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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Analysis and categorization of eye tracking data describing scanpaths

Described herein are various technologies pertaining to analysis of eye tracking data. A head and/or eyes of an observer who is viewing a visual stimulus is monitored, and eye tracking data that is representative of the path of the eyes of the observer over time (a scanpath) is generated. The eye tracking data is time-series data that defines the location of the focal point, or other measurable characteristics, of the eyes of the observer on the visual stimulus over time. A feature vector is constructed based upon the eye tracking data, where the feature vector is representative of the eye tracking data, and is thus representative of the scanpath. The feature vector is compared with other feature vectors to identify scanpaths that correspond to the scanpath represented by the feature vector.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Microscopic Behaviors of Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate, n-Dodecane and Their Mixtures at Air/Liquid and Liquid/Liquid Interfaces: An AMBER Polarizable Force Field Study

In solvent extraction processes for recovering metal ions from used nuclear fuel, as well as other industrial applications, a better understanding of the metal complex phase transfer phenomenon would greatly aid ligand design and process optimization. We have approached this challenge by utilizing classical molecular dynamics simulations technique to gain visual appreciation of the vapor/liquid and liquid/liquid interface between tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) and n-dodecane with air and water. In this study, we successfully reparameterized polarizable force fields for TBP and n-dodecane that accurately reproduced several of their thermophysical properties such as: density, heat of vaporization, and dipole moment. Our models were able to predict the surface and interfacial tension of different systems when compared to experimental results also performed by us. Through this study, we gained numerous atomistic understanding of the behaviors of TBP and n-dodecane at the interface against air and water, useful in further computational studies of such systems. Lastly, our studies indicate that the initial configuration of a simulation may have a large effect on the final result.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Methionine Uptake and Required Radiation Dose to Control Glioblastoma

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively assess the feasibility of radiation therapy planning for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) based on the use of methionine (MET) positron emission tomography (PET), and the correlation among MET uptake, radiation dose, and tumor control. Methods and Materials: Twenty-two patients with GBM who underwent MET-PET prior to radiation therapy were enrolled. MET uptake in 30 regions of interest (ROIs) from 22 GBMs, biologically effective doses (BEDs) for the ROIs and their ratios (MET uptake:BED) were compared in terms of whether the ROIs were controlled for >12 months. Results: MET uptake was significantly correlated with tumor control (odds ratio [OR], 10.0; P=.005); however, there was a higher level of correlation between MET uptake:BED ratio and tumor control (OR, 40.0; P<.0001). These data indicated that the required BEDs for controlling the ROIs could be predicted in terms of MET uptake; BED could be calculated as [34.0 × MET uptake] Gy from the optimal threshold of the MET uptake:BED ratio for tumor control. Conclusions: Target delineation based on MET-PET was demonstrated to be feasible for radiation therapy treatment planning. MET-PET could not only provide precise visualization of infiltrating tumor cells but also predict the required radiation doses to control target regions.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Novel Software-Assisted Hemodynamic Evaluation of Pelvic Flow During Chemoperfusion of Pelvic Arteries for Bladder Cancer: Double- Versus Single-Balloon Technique

PurposeApproximately 83 % of patients with bladder cancer have achieved a complete response after undergoing a novel bladder preservation therapy involving balloon-occluded intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy (BOAI) using a four-lumen double-balloon catheter, known as the Osaka Medical College regimen. This study aimed to show the quantitative difference in hemodynamics of the bladder arteries using syngo iFlow (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany), which provides an automatic tool for quantitative blood flow analysis between double BOAI (D-BOAI) and conventional single BOAI (S-BOAI).Materials and MethodsFifty patients were included. The catheters were introduced into both posterior trunks of the internal iliac arteries via contralateral femoral artery access. A side hole between the distal and proximal balloons was placed at the origin of each bladder artery to allow clear visualization of angiographic flow of the injected agent into the urinary bladder. Digital subtraction angiography was used during analysis with the syngo iFlow to evaluate the hemodynamics of the contrast medium in the pelvic arteries during BOAI. The comparative change in the amount of contrast medium in the bladder arteries between D-BOAI and S-BOAI was assessed using syngo iFlow.ResultsOne-hundred pelvic sides were analyzed. The amount of contrast medium in the bladder arteries using D-BOAI was more than twice that using S-BOAI (right, 3.03-fold; left, 2.81-fold).ConclusionThe amount of contrast medium in the bladder arteries using D-BOAI was higher than that using conventional S-BOAI. This may increase the anticancer drug concentration in the affected bladder, leading to a good clinical response.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2015

