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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 667 records · Page 37
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Effects of Rangeland Evapotranspiration on Groundwater Recharge, Discharge, and Flow at the Tuba City, Arizona, Disposal Site - 17159

The US Department of Energy Office of Legacy Management is modeling groundwater flow and contaminant transport at a former uranium mill site near Tuba City, Arizona. A goal is to project groundwater travel times and flow volumes between the former mill site and Moenkopi Wash, a down-gradient stream. Aquifer recharge and discharge are sensitive model parameters; however, assigning representative rates is inexact and involves approximations. We applied a remote sensing algorithm to determine spatially variable evapotranspiration (ET), precipitation recharge, and groundwater discharge rates for use in a large scale groundwater flow model for the site. ET is the combination of evaporation and plant transpiration from soil and groundwater. We estimated landscape-scale ET over a 13-year period (2000 to 2012) for distinct plant communities within a 3531-hectare groundwater model domain (GMD), and then evaluated effects of ET on groundwater recharge and discharge within the GMD. Our empirical algorithm was derived from ground ET measurements, multispectral satellite imagery, and temperature data. Groundwater recharge or discharge rates were calculated for each plant community (or ET Zone) as the difference between precipitation (PPT) and ET rates. Recharge occurred in plant communities where PPT exceeded ET; discharge occurred where ET exceeded PPT. Estimates of groundwater recharge rates for upland plant communities that survive on meteoric water ranged from 0 to 88 mm yr{sup -1}. Estimates of groundwater discharge for phreatophyte plant communities ranged from 23 mm yr{sup -1} to 150 mm yr{sup -1}. Phreatophytes are plants that survive by extracting groundwater. Zero recharge occurred in plant communities where ET rates equaled annual average precipitation. An increase in groundwater recharge (PPT > ET) was associated with past land disturbances and heavy livestock grazing in upland areas. Groundwater discharge (ET > PPT) was highest in riparian phreatophyte communities, but lower than optimal in upland phreatophyte communities impacted by heavy grazing. Protecting phreatophyte communities from grazing at Tuba City could potentially increase ET from 153 mm yr{sup -1} to at least 500 mm yr{sup -1}. The validity of using the ET algorithm to estimate recharge and discharge was evaluated by comparing the net volumetric outflow rate for the model domain with base flow measurements collected from Moenkopi Wash. Modeled outflow approximated measured flow gains in the Wash, increasing our confidence in the ET algorithm and in the model. Results suggest that rangeland management practices that reduce groundwater recharge rates and increase groundwater discharge rates should be evaluated as part of an overall groundwater remediation strategy. (authors)

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Chemistry of Electrolyte Reduction on Lithium Silicide

Silicon anodes are promising for next-generation lithium-ion batteries due to high theoretical capacity. However, their performance and lifetime are currently limited by continuous electrolyte reduction and solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. Thus, SEI studies are important but often complicated due to the rough morphology of samples, buried interfaces, and the presence of binders. Here, we demonstrate the chemical origin of SEI formation by electrolyte reduction on lithium silicide thin films, synthesized by diffusion of pure evaporated lithium into smooth sputtered silicon. These model samples allowed for accurate estimation of irreversible capacity loss due to electrolyte reduction and for precise characterization of the resulting SEI by vibrational and photoelectron spectroscopies. Spectroscopic characterizations showed clear evidence that lithium silicide reduced electrolyte directly upon contact. Negligible first-cycle irreversible capacity loss was observed for the lithium silicide compared to silicon, indicating that the decomposition product of electrolyte on lithium silicide is able to stop further electrolyte reduction to a large extent. Fluoro-ethylene carbonate was shown to significantly affect the chemistry of electrolyte reduction on lithium silicide and subsequent cycling performance. The results of this basic study reveal the chemistry occurring at the interface of the lithium silicide and electrolyte and help in understanding the limited calendar lifetime of Li-ion batteries with Si anodes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2011

