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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Calculation of spin–orbit couplings using RASCI spinless one-particle density matrices: Theory and applications

Here we present the formalism and implementation for calculations of spin–orbit couplings (SOCs) using the Breit–Pauli Hamiltonian and non-relativistic wave functions described by the restricted active space configuration interaction (RASCI) method with general excitation operators of spin-conserving spin-flipping, ionizing, and electron-attaching types. The implementation is based on the application of the Wigner–Eckart theorem within the spin space, which enables the calculation of the entire SOC matrix based on the explicit calculation of just one transition between the two spin multiplets. Numeric results for a diverse set of atoms and molecules highlight the importance of a balanced treatment of correlation and adequate basis sets and illustrate the overall robust performance of RASCI SOCs. The new implementation is a useful addition to the methodological toolkit for studying spin-forbidden processes and molecular magnetism.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Electronic Structures, Magnetic Properties and Half-Metallicity of Heusler Compounds Hf{sub 2}VZ (Z = Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb): First-Principle Calculations

We investigate the electronic structures, magnetic properties and half-metallicity of Heusler compounds Hf{sub 2}VZ (Z = Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb) with Hg{sub 2}CuTi-type structure by using the first-principle calculations based on density-functional theory. It is found that the equilibrium lattice constants of Hf{sub 2}VZ (Z = Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb) compounds are 6.68, 6.88, 6.91, 6.57, 6.63, 6.85 and 6.94 Å, respectively. Hf{sub 2}VZ (Z = Ga, In, Tl, Si and Sn) compounds exhibit half-metallicity at their respective equilibrium lattice constants. Hf{sub 2}VGe and Hf{sub 2}VPb do not exhibit half-metallicity at their equilibrium lattice constants but can present the half-metallicity when the lattice constant decreases to 6.51 and 6.71 Å, respectively. In case of the lattice thermal expansion, the half-metallicity can be kept in the range of 6.30∼ 7.27, 6.36∼ 7.80, 6.46∼ 7.35, 6.00∼ 6.70 and 6.10∼ 6.95 Å (lattice constant) for Hf{sub 2}VZ (Z = Ga, In, Tl, Si and Sn). Under the unaxial strain, the half-metallicity can still be kept for Hf{sub 2}VZ (Z = Ga, In, Tl) when the lattice distortion is up to ± 10% (c/a) and be kept for Hf{sub 2}VZ (Z = Si, Sn) when the lattice distortion is 0.88∼ 1.09, 0.91∼ 1.09 (c/a). For the Hf{sub 2}VZ compounds with half-metallicity, the total magnetic moment is 2 μ{sub B} when Z is the third main group elements and is 1 μ{sub B} when Z is the fourth main group elements. The Hf{sub 2}VZ compounds with half-metallicity obey the Slater-Pauling formula: M{sub t} = 18 − Z{sub t} rule.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Diverse and tunable electronic structures of single-layer metal phosphorus trichalcogenides for photocatalytic water splitting

The family of bulk metal phosphorus trichalcogenides (APX{sub 3}, A = M{sup II}, M{sub 0.5}{sup I}M{sub 0.5}{sup III}; X = S, Se; M{sup I}, M{sup II}, and M{sup III} represent Group-I, Group-II, and Group-III metals, respectively) has attracted great attentions because such materials not only own magnetic and ferroelectric properties, but also exhibit excellent properties in hydrogen storage and lithium battery because of the layered structures. Many layered materials have been exfoliated into two-dimensional (2D) materials, and they show distinct electronic properties compared with their bulks. Here we present a systematical study of single-layer metal phosphorus trichalcogenides by density functional theory calculations. The results show that the single layer metal phosphorus trichalcogenides have very low formation energies, which indicates that the exfoliation of single layer APX{sub 3} should not be difficult. The family of single layer metal phosphorus trichalcogenides exhibits a large range of band gaps from 1.77 to 3.94 eV, and the electronic structures are greatly affected by the metal or the chalcogenide atoms. The calculated band edges of metal phosphorus trichalcogenides further reveal that single-layer ZnPSe{sub 3}, CdPSe{sub 3}, Ag{sub 0.5}Sc{sub 0.5}PSe{sub 3}, and Ag{sub 0.5}In{sub 0.5}PX{sub 3} (X = S and Se) have both suitable band gaps for visible-light driving and sufficient over-potentials for water splitting. More fascinatingly, single-layer Ag{sub 0.5}Sc{sub 0.5}PSe{sub 3} is a direct band gap semiconductor, and the calculated optical absorption further convinces that such materials own outstanding properties for light absorption. Such results demonstrate that the single layer metal phosphorus trichalcogenides own high stability, versatile electronic properties, and high optical absorption, thus such materials have great chances to be high efficient photocatalysts for water-splitting.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

