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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 649 records · Page 36
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Multimodal Chemical Characterization of Brown Carbon in Atmosphere and Snowpack during SAIL Field Campaign Report

The main goal of this field project was to characterize the chemical and physical properties of light-absorbing particles (LAP) present in the atmosphere and snowpack. The specific field efforts included: 1) online measurement and sampling of light-absorbing particles using a Magee Scientific model AE33 aethalometer (AE33) and a time-resolved aerosol collector (TRAC); and 2) sampling of snowpack during observed events of LAP deposition on snow, confirmed by onsite U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility measurements and meteorological data. The ongoing research objectives of our follow-up sample and data analysis include: 1) Characterization of aerosol regimes and sources, identifying particle-type populations, mixing states, and atmospheric transformations based on correlative analysis of our detailed chemical imaging and chemical characterization measurements and real-time records from the second ARM Mobile Facility (AMF2) and other instruments available from the Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) experiment; 2) Assessment of the optical and chemical properties of snowpack deposits to investigate how aerosol deposition influences snowpack lifetime.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Investigating the Impacts of Aqueous-Phase Processing on Organic Aerosol Chemical Climatology Using ARM and ASR Observations

This project improved understanding of how atmospheric aerosol particles form and evolve, with a focus on the role of water-driven (aqueous-phase) chemical reactions in the atmosphere. These processes occur in clouds, fog, and humid air and can significantly change the composition and properties of airborne particles, known as aerosols, which influence air quality and climate. By combining field measurements, laboratory experiments, and advanced analytical techniques, the project identified key chemical signatures that allow scientists to distinguish particles formed through aqueous processes from those formed in the gas phase. Observations from multiple environments, including wildfire smoke, urban regions, and cloud-influenced areas, show that aqueous chemistry is an important pathway for particle formation and aging. The project also developed new measurement approaches using uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) to capture how aerosol composition varies with altitude, providing critical insights into how particles interact with clouds. In addition, new data analysis frameworks were created to better interpret long-term aerosol measurements and improve characterization of particle sources and transformations. These results have been integrated into a global database of aerosol measurements and used to support atmospheric modeling efforts. Overall, the project provides important tools and knowledge to improve predictions of how aerosols affect climate and air quality, particularly through their interactions with radiation and clouds.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

CRISPR-Cas9/Cas12a systems for efficient genome editing and large genomic fragment deletions in Aspergillus niger

CRISPR technology has revolutionized fungal genetic engineering by accelerating the pace and expanding the feasible scope of experiments in this field. Among various CRISPR-Cas systems, Cas9 and Cas12a are widely used in genetic and metabolic engineering. In filamentous fungi, both Cas9 and Cas12a have been utilized as CRISPR nucleases. In this work we first compared efficacies and types of genetic edits for CRISPR-Cas9 and -Cas12a systems at the polyketide synthase (albA) gene locus in Aspergillus niger. By employing a tRNA-based gRNA polycistronic cassette, both Cas9 and Cas12a have demonstrated equally remarkable editing efficacy. Cas12a showed potential superiority over Cas9 protein when one gRNA was used for targeting, achieving an editing efficiency of 86.5% compared to 31.7% for Cas9. Moreover, when employing two gRNAs for targeting, both systems achieved up to 100% editing efficiency for single gene editing. In addition, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has been reported to induce large genomic deletions in various species. However, its use for engineering large chromosomal segments deletions in filamentous fungi still requires optimization. Here, we engineered Cas9 and -Cas12a-induced large genomic fragment deletions by targeting various genomic regions of A. niger ranging from 3.5 kb to 40 kb. Our findings demonstrate that targeted engineering of large chromosomal segments can be achieved, with deletions of up to 69.1% efficiency. Furthermore, by targeting a secondary metabolite gene cluster, we show that fragments over 100 kb can be efficiently and specifically deleted using the CRISPR-Cas9 or -Cas12a system. Overall, in this paper, we present an efficient multi-gRNA genome editing system utilizing Cas9 or Cas12a that enables highly efficient targeted editing of genes and large chromosomal regions in A. niger.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Multi-modal dynamic radiography using short-pulse laser-generated probe beams