High-Quality T2-Weighted 4-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Radiation Therapy Applications

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to improve triggering efficiency of the prospective respiratory amplitude-triggered 4-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (4DMRI) method and to develop a 4DMRI imaging protocol that could offer T2 weighting for better tumor visualization, good spatial coverage and spatial resolution, and respiratory motion sampling within a reasonable amount of time for radiation therapy applications. Methods and Materials: The respiratory state splitting (RSS) and multi-shot acquisition (MSA) methods were analytically compared and validated in a simulation study by using the respiratory signals from 10 healthy human subjects. The RSS method was more effective in improving triggering efficiency. It was implemented in prospective respiratory amplitude-triggered 4DMRI. 4DMRI image datasets were acquired from 5 healthy human subjects. Liver motion was estimated using the acquired 4DMRI image datasets. Results: The simulation study showed the RSS method was more effective for improving triggering efficiency than the MSA method. The average reductions in 4DMRI acquisition times were 36% and 10% for the RSS and MSA methods, respectively. The human subject study showed that T2-weighted 4DMRI with 10 respiratory states, 60 slices at a spatial resolution of 1.5 × 1.5 × 3.0 mm{sup 3} could be acquired in 9 to 18 minutes, depending on the individual's breath pattern. Based on the acquired 4DMRI image datasets, the ranges of peak-to-peak liver displacements among 5 human subjects were 9.0 to 12.9 mm, 2.5 to 3.9 mm, and 0.5 to 2.3 mm in superior-inferior, anterior-posterior, and left-right directions, respectively. Conclusions: We demonstrated that with the RSS method, it was feasible to acquire high-quality T2-weighted 4DMRI within a reasonable amount of time for radiation therapy applications.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Helium-hydrogen immiscibility at high pressures

Hydrogen and helium are the most abundant elements in the universe, and they constitute the interiors of gas giant planets. As such, their equations of states, phase, chemical state, and chemical reactivity at extreme conditions are of great interest. Applying Raman spectroscopy, visual observation, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction in diamond anvil cells, we performed experiments on H 2 –He 1:1 and D 2 –He 1:10 compressed gas mixtures up to 100 GPa at 300 K. By comparing with the available data on pure bulk materials, we find no sign of miscibility, chemical reactivity, and new compound formation. This result establishes a new baseline for future investigations of miscibility in the He–H 2 system at extreme P-T conditions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Shock tube experiments on the three-layer Richtmyer–Meshkov instability

Here, a vertical shock tube is used for experiments on the three-layer Richtmyer–Meshkov instability. Two closely spaced membrane-less interfaces are formed by the flow of two different sects of three gases: one with air above CO 2 above SF 6 and the other with helium above air above SF 6 . The lightest of the three gases enters the shock tube at the top of the driven section and flows downward. Conversely, the heaviest gas enters at the bottom of the shock tube and flows upward while the intermediate density gas enters at the middle through porous plates. All three gases are allowed to escape through holes at the layer location, leaving an approximately 30-mm layer of intermediate-density gas suspended between the lightest gas from above and the heaviest gas from below. A single-mode, two-dimensional initial perturbation is then imposed on the lower interface by oscillating the shock tube in the horizontal direction. The flow is visualized by seeding the intermediate gas with particles and illuminating it with a pulsed laser. Image sequences are then captured using high-speed video cameras. Perturbation amplitude measurements are made from the three-layer system and compared with measurements from 2, two-layer systems. It is observed that the presence of the upper, initially flat interface produces a decrease in growth of instability amplitude in the nonlinear phase over an equivalent single-interface configuration.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