High resolution measurements supported by electronic structure calculations of two naphthalene derivatives: [1,5]- and [1,6]-naphthyridine—Estimation of the zero point inertial defect for planar polycyclic aromatic compounds

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) molecules are suspected to be present in the interstellar medium and to participate to the broad and unresolved emissions features, the so-called unidentified infrared bands. In the laboratory, very few studies report the rotationally resolved structure of such important class of molecules. In the present work, both experimental and theoretical approaches provide the first accurate determination of the rotational energy levels of two diazanaphthalene: [1,5]- and [1,6]-naphthyridine. [1,6]-naphthyridine has been studied at high resolution, in the microwave (MW) region using a Fourier transform microwave spectrometer and in the far-infrared (FIR) region using synchrotron-based Fourier transform spectroscopy. The very accurate set of ground state (GS) constants deduced from the analysis of the MW spectrum allowed the analysis of the most intense modes in the FIR (ν{sub 38}-GS centered at about 483 cm{sup −1} and ν{sub 34}-GS centered at about 842 cm{sup −1}). In contrast with [1,6]-naphthyridine, pure rotation spectroscopy of [1,5]-naphthyridine cannot be performed for symmetry reasons so the combined study of the two intense FIR modes (ν{sub 22}-GS centered at about 166 cm{sup −1} and ν{sub 18}-GS centered at about 818 cm{sup −1}) provided the GS and the excited states constants. Although the analysis of the very dense rotational patterns for such large molecules remains very challenging, relatively accurate anharmonic density functional theory calculations appeared as a highly relevant supporting tool to the analysis for both molecules. In addition, the good agreement between the experimental and calculated infrared spectrum shows that the present theoretical approach should provide useful data for the astrophysical models. Moreover, inertial defects calculated in the GS (Δ{sub GS}) of both molecules exhibit slightly negative values as previously observed for planar species of this molecular family. We adjusted the semi-empirical relations to estimate the zero-point inertial defect (Δ{sub 0}) of polycyclic aromatic molecules and confirmed the contribution of low frequency out-of-plane vibrational modes to the GS inertial defects of PAHs, which is indeed a key parameter to validate the analysis of such large molecules.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

Band-engineered SrTiO{sub 3} nanowires for visible light photocatalysis

We have theoretically investigated the structural, electronic, and optical properties of perovskite SrTiO{sub 3} nanowires for use in visible light photocatalytic applications using pseudopotential density-functional theory calculations. The electronic structure calculations show that the band gap is modified in the SrTiO{sub 3} nanowires compared with that of the bulk. For TiO{sub 2}-terminated nanowires, the mid-band states induced by the combination of oxygen and strontium atoms on the surface lead to a shift in the valence band toward the conduction band without interference from the edge of the conduction band, which reduces the band gap. On the contrary, the electronic states induced by the combination of oxygen and strontium atoms on the surface of SrO-terminated nanowires lead to a shift in the conduction band toward the valence band. The calculated optical results indicate that the absorption edge of the nanowires shift towards the red-light region. These theoretical results suggest that perovskite SrTiO{sub 3} nanowires are promising candidates for use in visible light photocatalytic processes such as solar-assisted water splitting reactions.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Ground and excited states of zinc phthalocyanine, zinc tetrabenzoporphyrin, and azaporphyrin analogs using DFT and TDDFT with Franck-Condon analysis