Radiography is an important tool for the interrogation of dynamic experiments in the fields of dynamic properties of materials, and in condensed matter, high explosive, and high-energy-density physics. Multi-modal radiography advances the hypothesis that combining the information delivered by multiple radiographic modalities can lead to more constrained (improved) “reconstruction” of the scene than can be obtained from a single probe. We identify four modalities: multi-probe, time sequence, multi-view, and multi-messenger. Multi-probe radiography is a promising candidate for a next-generation dynamic radiographic facility. High-energy X-rays are the most frequently used probe for dynamic radiography, although recent developments show the utility of proton (pRad), electron (eRad), and neutron probe beams. Because each probing species interacts with material in the radiographic scene through quantitatively different mechanisms, each returns independent information about the scene, which can add extra constraints to the reconstruction process. How to conduct detailed, quantitative “co-analysis” of multiple data streams remains an area of active research. Multi-beam, short-pulse, laser-generated probes offer sufficient dose, an appropriate spectrum, and appropriate spatio-temporal resolution to produce high-quality dynamic radiographs. This paper reports on technology development to advance the state of the art of multi-modal/multi-probe radiography and the pursuit of both deterministic and inferential (AI/ML assisted) co-analysis methodologies to produce more constrained reconstructions from multi-modal data.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Spatial Interpolation of Air Pollutant and Meteorological Variables in Central Amazonia

The Amazon Rainforest is highlighted by the global community both for its extensive vegetation cover that constantly suffers the effects of anthropic action and for its substantial biodiversity. This dataset presents data of meteorological variables from the Amazon Rainforest region with a spatial resolution of 0.001° in latitude and longitude, resulting from an interpolation process. The original data were obtained from the GoAmazon 2014/5 project, in the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) repository, and then processed through mathematical and statistical methods. The dataset presented here can be used in experiments in the field of Data Science, such as training models for predicting climate variables or modeling the distribution of species.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Drop Size Distribution Variability in Central Argentina during RELAMPAGO-CACTI

The Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Meso-scale/micro-scale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO) and the Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain Interactions Experiment Proposal (CACTI) field campaigns provided an unprecedented thirteen-disdrometer dataset in Central Argentina during the Intensive (IOP, 15 November to 15 December 2018) and Extended (EOP, 15 October 2018 to 30 April 2019) Observational Periods. The drop size distribution (DSD) parameters and their variability were analyzed across the region of interest, which was divided into three subregions characterized by the differing proximity to the Sierras de Córdoba (SDC), in order to assess the impact of complex terrain on the DSD parameters. A rigorous quality control of the data was first performed. The frequency distributions of DSD-derived parameters were analyzed, including the normalized intercept parameter (logN w ), the mean volume diameter (D 0 ), the mean mass diameter (D m ), the shape parameter (μ), the liquid water content (LWC), and the rain rate (R). The region closest to the SDC presented higher values of logN w , lower D 0 , and higher μ, while the opposite occurred in the farthest region, i.e., the concentration of small drops decreased while the concentration of bigger drops increased with the distance to the east of the SDC. Furthermore, the region closest to the SDC showed a bimodal distribution of D 0 : the lower values of D 0 were associated with higher values of logN w and were found more frequently during the afternoon, while the higher D 0 were associated with lower logN w and occurred more frequently during the night. The data were analyzed in comparison to the statistical analysis of Dolan et al. 2018 and sorted according to the classification proposed in the cited study. The logN w -D 0 and LWC-D 0 two-dimensional distributions allowed further discussion around the applicability of other mid-latitude and global precipitation classification schemes (startiform/convection) in the region of interest. Finally, three precipitation case studies were analyzed with supporting polarimetric radar data in order to relate the DSD characteristics to the precipitation type and the microphysical processes involved in each case.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

John I. Castor (1943–2021)

Castor helped develop the theory of radiatively driven stellar winds while at the University of Colorado. In 1981 he left Colorado to join Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, where he led early experiments in the field now broadly known as "high energy density science".

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2021

International collaboration in disposal research: comparative modeling of coupled processes in the DECOVALEX project

Abstract. This presentation gives an overview of an international research collaboration for advancing the understanding and modeling of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes in geological systems. The creation of the international DECOVALEX project, now running for more than 25 years, was motivated by the recognition that prediction of these coupled effects is an essential part of the performance and safety assessment of geologic disposal systems for radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. DECOVALEX emphasizes joint analysis and comparative modeling of state-of-the-art field and laboratory experiments, across a range of host rock options and repository designs. Participating research teams are from radioactive waste management organizations, national research institutes, regulatory agencies, universities, and consulting groups, providing a wide range of perspectives and solutions to these complex problems. The presentation provides examples of the research contributions made collectively in past DECOVALEX tasks and also touches on the unique modeling challenges tackled in the ongoing project phase, referred to as DECOVALEX-2023. The current phase comprises 17 partner organizations, about 50 modeling teams, and 7 modeling tasks, which cover a broad portfolio from fundamental studies on gas migration to full-scale in situ heater experiments in different host rocks to performance assessment studies. Together, these examples illustrate that the insight and scientific knowledge gained within the DECOVALEX project would not have been possible if one group had studied these complex THMC modeling challenges alone rather than within a truly collaborative setting.

