV. The asymmetry in the transverse electric and magnetic fields drives strong oscillations, which lead to the emission of bright, well-collimated, hard X-rays. In this paper, we present our study on the underlying physics in the aforementioned process using 3D particle-in-cell simulations. The mechanism of electron acceleration and the dependence of radiation properties on different laser plasma parameters are addressed. An analytic model and basic scalings for X-ray emission are also presented by considering the lowest optical modes in the waveguide, which is adequate to describe the basic phenomenon. In addition, the effects of high-order modes as well as laser polarization are also qualitatively discussed. The considered X-ray source has promising features, potentially making it a competitive candidate for a future tabletop synchrotron source.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Dynamics of millicharged dark matter in supernova remnants

Dark matter could have a small electromagnetic charge, provided the charge-to-mass ratio is much less than that of electrons or protons. This candidate, commonly known as millicharged dark matter (mDM), would form a plasma and interact with the interstellar medium and electromagnetic fields within galaxies. In general, understanding the dynamics of mDM requires consideration of collective plasma effects. It has been proposed that mDM can be accelerated in supernova remnants, forming a dark cosmic ray population that would leave distinct experimental signatures. In this work, we study a microphysical model where mDM is shocked by a supernova remnant and isotropized in the frame of the expanding fluid. We find that for | q χ / m χ | ≳ 10 – 13 e / MeV , the isotropization length for electromagnetic plasma instabilities is much shorter than the size of the supernova remnant. This is a necessary, though not sufficient, first step for formation of a Fermi-accelerated mDM component, and determining the size of this component requires further study. Finally, we discuss additional implications of mDM interactions in supernova remnants.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1981

Microwave remote sensing: Active and passive. Volume 1 - Microwave remote sensing fundamentals and radiometry

The three components of microwave remote sensing (sensor-scene interaction, sensor design, and measurement techniques), and the applications to geoscience are examined. The history of active and passive microwave sensing is reviewed, along with fundamental principles of electromagnetic wave propagation, antennas, and microwave interaction with atmospheric constituents. Radiometric concepts are reviewed, particularly for measurement problems for atmospheric and terrestrial sources of natural radiation. Particular attention is given to the emission by atmospheric gases, clouds, and rain as described by the radiative transfer function. Finally, the operation and performance characteristics of radiometer receivers are discussed, particularly for measurement precision, calibration techniques, and imaging considerations.

Ulaby, F. T.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Microfluidic Extraction of Biomarkers using Water as Solvent

A proposed device, denoted a miniature microfluidic biomarker extractor (mu-EX), would extract trace amounts of chemicals of interest from samples, such as soils and rocks. Traditionally, such extractions are performed on a large scale with hazardous organic solvents; each solvent capable of dissolving only those molecules lying within narrow ranges of specific chemical and physical characteristics that notably include volatility, electric charge, and polarity. In contrast, in the mu-EX, extractions could be performed by use of small amounts (typically between 0.1 and 100 L) of water as a universal solvent. As a rule of thumb, in order to enable solvation and extraction of molecules, it is necessary to use solvents that have polarity sufficiently close to the polarity of the target molecules. The mu-EX would make selection of specific organic solvents unnecessary, because mu-EX would exploit a unique property of liquid water: the possibility of tuning its polarity to match the polarity of organic solvents appropriate for extraction of molecules of interest. The change of the permittivity of water would be achieved by exploiting interactions between the translational states of water molecules and an imposed electromagnetic field in the frequency range of 300 to 600 GHz. On a molecular level, these interactions would result in disruption of the three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network among liquid-water molecules and subsequent solvation and hydrolysis of target molecules. The mu-EX is expected to be an efficient means of hydrolyzing chemical bonds in complex macromolecules as well and, thus, enabling analysis of the building blocks of these complex chemical systems. The mu-EX device would include a microfluidic channel, part of which would lie within a waveguide coupled to an electronically tuned source of broad-band electromagnetic radiation in the frequency range from 300 to 600 GHz (see figure). The part of the microfluidic channel lying in the waveguide would constitute an interaction volume. The dimensions of the interaction volume would be chosen in accordance with the anticipated amount of solid sample material needed to ensure extraction of sufficient amount of target molecules for detection and analysis. By means that were not specified at the time of reporting the information for this article, the solid sample material would be placed in the interaction volume. Then the electromagnetic field would be imposed within the waveguide and water would be pumped through the interaction volume to effect the extraction.