The electronic structure of eight zinc-centered porphyrin macrocyclic molecules are investigated using density functional theory for ground-state properties, time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) for excited states, and Franck-Condon (FC) analysis for further characterization of the UV-vis spectrum. Symmetry breaking was utilized to find the lowest energy of the excited states for many states in the spectra. To confirm the theoretical modeling, the spectroscopic result from zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) is used to compare to the TDDFT and FC result. After confirmation of the modeling, five more planar molecules are investigated: zinc tetrabenzoporphyrin (ZnTBP), zinc tetrabenzomonoazaporphyrin (ZnTBMAP), zinc tetrabenzocisdiazaporphyrin (ZnTBcisDAP), zinc tetrabenzotransdiazaporphyrin (ZnTBtransDAP), and zinc tetrabenzotriazaporphyrin (ZnTBTrAP). The two latter molecules are then compared to their phenylated sister molecules: zinc monophenyltetrabenzotriazaporphyrin (ZnMPTBTrAP) and zinc diphenyltetrabenzotransdiazaporphyrin (ZnDPTBtransDAP). The spectroscopic results from the synthesis of ZnMPTBTrAP and ZnDPTBtransDAP are then compared to their theoretical models and non-phenylated pairs. While the Franck-Condon results were not as illuminating for every B-band, the Q-band results were successful in all eight molecules, with a considerable amount of spectral analysis in the range of interest between 300 and 750 nm. The π-π{sup ∗} transitions are evident in the results for all of the Q bands, while satellite vibrations are also visible in the spectra. In particular, this investigation finds that, while ZnPc has a D{sub 4h} symmetry at ground state, a C{sub 4v} symmetry is predicted in the excited-state Q band region. The theoretical results for ZnPc found an excitation energy at the Q-band 0-0 transition of 1.88 eV in vacuum, which is in remarkable agreement with published gas-phase spectroscopy, as well as our own results of ZnPc in solution with Tetrahydrofuran that are provided in this paper.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

A rule-free workflow for the automated generation of databases from scientific literature

Abstract In recent times, transformer networks have achieved state-of-the-art performance in a wide range of natural language processing tasks. Here we present a workflow based on the fine-tuning of BERT models for different downstream tasks, which results in the automated extraction of structured information from unstructured natural language in scientific literature. Contrary to existing methods for the automated extraction of structured compound-property relations from similar sources, our workflow does not rely on the definition of intricate grammar rules. Hence, it can be adapted to a new task without requiring extensive implementation efforts and knowledge. We test our data-extraction workflow by automatically generating a database for Curie temperatures and one for band gaps. These are then compared with manually curated datasets and with those obtained with a state-of-the-art rule-based method. Furthermore, in order to showcase the practical utility of the automatically extracted data in a material-design workflow, we employ them to construct machine-learning models to predict Curie temperatures and band gaps. In general, we find that, although more noisy, automatically extracted datasets can grow fast in volume and that such volume partially compensates for the inaccuracy in downstream tasks.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

The electronic characterization of biphenylene—Experimental and theoretical insights from core and valence level spectroscopy

In this paper, we provide detailed insights into the electronic structure of the gas phase biphenylene molecule through core and valence spectroscopy. By comparing results of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements with ΔSCF core-hole calculations in the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT), we could decompose the characteristic contributions to the total spectra and assign them to non-equivalent carbon atoms. As a difference with similar molecules like biphenyl and naphthalene, an influence of the localized orbitals on the relative XPS shifts was found. The valence spectrum probed by photoelectron spectroscopy at a photon energy of 50 eV in conjunction with hybrid DFT calculations revealed the effects of the localization on the electronic states. Using the transition potential approach to simulate the X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements, similar contributions from the non-equivalent carbon atoms were determined from the total spectrum, for which the slightly shifted individual components can explain the observed asymmetric features.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

Geometric structure, electronic structure, and spin transition of several Fe{sup II} spin-crossover molecules

We present a density functional study on the geometric structure, electronic structure, and spin transition of a series of Fe{sup II} spin-crossover (SCO) molecules, i.e., [Fe(abpt){sub 2}(NCS){sub 2}] (1), [Fe(abpt){sub 2}(NCSe){sub 2}] (2), and [Fe(dpbo)(HIm){sub 2}] (3) with dpbo diethyl(E,E)-2,2'-[1,2-phenylbis(iminomethylidyne)]bis[3-oxobutanoate](2-), N',O{sup 3},O{sup 3}', and abpt = 4-amino-3,5-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazole in order to explore more about the way to control SCO behavior of transition metal complexes. Our calculated results show that the spin transition of these Fe{sup II} molecules is accompanied with charge transfer between the Fe atom and ligands. This causes change in the electrostatic energy ({Delta}U) as well as the total electronic energy of SCO molecules. Moreover, our calculated results demonstrate an important contribution of the interionic interactions to {Delta}U, and there is the relation between {Delta}U and the thermal hysteresis behavior of SCO molecules. These results should be helpful for developing new SCO molecules.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Synergistic effect of V/N codoping by ion implantation on the electronic and optical properties of TiO{sub 2}

