Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “SPHERES”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 649 records · Page 36
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1972

Solar radiation calibration facility.

A recently completed calibration facility for the NASA Mississippi Test Site is described. It combines the spectrum of water cooled long arc xenon radiation sources with the integration sphere concept covered by a special barium sulfate diffusely reflecting paint. The sphere is six feet in diameter and completely encompasses the four xenon sources (2.5 kW each) and the five pyranometers under calibration. The sources are contained within the base of the central pedestal and allow the radiation to be emitted into the lower hemisphere. Only through diffuse reflection and multiple scattering is the radiation finally incident upon the test zone, which is in the equatorial plane of the sphere on the top of the pedestal. The sphere is temperature controlled.

Hershey, T. L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Effects of material composition on the ablation performance of low density elastomeric ablators

The ablation performance of materials composed of various concentrations of nylon, hollow silica spheres, hollow phenolic spheres, and four elastomeric resins was determined. Both blunt-body and flat-panel specimens were used, the cold-wall heating-rate ranges being 0.11 to 0.8 MW/sq m, respectively. The corresponding surface pressure ranges for these tests were 0.017 to 0.037 atmosphere and 0.004 to 0.005 atmosphere. Some of the results show that (1) the addition of nylon significantly improved the ablation performance, but the nylon was not compatible with one resin system; (2) panel and blunt-body specimen data do not show the same effect of phenolic sphere content on ablation effectiveness; and (3) there appears to be an optimum concentration of hollow silica spheres for good ablation performance. The composition of an efficient, nonproprietary ablator for lifting body application is identified and the ablation performance of this ablator is compared with the performance of three commercially available materials.

Tompkins, S. S.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Aperture excited dielectric antennas

The results of a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of the effect of placing dielectric objects over the aperture of waveguide antennas are presented. Experimental measurements of the radiation patterns, gain, impedance, near-field amplitude, and pattern and impedance coupling between pairs of antennas are given for various Plexiglas shapes, including the sphere and the cube, excited by rectangular, circular, and square waveguide feed apertures. The waveguide excitation of a dielectric sphere is modeled using the Huygens' source, and expressions for the resulting electric fields, directivity, and efficiency are derived. Calculations using this model show good overall agreement with experimental patterns and directivity measurements. The waveguide under an infinite dielectric slab is used as an impedance model. Calculations using this model agree qualitatively with the measured impedance data. It is concluded that dielectric loaded antennas such as the waveguide excited sphere, cube, or sphere-cylinder can produce directivities in excess of that obtained by a uniformly illuminated aperture of the same cross section, particularly for dielectric objects with dimensions of 2 wavelengths or less. It is also shown that for certain configurations coupling between two antennas of this type is less than that for the same antennas without dielectric loading.

Crosswell, W. F.↗
NASA NTRS1977

An explication of the radiometric method for size and albedo determination

A radiometric model for determination of diameters, albedos, and temperatures of asteroids and other airless planets is presented. Integrated photometry of planets is reviewed, and attention is given to problems of stellar calibration, monochromatic corrections, and corrections for the temperature variations across the planetary sphere. A previous model, which assumes that an asteroid emits infrared radiation as a smooth sphere, is modified to account for observed sunward beaming of infrared emissions, apparently due to craters. In contrast to some studies of the lunar emission, the observable flux ratio between a cratered sphere and a smooth sphere is calculated for large ranges of wavelength, temperature, and phase angle. Revised diameters based on the crater model are given for 84 asteroids. The systematic discrepancy between radiometrically- and polarimetrically-obtained albedos is accounted for; further areas of disagreement between radiometry and polarimetry are discussed, and research to resolve them is suggested.