Void evolution in polycarbonate at elevated temperatures

The void evolution in polycarbonate (PC) at elevated temperatures was investigated. Internal cylindrical cracks and voids were induced in PC by Nd-YAG laser irradiation. During the annealing at temperatures of 177-197 deg. C, the spherical void grows to a maximum size, which then decreases, and is finally leveling off. A model of void evolution based on the evaporation and condensation mechanisms for growth and shrinkage is proposed. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data. The activation energies of evaporation and condensation processes are determined to be 477.31 and 611.49 kJ/mol, respectively.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Growth of tapered silica nanowires with a shallow U-shaped vapor chamber: Growth mechanism and structural and optical properties

Traditional chemical vapor deposition method modified with a shallow U-shaped vapor chamber has been used to synthesize tapered bamboo shoot-like (BS-like) amorphous SiO{sub 2} nanowires (NWs) on Si (100) substrates without catalyst. The key innovation of this approach lies in a creation of swirling flow of the reactant vapors during the growth, which leads to a harvest of tapered silica NWs with lengths up to several microns. The unique structures and corresponding luminescence properties of the BS-like NWs were studied and their relationship with the evaporated active reactants was explored. A thermodynamic model that considers the critical role of the vapor flow during the growth is proposed to understand the structural and optical features. The shallow U-shaped vapor chamber-aided approach may provide a viable way to tailor novel structure of NWs for potential applications in nano-devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Automated fault detection and diagnosis of airflow and refrigerant charge faults in residential HVAC systems using IoT-enabled measurements

While automated fault detection and diagnosis (AFDD) in residential heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) using smart thermostat data is gaining increasing attention in recent times, it still requires in-depth investigation for market adoption, especially with real-life data. Furthermore, this paper proposes an Internet of Things (IoT) - based approach that adds a smart sensor to the smart thermostat data to carry out AFDD. The approach uses a model which predicts enthalpy change across the evaporator and compares the prediction to the measured enthalpy change. Deviations which exceed analytically determined thresholds then signal faults in the HVAC system. The faults detected are either installation related or degradation related. Experimental tests were carried out in four homes located in Norman, Oklahoma. From the tests, installation issues like indoor/outdoor mismatch were detected in two homes, while a 30% low charge and low indoor airflow rate were detected in one home. The results show that the proposed AFDD algorithm was able to successfully detect two prevalent faults, namely low indoor airflow and low refrigerant charge. Unlike most of the smart thermostat-based approaches, the proposed IoT-based approach can detect and diagnose both faults but only require one additional sensor which is provided by smart thermostat manufacturers.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2013

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON EMISSION IN THE PROPLYD HST10: WHAT IS THE MECHANISM BEHIND PHOTOEVAPORATION?

Proplyds are photodissociation-region-(PDR)-like cometary cocoons around young stars which are thought to originate through photoevaporation of the central protoplanetary disk by external UV radiation from the nearby OB stars. This Letter presents spatially resolved mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy of the proplyd HST10 obtained with the Very Large Telescope/VISIR instrument. These observations allow us to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission in the proplyd PDR and to study the general properties of PAHs in proplyds for the first time. We find that PAHs in HST10 are mostly neutral and at least 50 times less abundant than typical values found for the diffuse interstellar medium or the nearby Orion Bar. With such a low PAH abundance, photoelectric heating is significantly reduced. If this low abundance pertains also to the original disk material, gas heating rates could be too low to efficiently drive photoevaporation unless other processes can be identified. Alternatively, the model behind the formation of proplyds as evaporating disks may have to be revised.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1994