Performance of the material depends directly on the electronic and energy band structure, to improve the photoactivity of TiO{sub 2} and decrease carrier recombination centers induced by monodoping, the TiO{sub 2} thin film has been modified with V and N codopants by ion implantation for tailing and controlling the electronic structure and energy band structure. Compared to monodopant, codopants of V and N exhibit a synergistic effect in the photoactivity enhancement of TiO{sub 2}. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies demonstrate that the implanted V and N ions are introduced into the lattice of TiO{sub 2} through V and N substituting Ti and O, respectively. The electronic structure of V/N codoped TiO{sub 2} was calculated by First-principles calculations based on density-functional theory, the results show the band edges of TiO{sub 2} can be tailored by V and N codopants. UV-vis spectra consistently show the absorption edge of V/N codoped TiO{sub 2} film is widen to visible light region. More importantly, the photoactivity of TiO{sub 2} film has been significantly improved after V/N codoping. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is believed to be due to the V and N codopants induced synergistic effect that not only enhances the absorption of visible light but also promotes the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes in TiO{sub 2}. Besides, there exists an optimum for V/N ions implantation fluence. The capability of improving TiO{sub 2} photoactivity by V/N codoping could open up new opportunities in the development of highly efficient photocatalysts and photoelectrodes for solar energy and environmental applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2012

C-C bond unsaturation degree in monosubstituted ferrocenes for molecular electronics investigated by a combined near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure, x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and density functional theory approach

We present the results of an experimental and theoretical investigation of monosubstituted ethyl-, vinyl-, and ethynyl-ferrocene (EtFC, VFC, and EFC) free molecules, obtained by means of synchrotron-radiation based C 1s photoabsorption (NEXAFS) and photoemission (C 1s XPS) spectroscopies, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Such a combined study is aimed at elucidating the role played by the C-C bond unsaturation degree of the substituent on the electronic structure of the ferrocene derivatives. Such substituents are required for molecular chemical anchoring onto relevant surfaces when ferrocenes are used for molecular electronics hybrid devices. The high resolution C 1s NEXAFS spectra exhibit distinctive features that depend on the degree of unsaturation of the hydrocarbon substituent. The theoretical approach to consider the NEXAFS spectrum made of three parts allowed to disentangle the specific contribution of the substituent group to the experimental spectrum as a function of its unsaturation degree. C 1s IEs were derived from the experimental data analysis based on the DFT calculated IE values for the different carbon atoms of the substituent and cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings. Distinctive trends of chemical shifts were observed for the substituent carbon atoms and the substituted atom of the Cp ring along the series of ferrocenes. The calculated IE pattern was rationalized in terms of initial and final state effects influencing the IE value, with special regard to the different mechanism of electron conjugation between the Cp ring and the substituent, namely the {sigma}/{pi} hyperconjugation in EtFC and the {pi}-conjugation in VFC and EFC.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

First-principles study of structural, electronic and thermodynamic properties of EuMg{sub 2} and EuMg{sub 2}H{sub 6}

Within framework of the density functional theory, the structural and electronic properties of EuMg{sub 2} and its hydride EuMg{sub 2}H{sub 6} have been investigated. The calculated structural parameters are in good agreement with the experimental results, and the obtained formation enthalpies indicate that the stability of EuMg{sub 2} is lower than that of EuMg{sub 2}H{sub 6}. The calculated electronic structures show that both compounds exhibit a strong spin polarization feature near the Fermi level owing to the localized Eu-f electrons, and the EuMg{sub 2}H{sub 6} demonstrates mainly ionic characteristic. For thermodynamics of hydrogenation/dehydrogenation process of this system, the calculated reaction enthalpies along possible five reaction routes show that the most possible hydrogenation pathway is EuMg{sub 2}+3H{sub 2}{yields}EuMg{sub 2}H{sub 6}, while the favorable dehydrogenation pathway is EuMg{sub 2}H{sub 6}{yields}EuH{sub 2}+2Mg+2H{sub 2}. - The charge difference distribution (e/Bohr{sup 3}) (a) on (1010) plane of EuMg{sub 2}, (b) on (110) and (c) (020) planes of its hydride EuMg{sub 2}H{sub 6}. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The Eu-f electron has important effects on stability and hydrogen storage behavior. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The hydride exhibits primary ionic characteristics. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Three types of Mg--H bonding display also obvious ionic feature with some covalence. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The dehydrogenation temperature of EuMg{sub 2}H{sub 6} is further determined.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Interaction of He with Cu, V, and Ta in bcc Fe: A first-principles study