Birkholzer, Jens T.↗
DOE OSTI2021

High fusion performance in Super H-mode experiments on Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D

The ‘Super H-Mode’ regime is predicted to enable pedestal height and fusion performance substantially higher than standard H-Mode operation. This regime exists due to a bifurcation of the pedestal pressure, as a function of density, that is predicted by the EPED model to occur in strongly shaped plasmas above a critical pedestal density. Experiments on Alcator C-Mod and DIII-D have achieved access to the Super H-Mode (and Near Super H) regime, and obtained very high pedestal pressure, including the highest achieved on a tokamak (pped ~ 80 kPa) in C-Mod experiments operating near the ITER magnetic field. DIII-D Super H experiments have demonstrated strong performance, including the highest stored energy in the present configuration of DIII-D (W ~ 2.2–3.2 MJ), while utilizing only about half of the available heating power (Pheat ~ 7–12 MW). These DIII-D experiments have obtained the highest value of peak fusion gain, QDT,equiv ~ 0.5, achieved on a medium scale (R < 2 m) tokamak. Sustained high performance operation (βN ~ 2.9, H98 ~ 1.6) has been achieved utilizing n = 3 magnetic perturbations for density and impurity control. Pedestal and global confinement has been maintained in the presence of deuterium and nitrogen gas puffing, which enables a more radiative divertor condition. A pair of simple performance metrics is developed to assess and compare regimes. Super H-Mode access is predicted for ITER and expected, based on both theoretical prediction and observed normalized performance, to allow ITER to achieve its goals (Q = 10) at Ip < 15 MA, and to potentially enable more compact, cost effective pilot plant and reactor designs.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Convolutional Neural Networks for the CHIPS Neutrino Detector R&D Project.

The CHerenkov detectors In mine PitS (Chips) neutrino detector R&D project aims to develop novel strategies and technologies for very large yet ‘cheap as chips’ water Cherenkov neutrino detectors. Via deployment in a body of water, use of commercially available components, and instrumentation coverage optimisation for the study of exclusively accelerator beam neutrinos, Chips will enable megaton scale detectors to become a reality at the cost of $200k-$300k per kt of sensitive mass. During the summer of 2019 a prototype Chips detector, Chips-5, was deployed into the Wentworth 2W disused mine pit in northern Minnesota, 7 mrad off the NuMI beam axis. A novel data acquisition system was introduced using cheap single-board computers and open-source software. This work presents a novel approach to water Cherenkov neutrino detector event reconstruction and classification. Three forms of a Convolutional Neural Network, a type of deep learning algorithm, have been trained to reject cosmic muon events, classify beam events, and estimate neutrino energies, all using only the raw detector event as input. When evaluated on the expected distribution of Chips-5 events, this new approach is shown to be robust and explainable as well as providing a significant performance increase over the standard likelihood-based reconstruction and simple neural network classification. Promisingly, the performance presented here is comparable to the more complex (and expensive) neutrino oscillation experiments within the field.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Perspective on the Successes of the NNSS Underground Test Area (UGTA) Activity - 20221