Amashukeli, Xenia↗
DOE OSTI2019

Definition of polaritonic fluctuations in natural hyperbolic media

The discovery of photonic hyperbolic dispersion surfaces in certain van der Waals bonded solids, such as hexagonal boron nitride and bismuth selenide (a topological insulator), offers intriguing possibilities for creating strongly modified light-matter interactions. However, open problems exist in quantifying electromagnetic field fluctuations in these media, complicating typical approaches for modeling photonic characteristics. Here, we address this issue by linking the identifying traits of hyperbolic response to a coupling between longitudinal and transverse fields that cannot occur in isotropic media. This description allows us to formulate a gauge theoretic description of the influence of hyperbolic response on electromagnetic fluctuations without explicitly imposing a characteristic size (model of nonlocality)—leading to formally bounded expressions so long as material absorption is included. We then apply this framework to two exemplary areas: the optical sum rule for modified spontaneous emission enhancement in a general uniaxial medium and thermal electromagnetic field fluctuations in hexagonal boron nitride and bismuth selenide. We find that while the sum rule is satisfied, it does not constrain the enhancement of light-matter interactions in either case. Here, we also show that both hexagonal boron nitride and bismuth selenide possess broad spectral regions where the magnitude of electromagnetic field fluctuations are over 120 times larger, and over 800 times larger along specific angular directions, than they are in vacuum.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

A neutrino floor for the Migdal effect

Neutrino-nucleus scatterings in the detector could induce electron ionization signatures due to the Migdal effect. We derive prospects for a future detection of the Migdal effect via coherent elastic solar neutrino-nucleus scatterings in liquid xenon detectors, and discuss the irreducible background that it constitutes for the Migdal effect caused by light dark matter-nucleus scatterings. Furthermore, we explore the ionization signal induced by some neutrino electromagnetic and non-standard interactions on nuclei. In certain scenarios, we find a distinct peak on the ionization spectrum of xenon around 0.1 keV, in clear contrast to the Standard Model expectation.

Experimental Nuclear Physics↗
DOE OSTI2021

Magnetic-Confinement Fusion—Plasma Theory: Tokamak Magnetohydrodynamic Equilibrium and Stability

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) provides a useful model to describe the crucial plasma macroscopic equilibrium and stability behaviors in toroidal tokamak devices by considering the plasma as a conducting fluid interacting with a surrounding confining electromagnetic field. MHD is the most basic plasma model, incorporating most large-scale phenomena, including plasma equilibrium and all major instabilities. MHD equations are obtained by taking moments of the Boltzmann equations for different plasma species. They provide a set of comprehensive physics constrains to compute and optimize the equilibrium plasma shape and pressure and current profiles that are critical to its stability and performance. In the ideal case, the equations have special properties that lead to efficient numerical calculation schemes, the most important of which is the ideal MHD energy principle for linear stability against small departures from equilibrium. In a tokamak plasma, equilibrium pressure is mostly destabilizing for MHD modes, whereas equilibrium current is also often a major driving force. Plasma resistivity creates new freedom for a MHD instability to grow, but there are also cases where the plasma resistivity plays a stabilizing role. Equilibrium toroidal flow and/or flow shear can affect MHD instabilities. Principal MHD instabilities include the internal kink mode, sawtooth, fishbone, external kink, resistive wall mode, resistive interchange, tearing and neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs), locked modes, toroidal Alfven eigenmodes (TAEs), and edge localized modes (ELMs). Fast-growing MHD instabilities can lead to an abrupt plasma disruption and termination that can potentially damage the device plasma facing components (PFCs) and in-vessel structures. Furthermore, an important MHD application is to develop robust techniques to mitigate and control MHD instabilities.

Dispersive pellet injection↗
DOE OSTI2019

Laboratory investigation of particle acceleration and magnetic field compression in collisionless colliding fast plasma flows

In many natural phenomena in space (cosmic-rays, fast winds), non-thermal ion populations are produced, with wave-particle interactions in self-induced electromagnetic turbulence being suspected to be mediators. However, the processes by which the electromagnetic energy is bestowed upon the particles is debated, and in some cases requires field compression. Here we show that laboratory experiments using high-power lasers and external strong magnetic field can be used to infer magnetic field compression in the interpenetration of two collisionless, high-velocity (0.01–0.1c) quasi-neutral plasma flows. This is evidenced through observed plasma stagnation at the flows collision point, which Particle-in-Cell (PIC) simulations suggest to be the signature of magnetic field compression into a thin layer, followed by its dislocation into magnetic vortices. Acceleration of protons from the plasma collision is observed as well. As a possible scenario, with 1D and 2D PIC simulations we consider a compression of the vortices against dense plasma remnants.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Chiral streamers

The interaction of time-varying electromagnetic fields and solid, liquid, and gaseous matter may lead to electrical breakdown phenomena through the excitation of ionization waves or streamers that control the dynamics of localized plasma propagation through the media. The streamers usually propagate along straight lines, either between random points in space or along a certain direction in a guided mode. Here, we report on a new type of plasma discharges with the regular helical propagation pattern driven by a pulsed dc voltage in nitrogen at sub-atmospheric-pressure conditions. The helical guided streamers, named chiral streamers or chi-streamers, are excited without any external magnetic fields, which commonly cause helical plasma motions. We also demonstrate a hybrid propagation mode involving the interchangeable chiral streamers and the straight-line propagating plasmas. High-speed, time-resolved optical imaging reveals that the chiral streamers and the hybrid patterns are made of spatially localized discrete plasma bullets, similar to the straight-line guided streamers. These results may enable effective control of propagation of confined plasmas and electromagnetic energy along pre-determined, potentially deterministic paths, which have important implications for the development of next-generation plasma-based radiation sources, communication devices, and medical treatments.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