MO-DE-207A-01: Impact of Statistical Weights On Detection of Low-Contrast Details in Model-Based Iterative CT Reconstruction

Purpose: Penalized-weighted least-square reconstruction has become an important research topic in CT, to reduce dose without affecting image quality. Two components impact image quality in this reconstruction: the statistical weights and the use of an edge-preserving penalty term. We are interested in assessing the influence of statistical weights on their own, without the edge-preserving feature. Methods: The influence of statistical weights on image quality was assessed in terms of low-contrast detail detection using LROC analysis. The task amounted to detect and localize a 6-mm lesion with random contrast inside the FORBILD head phantom. A two-alternative forced-choice experiment was used with two human observers performing the task. Reconstructions without and with statistical weights were compared, both using the same quadratic penalty term. The beam energy was set to 30keV to amplify spatial differences in attenuation and thereby the role of statistical weights. A fan-beam data acquisition geometry was used. Results: Visual inspection of images clearly showed a difference in noise between the two reconstructions methods. As expected, the reconstruction without statistical weights exhibited noise streaks. The other reconstruction appeared better in this aspect, but presented other disturbing noise patterns and artifacts induced by the weights. The LROC analysis yield the following 95-percent confidence interval for the difference in reader-averaged AUC (reconstruction without weights minus reconstruction with weights): [0.0026,0.0599]. The mean AUC value was 0.9094. Conclusion: We have investigated the impact of statistical weights without the use of edge-preserving penalty in penalized weighted least-square reconstruction. A decrease rather than increase in image quality was observed when using statistical weights. Thus, the observers were better able to cope with the noise streaks than the noise patterns and artifacts induced by the statistical weights. It may be that different results would be obtained if the penalty term was used with a pixel-dependent weight. F Noo receives research support from Siemens Healthcare GmbH.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

The EPSA Project Finance Mapping Tool

The Energy Policy and Systems Analysis Office of DOE has requested a tool to compare the impact of various Federal policies on the financial viability of generation resources across the country. Policy options could include production tax credits, investment tax credits, solar renewable energy credits, tax abatement, accelerated depreciation, tax-free loans, and others. The tool would model the finances of projects in all fifty states, and possibly other geographic units like utility service territories and RTO/ISO territories. The tool would consider the facility s cost, financing, production, and revenues under different capital and market structures to determine things like levelized cost of energy, return on equity, and cost impacts on others (e.g., load-serving entities, society.) The tool would compare the cost and value of the facility to the local regional alternatives to determine how and where policy levers may provide sufficient incremental value to motivate investment. The results will be displayed through a purpose-built visualization that maps geographic variations and shows associated figures and tables.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2017

The Evolution and Physical Parameters of WN3/O3s: A New Type of Wolf–Rayet Star

As part of a search for Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars in the Magellanic Clouds, we have discovered a new type of WR star in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). These stars have both strong emission lines, as well as He ii and Balmer absorption lines and spectroscopically resemble a WN3 and O3V binary pair. However, they are visually too faint to be WN3+O3V binary systems. We have found nine of these WN3/O3s, making up ∼6% of the population of LMC WRs. Using cmfgen, we have successfully modeled their spectra as single stars and have compared the physical parameters with those of more typical LMC WNs. Their temperatures are around 100,000 K, a bit hotter than the majority of WN stars (by around 10,000 K), though a few hotter WNs are known. The abundances are what you would expect for CNO equilibrium. However, most anomalous are their mass-loss rates, which are more like that of an O-type star than a WN star. While their evolutionary status is uncertain, their low mass-loss rates and wind velocities suggest that they are not products of homogeneous evolution. It is possible instead that these stars represent an intermediate stage between O stars and WNs. Since WN3/O3 stars are unknown in the Milky Way, we suspect that their formation depends upon metallicity, and we are investigating this further by a deep survey in M33, which possesses a metallicity gradient.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Merger identification through photometric bands, colours, and their errors

