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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 649 records · Page 36
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Effect of the Electric Double Layer on the Activation Energy of Ion Transport in Conical Nanopores

Measured apparent activation energies, $E_A$, of ion transport (K + and Cl – ) in conical glass nanopores are reported as a function of applied voltage (-0.5 to 0.5 V), pore size (20–2000 nm), and electrolyte concentration (0.1–50 mM). $E_A$ values for transport within an electrically charged conical glass nanopore differ from the bulk values due to the voltage and temperature-dependent distribution of the ions within the double layer. Remarkably, nanopores that display ion current rectification also display a large decrease in $E_A$ under accumulation mode conditions (at applied negative voltages versus an external ground) and a large increase in $E_A$ under depletion mode conditions (at positive voltages). Finite element simulations based on the Poisson–Nernst–Planck model semiquantitatively predict the measured temperature-dependent conductivity and dependence of $E_A$ on applied voltage. The results highlight the relationships between the distribution of ions with the nanopore, ionic current, and $E_A$ and their dependencies on pore size, temperature, ion concentration, and applied voltage.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

An Adsorption Study of CH 4 on ZSM-5, MOR, and ZSM-12 Zeolites

CH 4 adsorption was studied experimentally and theoretically on ZSM-5, MOR, and ZSM-12 zeolites using calorimetric measurements at 195 K and plane wave DFT calculations. Differential heats measured on four different H-ZSM-5 samples were determined to be 22.5 ± 1 kJ/mol, independent of Brønsted site density or defect concentration. However, DFT calculations performed using various functionals and on the most stable Brønsted site indicated that CH4 should bind to this site by an additional 1–7 kJ/mol, a discrepancy that is due to the inability of standard DFT methods to capture hydrogen-bonding effects accurately with CH 4 . Differential heats for CH 4 in MOR were 30±1 kJ/mol at low coverages, falling to 25 kJ/mol for coverages above one molecule per 8-membered-ring side pocket, while differential heats on ZSM-12 were initially 22.5 kJ/mol, decreasing to 21 kJ/mol with coverage. DFT calculations on the siliceous form of the zeolites were able to predict these values within 5 kJ/mol in most cases. The results indicate that CH 4 is an excellent probe molecule for characterizing the pore structure of zeolites.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Properties of Ti/TiC Interfaces from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Titanium carbide is used as a primary component in coating materials, thin films for electronic devices, and composites. Here, the structure of coherent and semicoherent interfaces formed between close-packed TiC (111) and Ti (0001) is investigated in classical molecular dynamics simulations. The forces on the atoms in the simulations are determined using a newly developed TiC potential under the framework of the third-generation charge optimized many-body (COMB 3 ) suite of potentials. The work of adhesion energies for the coherent interfaces is calculated and compared with the predictions of density functional theory calculations. In the case of relaxed semicoherent interfaces, a two-dimensional (2D) misfit dislocation network is predicted to form that separates the interface into different regions in which the positions of the atoms are similar to the positions at the corresponding coherent interfaces. After the interface is annealed at an elevated temperature, the climb of edge dislocations is activated which modifies the 2D misfit dislocation network and increases the work of adhesion. These findings can be used as inputs for sequential larger simulation models to understand and predict the macroscopic properties of TiC/Ti interfaces.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Engineering Copper Carboxylate Functionalities on Water Stable Metal–Organic Frameworks for Enhancement of Ammonia Removal Capacities

Functionalization of copper carboxylate groups on a series of UiO-66 metal organic framework (MOF) analogues and their corresponding impact on humid and dry ammonia adsorption behavior were studied. Relative locations of possible carboxylic acid binding sites for copper on the MOF analogues were varied on ligand and missing linker defect sites. Materials after copper incorporation exhibited increased water vapor and ammonia affinity during isothermal adsorption and breakthrough experiments, respectively. The introduction of copper markedly increased ammonia adsorption capacities for all adsorbents possessing carboxyl binding sites. In particular, the new MOF UiO-66-(COOCu)2 displayed the highest ammonia breakthrough capacities of 6.38 and 6.84 mmol g–1 under dry and humid conditions, respectively, while retaining crystallinity and porosity. Relative carboxylic acid site locations were also found to impact sorbent stability, as missing linker defect functionalized materials degraded under humid conditions after copper incorporation. Postsynthetic metal insertion provides a method for adding sites that are analogous to open metal sites while maintaining good structural stability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Computational Model and Characterization of Stacking Faults in ZIF-8 Polymorphs