Between 1951 and 1992, 828 underground nuclear tests were performed at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS). Underground testing was done in five major testing areas, which included (1) Frenchman Flat, (2) Rainier Mesa/Shoshone Mountain, (3) Yucca Flat/Climax Mine (4) Central Pahute Mesa, and (5) Western Pahute Mesa. About one third of the underground tests were detonated near, at or below the water table, and thus radioactive contamination was introduced to the groundwater system. The U.S. Department of Energy's Underground Test Area (UGTA) Activity was established in the late 1990's to address the fate and movement of residual radioactivity in groundwater, and characterize the risk that it may pose to NNSS workers and the offsite public. It has accomplished this goal through a process of iterative groundwater sampling and numerical groundwater flow and transport modeling, and long-term monitoring. The UGTA Activity draws on the expertise of scientists in the fields of geology, hydrology, radiochemistry, and risk assessment from the U.S. DOE staff, the lead contractor (currently Navarro) and many other organizations, in cooperation with the governing regulatory body, the State of Nevada's Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP). Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is one of the participating research organizations involved with the UGTA Activity. Under the direction of DOE and the lead contractor, LANL's role in UGTA has evolved over time from an initial focus on geologic characterization, to conducting field and laboratory experiments, and finally to its current role of providing modeling and geochemistry expertise to characterize the rates and directions of groundwater and radionuclide movement. In its current role, LANL has either developed or provided the numerical tools for developing flow and transport models in each of the four major testing areas. In addition, LANL has provided an independent assessment of future groundwater flow and transport behavior through the analysis of naturally-occurring geochemical and isotopic tracers in groundwater. The five major testing areas are now in different stages of investigation or closure: (1) Frenchman Flat is in its fifth year of post closure modeling; (2) The Rainier Mesa/Shoshone Mountain Closure Report has been submitted to NDEP and is awaiting approval; (3) The Yucca Flat/Climax Mine Closure Report is under development; and (4) Central and (5) Western Pahute Mesa is still undergoing investigation and flow and transport model development. The success of the UGTA Activity in reaching or approaching closure in three of the five major testing areas is primarily due to the DoE's focus on regulatory closure requirements, but also is in part attributable to a rigorous internal review process and the involvement of NDEP and Nye County water professionals as participants and observers in the reviews. County and state involvement in the internal review process has promoted trust that the U.S. DOE is deeply committed to ensuring the present and future safely of NNSS workers and the surrounding communities. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Josephson behavior in a metal-decorated topological-insulator Bi 0.91 Sb 0.09

We have fabricated W nanoscale clusters on a topological insulator Bi 0.91 Sb 0.09 . The W island arrays effectively induce two-dimensional superconductivity at the surface of Bi 0.91 Sb 0.09 via the superconducting proximity effect. We find that this heterostructure behaves as a dynamic Josephson junction, which shows a Fraunhofer-like pattern of the critical current versus the applied magnetic field. Microwave irradiation experiments reveal the existence of a 4π-periodic supercurrent carried by the topological surface state. Our results open up a route to induce topological superconductivity in a topological insulator.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

3D Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment at kennaook Cape Grim (3D-CAPE-k) Field Campaign Report

The objective of this campaign was to complement the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility’s Cloud And Precipitation Experiment at kennaook (CAPE-k) in northwest Tasmania by deploying scanning, fixed pointing angle, and in situ aerosol, cloud, and precipitation remote-sensing instruments during the last six months of the experiment. These instruments provided a three-dimensional (3D) context to the second ARM Mobile Facility (AMF2) vertically pointing observations collected at the kennaook Cape Grim (KCG) site and captured a portion of the life cycle of the clouds before and after the passage over the AMF2 vertical column. These 3D cloud measurements will be used in the near future to 1) investigate how the vertical profiles of aerosol and cloud properties are representative of the broader area and how these properties evolve during the portion of the cloud life cycle captured by the scanning instruments, 2) quantify how accurate the cloud fraction derived with assumptions from vertically pointing observations are compared with direct 3D cloud fraction measurements, 3) evaluate cloud fraction and liquid water path in the Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator–Convective-scale (ACCESS-C) forecast model, and 4) evaluate aerosol and cloud products from the European Space Agency/Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (ESA/JAXA) Earth Cloud Aerosol Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) mission using the scanning measurements, offering more chances of exact collocation, thereby complementing the statistical approach we are planning to employ with AMF2 observations for that same purpose.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Magnetic Field Determination for Run 1 of the Fermilab Muon $g-2$ Experiment

The muon $g-2$ experiment at Fermilab aims to measure the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, $a_{\mu}$, to a precision of 140 parts per billion (ppb). The measurement will shed light on the current $>$3$\sigma$ deviation between Standard Model calculations and the previous measurement made at Brookhaven National Laboratory, either resolving the discrepancy or confirming it to $>$5$\sigma$. In the muon $g-2$ experiment, muons are stored in a magnetic storage ring and their decays are observed. In order to reach the precision goal, the magnetic field experienced by the muons must be known with an uncertainty of \SI{70}{ppb} or less. To this end, the magnetic field was shimmed to unprecedented homogeneity. Two measurement systems are used to track the evolution of the magnetic field. This dissertation describes the motivations for the $g-2$ experiment, gives a brief overview of the experimental principles, introduces the magnetic field measurement hardware, describes the magnetic field shimming process, and presents an analysis of the magnetic field tracking for data collected in spring 2018 during run 1 of the Fermilab muon $g-2$ experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Motional Stark Effect Diagnostic for NSTX-U