Aims. We present the application of a fully connected neural network (NN) for galaxy merger identification using exclusively photometric information. Our purpose is not only to test the method’s efficiency, but also to understand what merger properties the NN can learn and what their physical interpretation is. Methods. We created a class-balanced training dataset of 5860 galaxies split into mergers and non-mergers. The galaxy observations came from SDSS DR6 and were visually identified in Galaxy Zoo. The 2930 mergers were selected from known SDSS mergers and the respective non-mergers were the closest match in both redshift and r magnitude. The NN architecture was built by testing a different number of layers with different sizes and variations of the dropout rate. We compared input spaces constructed using: the five SDSS filters: u, g, r, i, and z; combinations of bands, colours, and their errors; six magnitude types; and variations of input normalization. Results. We find that the fibre magnitude errors contribute the most to the training accuracy. Studying the parameters from which they are calculated, we show that the input space built from the sky error background in the five SDSS bands alone leads to 92.64 ± 0.15% training accuracy. We also find that the input normalization, that is to say, how the data are presented to the NN, has a significant effect on the training performance. Conclusions. We conclude that, from all the SDSS photometric information, the sky error background is the most sensitive to merging processes. This finding is supported by an analysis of its five-band feature space by means of data visualization. Moreover, studying the plane of the g and r sky error bands shows that a decision boundary line is enough to achieve an accuracy of 91.59%.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Understanding Event Trajectories Across Massive Temporal Datasets with Word Embeddings and Visualization

In collaboration with researchers from Virginia Tech, Savannah River National Laboratory has continued development of a natural language processing pipeline to identify and extract events of interest from massive open data sources in the domain of worldwide state-sponsored civil nuclear energy. The foundation of the pipeline is built on compass aligned temporal word embedding models, whereby contextual shifts are automatically identified by comparing keyword embedding vectors across successive time windows. Within the approach, a contextual shift indicates the occurrence of a potential event of interest. However, in such a broad topical domain that captures events at a global scale, across various life cycle stages, and across numerous different technology types, a user that is monitoring events may have broad interests in capturing many different event types with varying degrees of signal. As such, the quantity of information that may be returned from an automated event extraction pipeline can be substantial, requiring manual effort to sift through the information to identify any relevant bits of information. Therefore, a more streamlined workflow that aids in directing a user toward specific information at different points in time is necessary. The workflow presented here has been developed with this concept in mind, built on top of the initial prototype event extraction pipeline, whereby a user can analyze temporal text-based data sources at multiple different contextual levels to isolate key points in time and key subdomains captured within a data corpus. Using multiple corpuses that consist of approximately 7 million Tweets and 7 million news articles, the team has extended compass aligned temporal word embedding models to establish an interconnected and hierarchical structure that relates known key words of interest to documents, local topics (i.e., within a time window), and global topics across the corpuses. All of this information is packaged into a visual analytics system that is linked to the information extraction pipeline and enables a user to identify contextual information that describes the evolution of a high dimensional embedding space across time to isolate changes of interest and explore associated events. This report demonstrates the use of these analytics and a means to fuse information across multiple datasets.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Voltage-Based Strategies for Preventing Battery Degradation under Diverse Fast-Charging Conditions