Precipitates often play key roles in improving the mechanical performance of structural materials. Using first-principles density functional theory method, we have calculated the geometry and energetics of small X{sub n} and X{sub n}He (X = Cu, V, and Ta) clusters in bcc Fe matrix to investigate the effect of He on X precipitation on the initial stage in neutron-irradiated Fe alloys. Both substitutional and interstitial He attract solute atoms. The attraction of a substitutional He and a Cu atom is as strong as 0.30 eV (nearest neighbor) or 0.25 eV (next-nearest neighbor), even stronger than the vacancy-Cu pair. Such an attraction facilitates the clustering of Cu atoms. By comparison, the attraction of He to V (0.02 eV) or Ta (0.22 eV) is weaker than that of a vacancy. We find that one He can bind up to four Ta atoms to form a tetrahedron, despite the fact that in the absence of He, Ta atoms prefer to stay away from each other. The effect of He on the solute-solute and solute-matrix interactions can be understood from the facts that He behaves both as a free-volume filler and as a bonding insulator.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Non-empirical, low-cost recovery of exact conditions with model-Hamiltonian inspired expressions in jmDFT

Density functional theory (DFT) is widely applied to both molecules and materials, but well known energetic delocalization and static correlation errors in practical exchange-correlation approximations limit quantitative accuracy. Common methods that correct energetic delocalization errors, such as the Hubbard U correction in DFT+U or Hartree-Fock exchange in global hybrids, do so at the cost of worsening static correlation errors. We recently introduced an alternate approach [Bajaj et al., J. Chem. Phys. 147, 191101 (2017)] known as judiciously modified DFT (jmDFT), wherein the deviation from exact behavior of semilocal functionals over both fractional spin and charge, i.e., the so-called flat plane, was used to motivate functional forms of second order analytic corrections. In this work, we introduce fully nonempirical expressions for all four coefficients in a DFT+U+J-inspired form of jmDFT, where all coefficients are obtained only from energies and eigenvalues of the integer-electron systems. We show good agreement for U and J coefficients obtained nonempirically as compared with the results of numerical fitting in a jmDFT U+J/J' correction. Incorporating the fully nonempirical jmDFT correction reduces and even eliminates the fractional spin error at the same time as eliminating the energetic delocalization error. We show that this approach extends beyond s-electron systems to higher angular momentum cases including p- and d-electrons. Finally, we diagnose some shortcomings of the current jmDFT approach that limit its ability to improve upon DFT results for cases such as weakly bound anions due to poor underlying semilocal functional behavior.

Delocalization↗
DOE OSTI2015

Low-lying electronic structure of EuH, EuOH, and EuO neutrals and anions determined by anion photoelectron spectroscopy and DFT calculations

The anion photoelectron (PE) spectra of EuH{sup −} and the PE spectrum of overlapping EuOH{sup −} and EuO{sup −} anions are presented and analyzed with supporting results from density functional theory calculations on the various anions and neutrals. Results point to ionically bound, high-spin species. EuH and EuOH anions and neutrals exhibit analogous electronic structures: Transitions from {sup 8}Σ{sup −} anion ground states arising from the 4f{sup 7}σ{sub 6s}{sup 2} superconfiguration to the close-lying neutral {sup 9}Σ{sup −} and {sup 7}Σ{sup −} states arising from the 4f{sup 7}σ{sub 6s} superconfiguration are observed spaced by an energy interval similar to the free Eu{sup +} [4f{sup 7}6s] {sup 9}S - {sup 7}S splitting. The electron affinities (EAs) of EuH and EuOH are determined to be 0.771 ± 0.009 eV and 0.700 ± 0.011 eV, respectively. Analysis of spectroscopic features attributed to EuO{sup −} photodetachment is complicated by the likely presence of two energetically competitive electronic states of EuO{sup −} populating the ion beam. However, based on the calculated relative energies of the close-lying anion states arising from the 4f{sup 7}σ{sub 6s} and 4f{sup 6}σ{sub 6s}{sup 2} configurations and the relative energies of the one-electron accessible 4f{sup 7} and 4f{sup 6}σ{sub 6s} neutral states based on ligand-field theory [M. Dulick, E. Murad, and R. F. Barrow, J. Chem. Phys. 85, 385 (1986)], the remaining features are consistent with the 4f{sup 6}σ{sub 6s}{sup 2} {sup 7}Σ{sup −} and 4f{sup 7}σ{sub 6s}{sup 7}Σ{sup −} anion states lying very close in energy (the former was calculated to be 0.15 eV lower in energy than the latter), though the true anion ground state and neutral EA could not be established unambiguously. Calculations on the various EuO anion and neutral states suggest 4f-orbital overlap with 2p orbitals in species with 4f{sup 6} occupancy.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