Degradation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in aqueous, humid, and acid gas environments likely begins at defect sites. Until now, however, theoretical studies of MOFs have widely assumed an ideal defect-free structure. Here we present a computational model for low-energy extended defects in bulk zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) that are analogous to stacking faults in zeolites. We demonstrate the thermodynamic accessibility of stacking faults in ZIFs and examine the impact of these defects on pore diffusion and accessible surface area. We identify strong correlations between the defect density of a structure and its X-ray diffraction spectra. Finally, by examining a topologically isomorphic ZIF that has been reported experimentally we find characteristic defect-induced peak broadening and splitting in the reported powder patterns, giving strong evidence for the existence for stacking faults in this material.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Investigation of Silica-Supported Vanadium Oxide Catalysts by High-Field 51 V Magic-Angle Spinning NMR

Supported V2O5/SiO2 catalysts were studied using solid state 51V MAS NMR at a sample spinning rate of 36 kHz and at a magnetic field of 19.975 T for a better understanding of the coordination of the vanadium oxide as a function of environmental conditions . Structural transformations of the supported vanadium oxide species between the catalyst in the dehydrated state and hydrated state under an ambient environment were revisited to examine the degree of oligomerization and the effect of water. The experimental results indicate the existence of a single dehydrated surface vanadium oxide species that resonates at -675 ppm and two vanadium oxide species under ambient conditions that resonate at -566 and -610 ppm, respectively. No detectable structural difference was found as a function of vanadium oxide loading on SiO2 (3% V2O5/SiO2 and 8% V2O5/SiO2). Quantum chemistry simulations of the 51V NMR chemical shifts on predicted surface structures were used as an aide in understanding potential surface vanadium oxide species on the silica support. The results suggest the formation of isolated surface VO4 units for the dehydrated catalysts with the possibility of dimer and cyclic trimer presence. The absence of bridging V-O-V vibrations (~200-300 cm-1) in the Raman spectra [Gao et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 10842-10852], however, indicates that the isolated surface VO4 sites are the dominant dehydrated surface vanadia species on silica. Upon exposure to water, hydrolysis of the bridging V-O-Si bonds is most likely responsible for the decreased electron shielding experienced by vanadium. No indicators for the presence of hydrated decavanadate clusters or hydrated vanadia gels previously proposed in the literature were detected in this study.

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2017

Active Response of Six-Coordinate Cu 2+ on CO 2 Uptake in Cu(dpa) 2 SiF 6 - i from in Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Interpenetrated metal organic framework (MOF) Cu(dpa) 2 SiF 6 -i (dpa = dipyridyl acetylene) with 6-coordinate copper takes up CO 2 with isosteric heat of sorption Qst ≅ 40 kJ/mol, comparable to MOFs designed to have specific, strong chemisorption interactions. Although small pore size contributes to this high Qst, any preferred microscopic physisorption mechanisms were incompletely understood. We present in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy results sensitive to local electronic structure around copper, fluorine, and nitrogen to look for signatures of CO 2 interaction with and near ionic species in Cu(dpa) 2 SiF 6 -i. No changes in F or N K edge spectra imply no structural or electronic distortions to SiF62– or dpa molecules on CO 2 uptake. Cu L 2,3 edge spectra confirm Cu 2+ valence and show weak systematic CO 2 -induced effects that result from distortions of the copper coordination shell. Finally, we suggest that electrostatic interaction between Cu 2+ and axially aligned CO 2 quadrupole moments contributes to the large Qst.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Insights into the Stability of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks in Humid Acidic Environments from First-Principles Calculations

Understanding the degradation mechanisms of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) is crucial to improve their chemical stability and realize their potential industrial applications. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive study utilizing dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations to investigate the chemical stability of bulk ZIFs and their external surfaces under conditions of acid-gas exposure. We examine the influence of steric factors such as topology and ligand functionalization on the relative chemical stability of prototypical ZIFs (ZIF-2 and ZIF-8), including their hypothetical polymorphs. We find that defect formation is more thermodynamically and kinetically favorable at ZIF external surfaces versus the bulk, and that both topology and ligand functionalization impact defect formation. In addition, we provide a detailed mechanism for the reaction of ZIFs with sulfurous and sulfuric acids, of which the latter serves as a catalyst in potential degradation reactions of ZIFs. We also provide information about the adsorption strength of a range of acid gases to defective ZIF structures, which can inform potential strategies to regenerate ZIFs and/or achieve defect engineering in these materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Molecular Simulation of Capture of Sulfur-Containing Gases by Porous Aromatic Frameworks