Maintaining safe operating conditions is a key challenge for high-performance lithium-ion battery applications. The lithium-plating reaction remains a risk during charging, but limited studies consider the highly variable charging conditions possible in commercial cells. Here we combine pseudo-2D electrochemical modeling with data visualization methods to reveal important relationships between the measurable cell voltage and difficult-to-predict Li-plating onset criteria. An extensively validated model is used to compute Li plating for thousands of multistep charging conditions spanning diverse rates, temperatures, states-of-charge, and cell aging. Here we observe an empirical cell operating voltage limit below which plating does not occur across all conditions, and this limit varies with the battery state-of-charge and aging. A model sensitivity analysis also indicates that, when comparing two charging voltage profiles, the capacity difference at 4.0 V correlates well with the difference in the plating onset capacity. These results encourage simple strategies for Li-plating prevention that are complementary to existing battery controls.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Elevated host lipid metabolism revealed by iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid of tuberculous meningitis patients

Purpose: Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) remains to be one of the most deadly infectious diseases. The pathogen interacts with the host immune system, the process of which is largely unknown. Various cellular processes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) centers around lipid metabolism. To determine the lipid metabolism related proteins, a quantitative proteomic study was performed here to identify differential proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from TBM patients (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 12). Methods: CSF samples were desalted, concentrated, labelled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ™), and analyzed by multi-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Gene ontology and proteomic phenotyping analysis of the differential proteins were conducted using Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) Bioinformatics Resources. ApoE and ApoB were selected for validation by ELISA. Results: Proteomic phenotyping of the 4 differential proteins was invloved in the lipid metabolism. ELISA showed significantly increased ApoB levels in TBM subjects compared to healthy controls. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated ApoB levels could distinguish TBM subjects from healthy controls and viral meningitis subjects with 89.3% sensitivity and 92% specificity. Conclusions: CSF lipid metabolism disregulation, especially elevated expression of ApoB, gives insights into the pathogenesis of TBM. Further evaluation of these findings in larger studies including anti-tuberculosis medicated and unmedicated patient cohorts with other center nervous system infectious diseases is required for successful clinical translation. - Highlights: • The first proteomic study on the cerebrospinal fluid of tuberculous meningitis patients using iTRAQ. • Identify 4 differential proteins invloved in the lipid metabolism. • Elevated expression of ApoB gives insights into the pathogenesis of TBM.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Novel thermal energy storage component: Development, performance, and phase transition diagnosis

Thermal energy storage (TES) using phase change materials (PCMs) is a promising technology for capturing and storing excess thermal energy for later use. However, challenges such as poor heat transfer efficiency and a lack of modular, scalable designs have limited widespread adoption of TES in real-world applications. This study developed and evaluated modular brick-type and blade-type TES prototypes featuring an aluminum housing, an embedded serpentine coil for active or passive thermal exchange, and a cost-effective metal mesh to enhance PCM thermal conductivity. The blade-type TES achieved notable geometric efficiency, with a thickness-to-length ratio of 0.03 and a thickness-to-width ratio of 0.08, enabling highly compact and modular thermal storage suitable for space-constrained applications. The paper presents a detailed evaluation of the TES prototypes’ performance. The comparative analysis indicated that the TES prototypes provide a highly cost-effective, thermally optimized alternative for compact energy storage and load shifting. A novel diagnostic technique was also introduced: using a portable endoscope to capture real-time visualizations of PCM phase transitions inside the TES. This method provides critical insights into internal heat transfer mechanisms, identifies potential issues, and offers valuable support for optimizing the TES design and developing the control algorithm. Overall, the modular brick-type and blade-type TES designs demonstrated in this work provide a scalable, efficient, and economically viable solution for advancing TES across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. The designs’ compact structure, enhanced thermal performance, and integrated diagnostic capabilities make them strong candidates for future deployment in energy-efficient systems.