Hansen, O. L.↗
NASA NTRS1979

A luminosity-temperature relation for cluster X-ray sources

Luminosity-temperature (L-T) relations are derived for a self-gravitating isothermal gas sphere and for an isothermal gas sphere in hydrostatic equilibrium with the total mass of a cluster of galaxies. The relationships are compared with X-ray data for 13 clusters of galaxies. The L-T relation for the self-gravitating isothermal gas sphere is found to predict X-ray luminosities that are considerably larger than those observed, and the corresponding model is ruled out. It is shown, however, that the L-T relation for the isothermal gas sphere in hydrostatic equilibrium with total cluster mass is consistent with X-ray observations for reasonable choices of the ratio between central density and confining-mass density. Core radii or gas temperatures are predicted for five of the 13 clusters considered.

Henry, P.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Charging of a large object in low polar Earth orbit

The charging of a large sphere subject to the environment encountered by the shuttle orbiter as it passes through the auroral regions in its low polar Earth orbit was investigated. The environment consists of a low temperature dense plasma and a relatively intense (200 mu A/sq m) field aligned flux of energetic electrons (approximately 5 to 10 keV). The potential on a sphere in eclipse is presented as a function of the ratio kappa of the charging rate produced by precipitating electrons to the discharging rate produced by ram ions. It was found that a 5 meter conducting sphere charges to potentials of order 1 kilovolt for kappa approximately 2, even though a 0.5 meter sphere charges to less than 100 volts. It is concluded that the natural charging environment can induce large potentials (approximately 1 kilovolt) on the shuttle orbiter.

Parks, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Evaluation of ceramic packed-rod regenerator matrices

An extensive evaluation of a modified cryocooler with various regenerator matrices is reported. The matrices examined are 0.015 in. diam. Pb spheres and 0.008, 0.015, and 0.030 in. diam. rods of a 0.2% SnCl2 doped ceramic labelled LS-8A. Specific heat and thermal conductivity data on these rod materials are also reported. The chronic pulverization/dusting problem common to Pb spheres was investigated. During a 1000 hr life test with 0.0008 in. diam. rods there was no degradation of the refrigerator performance, and a subsequent examination of the rods themselves revealed no evidence of breakage or pulverization. The load temperature characteristics for the rod packed regenerators were inferior to that for the Pb spheres, the effect being to shift the Pb spheres load curve up in temperature. This temperature shift was 5.0, 7.4, and 11.6K for the 0.0008, 0.015, and 0.030 in. diam. rods, respectively.

Lawless, W. N.↗
NASA NTRS1982

A two-dimensional phase separation on the spherical surface of the metallic glass Au55Pb22.5Sb22.5

Recent experiments indicate that a phase separation in a spherical sample of the metallic glass Au55Pb22.5Sb22.5 occurs near the surface of the sphere. This strongly suggests either a contribution of surface-free energy to the decomposition process or a possible influence of near surface impurities absorbed during synthesis of the sphere. The surface phase separation has been studied as a function of cooling rate of the sphere. At high cooling rates (small sphere sizes), the surface separation disappears altogether suggesting that the surface of the parent liquid droplet is initially homogeneous.

Lee, M. C.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The middle atmosphere above Andoya Norway during the winter 1983/84 as derived from metrockets and OH nightglow observations

A total of 110 wind measurements were performed in the middle atmosphere above Andoya (69N, 16E) during the MAP/WINE Campaign from December 2, 1983 to February 23, 1984 using 57 inflatable passive falling spheres, 33 datasondes, 18 foil clouds and 2 instrumented active spheres. Temperature profiles were derived from 42 falling spheres, 26 datasondes and 2 active spheres. Near-mesopause temperatures were determined from OH nightglow observations. Synthesized charts of the temperatures as well as the zonal and meridional wind components between 0 and 90 km altitudes are presented. The temperature measurements indicate the occurrence of several minor and one major stratospheric warming, the latter being observed over Andoya at the end of the launch series.

Meyer, W.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Some properties of n-dimensional triangulations

A number of mathematical results relevant to the problem of constructing a triangulation, i.e., a simplicial tessellation, of the convex hull of an arbitrary finite set of points in n-space are described. The principal results achieved are: (1) a set of n+2 points in n-space may be triangulated in at most 2 different ways; (2) the sphere test defined in this report selects a preferred one of these two triangulations; (3) a set of parameters is defined that permits the characterization and enumeration of all sets of n+2 points in n-space that are significantly different from the point of view of their possible triangulation; (4) the local sphere test induces a global sphere test property for a triangulation; and (5) a triangulation satisfying the global sphere property is dual to the n-dimensional Dirichlet tesselation, i.e., it is a Delaunay triangulation.