The adsorption of pure SO2 and H2S and their selective adsorption from various gas mixtures by porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) are investigated using grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations and first-principles density functional theory calculations. The influence of functional groups including -CH 3 , -CN, -COOH, -COOCH 3 , -OH, -OCH 3 , -NH 2 , and -NO 2 on the adsorption of pure SO 2 and H 2 S as well as selective capture of SO 2 and H 2 S from SO 2 /N 2 , SO 2 /CO 2 , H 2 S/CO 2 , and H 2 S/CH 4 mixtures is explored. Our calculations indicate that PAFs exhibit high loadings for pure SO 2 and H 2 S gas adsorption at 298 K up to 40 bar compare to other gases such as CH 4 and CO 2 . Additional functional groups enhance gas uptake at low pressures because of stronger interaction with the gas molecules while reducing gas uptake at high pressures because of a decrease in pore volume. The contributions of electrostatic interactions to gas adsorption loadings are analyzed in GCMC simulations. Ideal adsorbed solution theory calculations generally overestimate SO 2 and H 2 S adsorption selectivity in gas mixtures but qualitatively predict the trends seen in GCMC simulations for these systems. The GCMC simulations further show that the inclusion of any of the functional groups we considered increases the selectivity of SO 2 /N 2 , SO 2 /CO 2 , H 2 S/CO 2 , and H 2 S/CH 4 relative to unfunctionalized materials. Electron-withdrawing groups such as -CN, -COOH, -COOCH 3 , and -NO 2 are more effective at enhancing adsorption selectivity in this work. Finally, the highest selectivity in the PAFs functionalized by these groups is predicted at the lowest temperature we considered (273 K), whereas it occurs at 298 K for PAFs with other functional groups.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

DMOF-1 as a Representative MOF for SO 2 Adsorption in Both Humid and Dry Conditions

The mixed-ligand metal–organic framework (MOF) DMOF-1 has been successfully synthesized via ligand: 2,3,5,6-tetramethylterephthalic acid (TM), 9,10-anthracenedicarboxylic acid (ADC), 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (NDC), 2,5-dimethyl terephthalic acid (DM), and metal (Zn, Cu, Ni, Co) substitutions to develop structure–property relationships for adsorption of water and SO 2 , an acid gas commonly found in flue gas streams at ppm-level concentrations. The substitution of bulky ligands, TM and ADC, resulted in not only improved water stability but also stability toward dry SO 2 , whereas substitution with NDC and DM did not provide water or SO 2 stability. ADC-functionalized Zn–DMOF exhibited the greatest stability under humid SO 2 exposure of the ligand-functionalized materials that were tested. Metal substitution of Cu into the DMOF–TM structure resulted in the greatest stability of the M–DMOF–TM samples upon exposure to humid SO 2 , and Ni–DMOF–TM provided the second most stable material. Finally, these results follow the prediction of the Irving–Williams series of metal node/ligand bond strengths.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Structure and Vibrational Properties of Potassium-Promoted Tungsten Oxide Catalyst Monomeric Sites Supported on Alumina (K 2 O/WO 3 /Al 2 O 3 ) Characterized Using Periodic Density Functional Theory

Al 2 O 3 -supported tungsten oxide catalysts have been instrumental in many industrially relevant reactions and their reactivity is controlled by their molecular structure. In turn, their molecular structure has primarily been derived via Raman measurements with assignments made using model compounds of known local (molecular) coordination. Here, the structure and simulated Raman spectra of unpromoted and K + -promoted tungsten oxide catalyst monomeric sites supported on γ-Al 2 O 3 (110) (K 2 O/WO x /γ-Al 2 O 3 (110)) were studied using periodic DFT methods. Two different WO x -grafted monomers on the γ-Al 2 O 3 (110) surface were identified with a total energy difference of 0.17 eV between both structures. Importantly, both structures showed the presence of W═O and W–OH moieties, thus providing additional insights into experimental Raman data, which typically describe only W═O moieties. The grafted WO 3 species were stabilized when the present W–OH groups were oriented toward the alumina surface leading to the formation of H-bonds, calculated at 1039 cm –1 , for example in the vicinity of the W═O vibrations. The W═O bond length was altered in the presence of K + , as shown experimentally and theoretically in blue shifting of the Raman band corresponding to W═O. The W vibrations were well localized in the calculated spectra, and little shifts were observed upon the different WO x molecular geometry, explaining why a single Raman peak is mostly observed experimentally. The acidity of the lowest energy catalyst structures was investigated by simulated NH 3 adsorption vibrational frequency and binding energy calculations. Results suggested that NH 3 prefers to bind in a Lewis-like structure with no proton donation from either W–OH or Al–OH moiety. This challenged some of the literature observations where Brønsted acid sites have been suggested to exist on near-monolayer coverage WO x species on γ-Al 2 O 3 prepared by calcining at moderate (400 °C) to high temperatures (700 °C). Finally, this work provided new insights into the molecular structure of WO x /γ-Al 2 O 3 and K 2 O/WO x /γ-Al 2 O 3 catalysts not immediately available from experimental measurements alone.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Morphology of Passivating Organic Ligands around a Nanocrystal