Gao, Zhiming [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000271397995)↗
DOE OSTI2021

Imaging Charged Exciton Localization in van der Waals WSe 2 /MoSe 2 Heterobilayers

Exciton localization in transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayers is behind a variety of interesting phenomena and applications, including broad-spectrum solar cells and singlephoton emissions. Strain fields at the periphery of topographically distinct features such as nanoscopic bubbles were recently associated with localized charge-neutral excitons. Here, we use tip-enhanced photoluminescence (PL) to visualize excitons in WSe 2 /MoSe 2 heterobilayers (HBL). We find strong optical emission from charged excitons, particularly positively charged trions, in HBL supported by interlayer charge transfer. Our results reveal strong trion confinement, with a localization length scale comparable to the trion size, at the apex region inside individual nanoscopic bubbles. Nano-PL mapping also shows sub-10 nm spatial variations in the localized trion emission spectra, which stem from atomic-scale potential energy fluctuations. These findings demonstrate the possibility of confining charged exciton complexes that are electrically tunable, opening up further opportunities to probe many-body exciton physics, and to explore additional possible sites for strong exciton localization that can lead to quantum emissions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Spatial-Temporal PV Hosting Capacity Estimation and Evaluation

Evaluating Photovoltaic Hosting Capacity (PVHC) is an essential step in the process of integrating solar energy into power grids, particularly when focusing on the distribution network (DN) as the primary integration target. PVHC needs to be investigated, especially in cases where the grids are unbalanced, and their operational conditions vary spatially and temporally. This motivation prompted us to propose a scalable model tailored to this application. In this paper, we applied linearization to the alternating current optimal power flow (AC-OPF) and solar inverters, transforming the original problem into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Additionally, we accounted for the battery energy storage system (BESS) as a time-coupling factor for calculating PVHC. We then compared the PVHC results between the IEEE-13 bus and SMART-DS San Francisco (SFO) cases and discussed the extent to which BESS can enhance the PVHC of a DN. Furthermore, we designed a web-based graphical visualization for the SFO case, enabling user interaction with raw data and simulation results on a map through a graphical user interface (GUI). In summary, our results and findings provide valuable insights for future three-phase unbalanced AC-OPF PVHC practices and their visualization.

AC-optimal power flow↗
DOE OSTI2016

SU-G-206-02: Impact of Focal Spot Sizes On CT Image Quality

Purpose: To quantify a radiology team’s assessment of image quality differences between two CT scanner models currently in clinical use, with emphasis on spatial resolution that could be impacted by focal spot size. Methods: Modulation Transfer Functions (MTF) measurements were performed by scanning the impulse source insert module of the Catphan 600 at 120/140 kVp with both large (LFS) and small (SFS) focal spots and reconstructed to 2.5mm and 5.0mm thicknesses on a GE Discovery CT750 HD and a LightSpeed VCT CT scanner. MTFs were calculated by summing the 2D PSF along one-dimension to obtain line-spread-function (LSF), and calculating the Fourier Transform of the zero-padded and background corrected LSF. Spatial resolution performance was evaluated by comparing MTF curves, 50% and 10% MTF cutoff, and total area under the MTF curve (AUC). In addition, images of the Catphan high-contrast module and a Kagaku anthropomorphic body phantom were acquired from the HD scanner for visual comparisons. Results: For each scanner model, SFS was superior to LFS spatial resolution with respect to 50%/10% MTF cutoff and AUC. For the HD, 50%/10% cutoff was 4.29/7.22cm-1 for the LFS and 4.43/7.45cm-1 for the SFS. VCT outperformed HD, with 50%/10% cutoff of 4.40/7.29 cm-1 for LFS and 4.62/7.47cm-1 for SFS. Scanner model performance in order of decreasing AUC performance was VCT SFS (7.43), HD SFS (7.20), VCT LFS (7.09) and HD LFS (6.93). Visual evaluations of Kagaku phantom images confirmed that VCT outperformed HD. Conclusion: VCT outperformed HD and small focal spot is desired for either model over large focal spot in term of spatial resolution – in agreement with radiologist feedback of overall image quality. In-depth evaluations of clinical impact and focal spot selection mechanisms is currently being assessed.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