Lawson, C. L.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Investigation of hard targets for calibration of a coherent Doppler lidar system

The bihemispherical reflectance has been measured for a diffuse gold surface the same as the coating on the integrating sphere, flowers of sulfur, sandblasted aluminum, and 120 grade aluminum oxide sandpaper. The sandpaper measurements indicate that materials with low reflectance cannot be measured until more sensitive detection techniques are found. The sphere had to be used without a detector baffle so an unusual geometry was needed that led to a loss of intensity. Further, it is estimated that some first-strike light entered the detector and the readings could be 1 to 1.5% too low. A limited number of normal incident directional-hemispherical reflectance measurements were made on aluminum and sandpaper. Several recommendations are made: (1) the proper baffle placement; (2) improve lock-in detection using a PAR lock-in amplifier or the heterodyne technique; (3) modification of the sphere so the sample may be mounted at the cell center on a graduate, rotatable table for measurement of directional-hemispherical reflectance; (4) the purchase of additional diffuse gold samples with coatings like the sphere; and (5) better laser temperature control to improve intensity stability.

Anderson, Richard↗
NASA NTRS1988

A reference standard for bidirectional reflection distribution function and bidirectional transmission distribution function measurement

A Lambertian reference standard for uniformly scattering a beam of light is constructed of a plate having a planar surface with a layer of glue disposed on the surface. An evenly packed layer of monodisperse spheres is set in the layer, and when the standard is used for bi-directional (BRDF) measurements, the spheres are coated with a layer of highly relective substance, such as gold or silver. When the standard is used for bi-directional transmittance distribution function (BTDF) measurements, the spheres are of a transparent material and are provided with a roughened surface, as by acid etching. In this case, the layer of glue is an optical cement, and the plate is of glass, with the spheres, the layer, and the plate all possessing a similar refractive index.

Witherow, William K.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Process for making a noble metal on tin oxide catalyst

A quantity of reagent grade tin metal or compound, chloride-free, and high-surface-area silica spheres are placed in deionized water, followed by deaerating the mixture by boiling and adding an oxidizing agent, such as nitric acid. The nitric acid oxidizes the tin to metastannic acid which coats the spheres because the acid is absorbed on the substrate. The metastannic acid becomes tin oxide upon drying and calcining. The tin-oxide coated silica spheres are then placed in water and boiled. A chloride-free precious metal compound in aqueous solution is then added to the mixture containing the spheres, and the precious metal compound is reduced to a precious metal by use of a suitable reducing agent such as formic acid. Very beneficial results were obtained using the precious metal compound tetraammine platinum(II) hydroxide.

Upchurch, Billy T.↗
NASA NTRS1990

A convenient technique for polarimetric calibration of single-antenna radar systems

A practical technique for calibrating single-antenna polarimetric radar systems is introduced. This technique requires only a single calibration target such as a conducting sphere or a trihedral corner reflector to calibrate the radar system, both in amplitude and phase, for all linear polarization configurations. By using a metal sphere, which is orientation independent, error in calibration measurement is minimized while simultaneously calibrating the crosspolarization channels. The antenna system and two orthogonal channels (in free space) are modeled as a four-port passive network. Upon using the reciprocity relations for the passive network and assuming the crosscoupling terms of the antenna to be equal, the crosstalk factors of the antenna system and the transmit and receive channel imbalances can be obtained from measurement of the backscatter from a metal sphere. For an X-band radar system with crosspolarization isolation of 25 dB, comparison of values measured for a sphere and a cylinder with theoretical values shows agreement within 0.4 dB in magnitude and 5 deg in phase. An effective polarization isolation of 50 dB is achieved using this calibration technique.