Semiconductor nanocrystals are an enticing group of materials for a variety of novel optoelectronic devices, since many of their properties, such as the electronic gap and conductivity, can be controlled. Much of this control is achieved via the organic ligand shell, through control of the size of the nanocrystal and the distance to other objects. In this work, we simulate ligand-coated CdSe nanocrystals using atomistic molecular dynamics, allowing for the resolution of novel structural details about the ligand shell. We show that the ligands on the surface can lie flat to form a highly anisotropic “wet hair” layer as opposed to the “spiky ball” appearance typically considered. We discuss how this can give rise to a dot-to-dot packing distance of one ligand length since the thickness of the ligand shell is reduced to approximately one-half of the ligand length for the system sizes considered here; these distances imply that energy and charge transfer rates between dots and nearby objects will be enhanced due to the thinner-than-expected ligand shell. Our model suggests a non-linear scaling of ligand shell thickness as the ligands transition from “spiky” to “wet hair”. We confirm this scaling using transmission electron microscopy on a PbS nanoarray, confirming that this theory gives a qualitatively correct picture of the ligand shell thickness of colloidal quantum dots.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

In Silico Prediction of Structural Properties of a Racemic Porous Organic Cage Crystal

Porous organic cage (POC) solids are porous materials made up of individual porous molecules held together by noncovalent forces. While many examples of POCs have been made in homochiral forms (i.e., crystals in which every molecule has the same chirality), crystallization of POCs that contain mixtures of chiral molecules can also yield useful properties. For example, our previous work has demonstrated that a POC crystal [cage crystal 3 (CC3)-racemic] synthesized using a racemic mixture of diaminocyclohexane has improved sorption properties and stability than a similar POC crystal synthesized with homochiral diaminocyclohexane. The main purpose of this paper is to predict the structure of CC3-racemic with atomic detail because it is challenging to fully resolve the structure of this racemic crystal experimentally since only subtle differences exist between the racemic structure and the known crystal structure of homochiral CC3. Here, we introduce an in silico prediction method that combines electronic structure calculations and atomistic calculations to predict the structure of CC3-racemic. We first enumerate types of cage molecules that can be present in this material and establish their concentrations. A key observation from these calculations is that CC3-racemic is not made up of only CC3-R and CC3-S molecules and that an additional class of heterochiral cages is also present. By studying the packing energy of cage pairs in CC3-racemic, a lattice model representation of the racemic crystal is developed and used in MC simulations to assess the structure of extended crystals. By expanding the lattice model into atomic detail, fully detailed CC3-racemic crystal models are obtained. These models provide the most thorough description available to date of the composition and cage packing of this interesting material.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Zinc Phthalocyanine–Phosphonic Acid Monolayers on ITO: Influence of Molecular Orientation, Aggregation, and Tunneling Distance on Charge-Transfer Kinetics

Efficient charge harvesting at electrodes is critical for the effective performance of organic photovoltaics and is strongly influenced by the first molecular monolayer at the transparent conducting oxide electrode. In this work, we introduce a study of the relationship between molecular orientation and tunneling distance on charge-transfer rates between a tethered sub-monolayer/monolayer of phosphonic acid (PA)-functionalized Zn phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) and an indium tin oxide (ITO) surface by a combination of electrochemical techniques and waveguide tools such as attenuated total reflectance (ATR) UV–vis spectroscopy and potential-modulated ATR (PM-ATR) spectroelectrochemistry. The distance between the main chromophore and PA anchoring group was modulated by an aliphatic carbon of various lengths (n = 3, 9, 10, or 11) that resulted in an extended distance of 7–18 Å between the ZnPcs and the ITO surface. Modified ITO surfaces were composed of monomeric and aggregated subpopulations of ZnPcs with molecular orientations predominantly in-plane (36–39°) and out-of-plane (72–75°), respectively. Charge-transfer rate constants (k s,opt ) were measured using PM-ATR. For a given tether length, the aggregated subpopulations exhibit higher ks,opt values compared to the monomeric subpopulations. Furthermore, the observed k s,opt values had an exponential dependence on the effective tunneling distance with a decay constant (β) that ranged from 0.32 to 0.47 Å –1 , depending on the chromophore orientation and aggregation state. The fastest charge-transfer rate constants were found for the chromophores with the smallest tunneling distance (n = 3). A k s,opt of 3.9 × 10 4 s –1 represents the fastest rate constant measured by PM-ATR for a PA-functionalized ZnPc chromophore tethered to an ITO waveguide electrode.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Direct Observation of the Photoreduction Products of Mn(NDI-bpy)(CO) 3 XCO 2 Reduction Catalysts Using Femtosecond Transient IR Spectroscopy