This report describes the development of the motional Stark Effect diagnostic for NSTX. The MSE concept relies upon observation of the Balmer-alpha (n=3 to n=2) emission from a neutral hydrogen beam traversing a plasma. As a beam at high velocity, $\vec{ν}$, passes through the magnetic field in the plasma, $\vec{B}$, it experiences in its reference frame a Lorentz electric field, $\vec{E}$ = $\vec{ν}$ x $\vec{B}$. This electric field causes the spectral emission to be split and polarized as described by the Stark effect. The transition is separated into a set of lines in which the line spacing is linearly proportional to the electric field magnitude, and the line polarization is dependent on the electric field direction. Traditionally, MSE has used polarimetry to determine the polarization angle of the light, and related that to the magnetic field pitch angle in the plasma. The MSE diagnostic was developed under high magnetic field ($>$ 1~T) conditions, and the lower fields of recent high-beta experiments such as NSTX posed challenges to the technique. At low magnetic fields Doppler broadening effects mask the Stark effect. With the use of a narrow bandwidth filter MSE measurements at very low magnetic fields have been obtained.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Transition from wall modes to multimodality in liquid gallium magnetoconvection

Coupled laboratory-numerical experiments of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in liquid gallium subject to a vertical magnetic field are presented. The experiments are carried out in two cylindrical containers with diameter-to-height aspect ratio Γ = 1.0 and 2.0 at varying thermal forcing (Rayleigh numbers 10 5 ≲ Ra ≲ 10 8 ) and magnetic field strength (Chandrasekhar numbers 0 ≲ Ch ≲ 3 × 10 5 ). Laboratory measurements and numerical simulations confirm that magnetoconvection in our finite cylindrical tanks onsets via nondrifting wall-attached modes, in good agreement with asymptotic predictions for a semi-infinite domain. With increasing supercriticality, the experimental and numerical thermal measurements and the numerical velocity data reveal transitions between wall mode states with different azimuthal mode numbers and between wall-dominated convection to wall and interior multimodality. These transitions are also reflected in the heat transfer data, which combined with previous studies connect onset to supercritical turbulent behaviors in liquid metal magnetoconvection over a large parameter space. The gross heat transfer behaviors between magnetoconvection and rotating convection in liquid metals are compared and discussed.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Magnetic field impact on the laser heating in MagLIF

Prior to implosion in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF), the fuel is heated to temperatures on the order of several hundred eV with a multi-kJ, multi-ns laser pulse. In this paper, we present two laser heated plasma experiments, relevant to the MagLIF preheat stage, performed at Z with beryllium liners filled with deuterium and a trace amount of argon. In one experiment, there is no magnetic field and, in the other, the liner and fuel are magnetized with an 8.5 T axial magnetic field. The recorded time integrated, spatially resolved spectra of the Ar K-shell emission are sensitive to electron temperature T e . Individual analysis of the spatially resolved spectra produces electron temperature distributions T e (z) that are resolved along the axis of laser propagation. In the experiment with magnetic field, the plasma reaches higher temperatures and the heated region extends deeper within the liner than in the unmagnetized case. Radiation magnetohydrodynamics simulations of the experiments are presented and post-processed. A comparison of the results from experimental and simulated data reveals that the simulations underpredict T e in both cases but the differences are larger in the case with magnetic field.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Competition of magnetocrystalline anisotropy of uranium layers and zigzag chains in UNi 0.34 Ge 2 single crystals

Structural and thermodynamic properties of single-crystalline UNi 1-x Ge 2 with x = 0.66 have been investigated by measuring magnetization, specific heat, and thermal expansion over a wide range of temperatures and magnetic fields. The measurements revealed the emergence of a long-range antiferromagnetic ordering of uranium magnetic moments below the Néel temperature T N = 45.5 (1) K and the existence of two easy axes in the studied compound, namely b and c, which correspond to the planes of the uranium zig-zag chains. A magnetic field applied along these two crystallographic directions induces in the system a first-order metamagnetic phase transition (from antiferromagnetic to field-polarized paramagnetism), and the width of the magnetic hysteresis associated with that transition reaches as much as 40 kOe at the lowest temperatures. A magnetic phase diagram developed from the experimental data showed that the metastable region associated with that magnetic hysteresis forms a funnel that narrows toward the N´eel point in a zero magnetic field. The four-layer Ising model has successfully predicted the colinear antiferromagnetic structure in UNi 0.34 Ge 2 (known from earlier reports), its magnetic phase diagram, and temperature and field variations of its magnetization. Moreover, it suggests that the first-order phase transition extends down to zero magnetic field, although it is barely detectable in the experiments performed in low magnetic fields. According to this model, the second-order phase transition occurs in the compound only in zero field.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