$\mathrm{DRAGON}$: A multi-GPU orbital-free density functional theory molecular dynamics simulation package for modeling of warm dense matter

As progress in electronic structure theoretical methods is made, ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) based on orbital-free density functional theory (OF-DFT) is becoming increasingly more successful at substituting the traditional, very accurate but computationally costly Kohn–Sham (KS) approach for simulations of matter at the challenging warm dense matter (WDM) regime. However, despite the significant cost alleviation of eliminating the dependence on the KS orbitals, OF-DFT MD runs require ~10 2 to 10 3 CPU cores running for days, or even weeks, for simulations of systems comprised of 10 2 to 10 3 atoms, depending on thermodynamic conditions. Here we present DRAGON, a multi-GPU OF-DFT MD code for fast and efficient simulations of WDM. With a relatively small allocation of resources (4 to 8 GPU devices) it can provide an order of magnitude speedup for simulations containing $\mathscr{O}$(10 4 ) atoms and target systems composed of $\mathscr{O}$(10 5 ) atoms at conditions within the WDM regime, which is currently outside the capabilities of CPU codes.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Higher-order finite-difference formulation of periodic Orbital-free Density Functional Theory

We present a real-space formulation and higher-order finite-difference implementation of periodic Orbital-free Density Functional Theory (OF-DFT). Specifically, utilizing a local reformulation of the electrostatic and kernel terms, we develop a generalized framework for performing OF-DFT simulations with different variants of the electronic kinetic energy. In particular, we propose a self-consistent field (SCF) type fixed-point method for calculations involving linear-response kinetic energy functionals. In this framework, evaluation of both the electronic ground-state and forces on the nuclei are amenable to computations that scale linearly with the number of atoms. We develop a parallel implementation of this formulation using the finite-difference discretization. We demonstrate that higher-order finite-differences can achieve relatively large convergence rates with respect to mesh-size in both the energies and forces. Additionally, we establish that the fixed-point iteration converges rapidly, and that it can be further accelerated using extrapolation techniques like Anderson's mixing. We validate the accuracy of the results by comparing the energies and forces with plane-wave methods for selected examples, including the vacancy formation energy in Aluminum. Overall, the suitability of the proposed formulation for scalable high performance computing makes it an attractive choice for large-scale OF-DFT calculations consisting of thousands of atoms.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Room-temperature ferromagnetism properties of monoclinic VO{sub 2} (M1) nanobelts

Highlights: • The unusual room temperature ferromagnetism of the VO{sub 2}(M1) nanobelts is found in magnetic measurement. • The oxygen vacancies induce the change of Bader charge of V atom from +2.34 to +1.84 (V{sup +4} to V{sup +3}). • The ferromagnetic nature is a result of the oxygen vacancies based on the calculations by DFT. - Abstract: The magnetic properties of monoclinic VO{sub 2}(M1) nanobelts synthesized by the hydrothermal method are investigated. The VO{sub 2}(M1) nanobelts exhibit ferromagnetism at room temperature, which disagrees with previous literatures. The excessive oxygen vacancies induce the ferromagnetic nature of VO{sub 2}(B) nanobelts, which is attributed to the fact that the Bader charge of V atom changes from +2.34 to +1.84 (V{sup +4} to V{sup +3}) based on the calculations by using density functional theory (DFT). The calculations indicate that oxygen vacancy may induce the presence of V{sup 3+} atom, in agreement with experimental observations. The observed ferromagnetism should be a result of oxygen vacancies in VO{sub 2}(M1) nanobelts.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