Sarabandi, Kamal↗
NASA NTRS1992

Prediction and measurement of soil bidirectional reflectance

The present model for soil bidirectional reflectance distribution functions in the visible and reflective IR ranges is based on a representation of soil surfaces by a collection of opaque spheres atop a Lambertian horizontal surface. The model is not sensitive to increases in the sphere area index beyond a value of 0.4. Observed soil reflectance factor data for a tilled field are noted to be consistent with those predicted by the model's expression of soil reflectance as a function of the horizontal area obscured by a sphere, the amount of surface in shadow, and relative brightness of a sphere, and the fraction of diffuse illumination.

Irons, James R.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Intensity and polarization of light scattered by size distributions of randomly oriented nonspherical particles

Calculations of light scattering by small particles are important in many diverse fields of science and engineering. In many cases of practical interest, scattering particles are nonspherical and are distributed over sizes and orientations. However, accurate light scattering computations for ensembles of nonspherical particles are difficult and time-consuming, and the literature in which such calculations are reported is rather scarce. In this paper, the T-matrix approach, as extended recently to randomly oriented particles, is used to calculate rigorously light scattering by size distributions of randomly oriented axially symmetric particles. To model the variation of particle sizes in real ensembles, we use a power law distribution typical of some terrestrial aerosols. Contour plots of intensity and degree of linear polarization for polydisperse prolate and oblate spheroids of different aspect ratios and effective equivalent-sphere size parameters from 0 to 10 are calculated and compared with calculations for equivalent spheres. The angular scattering behavior of nonspherical polydispersions is found to be greatly different from that of spheres, while the scattering properties of oblate and prolate spheroids of the same aspect ratio are similar. With increasing particle size, both intensity and polarization become more shape-dependent. In general, nonspherical particles are stronger side scatterers and weaker backscatterers than equivalent spheres. With increasing aspect ratio of nonspherical particles polarization tends to be predominantly positive. Possible effects of particle nonsphericity on optical remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols are discussed.

Mishchenko, M. I.↗
NASA NTRS1989

The effects of the nonsphericity and size distribution of ice crystals on the radiative properties of cirrus clouds

Hexagonal ice crystal and equivalent ice spheres have significantly different single-scattering properties. Although the extinction cross-section for spheres with equivalent surface areas is about the same as that for nonspherical ice crystals randomly oriented in space, equivalent spheres produce more forward scattering and have smaller single-scattering albedos. On the basis of broad-band radiative transfer calculations, in this note we will illustrate that the assumption that ice particles are spheres with equivalent surface areas leads to an underestimate to the solar albedo of cirrus clouds. Furthermore, we show that, for a given optical thickness, small ice particles reflect more solar flux than large ice particles. This implies that the ice crystal size distribution could be extremely important in the determination of the solar albedo of cirrus clouds due to external radiative forcing in climatic perturbation experiments. In the thermal infrared region, absorption by ice crystals predominates and the effects of the nonsphericity and size distribution of ice crystals on infrared radiative transfer appear to be secondary.

Kinne, Stefan↗
NASA NTRS1995

Considerations for modeling thin cirrus effects via brightness temperature differences

Brightness temperature difference (BTD) values are calculated for selected Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-6) channels (3.9, 12.7 micrometer) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer channels (3.7, 12.0 micrometer). Daytime and nighttime discrimination of particle size information is possible given the infrared cloud extinction optical depth and the BTD value. BTD values are presented and compared for cirrus clouds composed of equivalent ice spheres (volume, surface area) versus randomly oriented hexagonal ice crystals. The effect of the hexagonal ice crystals is to increase the magnitude of the BTD values calculated relative to equivalent ice sphere (volume, surface area) BTDs. Equivalent spheres (volume or surface area) do not do a very good job of modeling hexagonal ice crystal effects on BTDs; however, the use of composite spheres improves the simulation and offers interesting prospects. Careful consideration of the number of Legendre polynomial coefficients used to fit the scattering phase functions is crucial to realistic modeling of cirrus BTDs. Surface and view-angle effects are incorporated to provide more realistic simulation.

Schmidt, E. O.↗