The electrochemical reduction of the Mn(bpy)(CO) 3 X CO 2 reduction catalyst is thought to proceed by the initial reduction of Mn I to Mn 0 . Here, we have covalently attached a naphthalenediimide radical anion (NDI •– ) chromophore to the 4-, 5-, or 6-position of the bpy via a phenyl bridge to produce Mn(NDI •– -bpy)(CO) 3 X, where X = Br, CH 3 CN, or DMF, and have used femtosecond and nanosecond transient IR spectroscopy to directly observe the intermediates produced by two electron-transfer reactions following selective photoexcitation of NDI •– to its lowest excited doublet state, 2* NDI •– . In complexes where NDI •– is attached at the 4- or 5-position of bipyridine, only the reaction Mn( 2* NDI •– -bpy)(CO) 3 X → Mn(NDI-bpy•–)(CO) 3 X is observed, whereas in the complex where NDI •– is attached to the 6-position of bipyridine, the reaction sequence Mn( 2* NDI •– -bpy)(CO) 3 X → Mn(NDI-bpy •– )(CO) 3 X → Mn0(NDI-bpy)(CO) 3 is observed. Additionally, in the complexes with an NDI •– bound to the 6-position of bipyridine, Mn0(NDI-bpy)(CO) 3 exhibits a lifetime that is ~10 5 times longer than those in complexes with an NDI •– bound at the four- or five-position of the bipyridine.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Oxidation of a Molecule by the Biexcitonic State of a CdS Quantum Dot

Our work describes spectroscopic evidence for the photoinduced transfer of a hole from the biexcitonic state of a CdS quantum dot (QD) to a phenothiazine (PTZ) molecular acceptor, covalently linked to the QD through phenyldithiocarbamate (PTC), with power-dependent yields of 8–21%. Visible and near-infrared transient absorption spectroscopy (TA) data indicate that the mechanisms of hole extraction include direct hole transfer from the QD’s valence band to PTZ in 2.4 ± 0.2 ps, or trapping of holes at the QD surface in ~1 ps, followed by sequential hole transfer to PTZ. Both of these mechanisms potentially out-compete Auger recombination of biexcitonic states, which occurs within these QDs in 20 ± 1 ps. These results suggest that the PTC linkage will be useful for extracting multiple holes from a QD photosensitizer or solo photocatalyst to drive multistep oxidation reactions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Propagation of Degradation-Induced Defects in Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks

Isolated defects induced by water and acid gases have been extensively characterized in ZIF-8, a prototypical metal–organic framework material, yet there is little understanding regarding how these single bond-breaking events lead to the structural amorphization observed after prolonged experimental exposure in acidic environments. We use density functional theory calculations to provide the first analysis of defect propagation in a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) material. Given a single bond-breaking event (the first step in the formation of any defect state), we exhaustively explore the energetics of subsequent defect states and find strong preference for additional bond-breaking located adjacent to the previous defect in both two-defect and three-defect systems. This series of favorable reaction energies is more exothermic when we replace water with sulfuric acid as a protonating agent, in agreement with experimental observations that ZIF-8 degradation is accelerated in humid acid gas environments. To offer initial insights into experimental signatures of defect propagation, we compare the simulated powder pattern in structures at varying levels of defect concentrations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Computational Characterization of Defects in Metal–Organic Frameworks: Spontaneous and Water-Induced Point Defects in ZIF-8

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are an important class of porous crystalline metal–organic framework (MOF) materials that have attracted widespread attention for applications ranging from gas adsorption and separation to catalysis. Although the bulk crystal structures of MOFs are typically well-characterized, comparatively little is known regarding MOF defect structures. Drawing on analogies with conventional silicon-based zeolites, we utilize computational methods to examine the structure and stability of putative point-defect structures (including vacancies, substitutions, and “dangling” linkers) within the prototypical ZIF-8 structure. Considering both postsynthetic (gas-phase) and synthetic (solution-phase) conditions, we find that several of the defect structures lie low in energy relative to the defect-free parent crystal, with barriers to defect formation that are large but surmountable under relevant temperatures. Furthermore, these results are consistent with prior experimental observations of ZIF stability and reactivity and suggest that defects may play an important role in influencing the long-term stability of MOFs under conditions that include exposure to water vapor and trace contaminants such as acid gases.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