FIFE data analysis: Testing BIOME-BGC predictions for grasslands

The First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) was conducted in a 15 km by 15 km research area located 8 km south of Manhattan, Kansas. The site consists primarily of native tallgrass prairie mixed with gallery oak forests and croplands. The objectives of FIFE are to better understand the role of biology in controlling the interactions between the land and the atmosphere, and to determine the value of remotely sensed data for estimating climatological parameters. The goals of FIFE are twofold: the upscale integration of models, and algorithm development for satellite remote sensing. The specific objectives of the field campaigns carried out in 1987 and 1989 were the simultaneous acquisition of satellite, atmospheric, and surface data; and the understanding of the processes controlling surface energy and mass exchange. Collected data were used to study the dynamics of various ecosystem processes (photosynthesis, evaporation and transpiration, autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration, etc.). Modelling terrestrial ecosystems at scales larger than that of a homogeneous plot led to the development of simple, generalized models of biogeochemical cycles that can be accurately applied to different biomes through the use of remotely sensed data. A model was developed called BIOME-BGC (for BioGeochemical Cycles) from a coniferous forest ecosystem model, FOREST-BGC, where a biome is considered a combination of a life forms in a specified climate. A predominately C4-photosynthetic grassland is probably the most different from a coniferous forest possible, hence the FIFE site was an excellent study area for testing BIOME-BGC. The transition from an essentially one-dimensional calculation to three-dimensional, landscape scale simulations requires the introduction of such factors as meteorology, climatology, and geomorphology. By using remotely sensed geographic information data for important model inputs, process-based ecosystem simulations at a variety of scales are possible. The second objective of this study is concerned with determining the accuracy of the estimated fluxes from BIOME-BGC, when extrapolated spatially over the entire 15-km by 15-km FIFE site. To accomplish this objective, a topographically distributed map of soil depth at the FIFE site was developed. These spatially-distributed fluxes were then tested with data from aircraft by eddy-flux correlation obtained during the FIFE experiment.

Hunt, E. Raymond, Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Application of a Planar Doppler Velocimetry System to a High Reynolds Number Compressible Jet

A Planar Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) system has been constructed and used to investigate the instantaneous turbulent velocity structure of a round high-speed compressible air jet with a low-speed co-flow. The exit condition was Mach=0.85 at ambient pressure, yielding a Reynolds number of about 650,000 on diameter. The PDV system was installed at NASA Langley Research Center in the Small Anechoic Jet Facility (SAJF), a chamber in which both the acoustic and aerodynamic properties of jets can be studied. For this test, the goal was to gather data which can be used to relate the turbulence structure of the jet to the levels and character of the acoustic noise produced by the jet. The current PDV system can acquire single-velocity-component, single-shot, planar images (15ns exposures) at 30 Hz. For this paper, the primary data set consists of 240 frames of velocity data acquired with both the jet and the low-speed co-flow seeded with light-scattering articles. Thus, velocities could be measured everywhere in the jet shear layer, both in the jet fluid and in the entrained co-flow. Some data were also taken with only the jet flow seeded. These provided mixing concentration images along with the reduced velocity fields. Other images were taken with only the co-flow seeded. These produced unique quantitative images of high speed entrainment. Optical "laser speckle" noise is the largest source of random noise in pulsed PDV systems. Components for the PDV imaging system were specifically selected to minimize speckle noise. To reduce systematic velocity errors due to laser drift, a frequency monitoring reference leg with a temperature-tuned reference iodine cell, was employed. In the course of this study, a novel flow seeder was developed. It enabled continuously variable seeding of the flow with particles of Sheared Pyrogenic Amorphous Hydrophobic Silica (SPAHS). The seeder comprised a dry fluidized bed hopper and a supersonic nozzle "pickup." Shearing action in the pickup dispersed the seed material in an exceptionally fine cloud (approximately 0.3 micron). These particles followed the flow well, did not clump or cake on screens or model surfaces, and were not susceptible to evaporation. Because of the refractory nature of the particles, SPAHS seeding should also be applicable to anticipated future testing at high temperatures.

Smith, Michael W.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Interannual Variability of Tropical Rainfall as Seen From TRMM

Considerable uncertainty surrounds the issue of whether precipitation over the tropical oceans (30deg N/S) systematically changes with interannual sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies that accompany El Nino (warm) and La Nina (cold) events. Although it is well documented that El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events with marked SST changes over the tropical oceans produce significant regional changes in precipitation, water vapor, and radiative fluxes in the tropics, we still cannot yet adequately quantify the associated net integrated changes to water and heat balance over the entire tropical oceanic or land sectors. Resolving this uncertainty is important since precipitation and latent heat release variations over land and ocean sectors are key components of the tropical heat balance in its most aggregated form. Rainfall estimates from the Version 5 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) averaged over the tropical oceans have not solved this issue and, in fact, show marked differences with estimates from two TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) passive microwave algorithms. In this paper we will focus on findings that uncertainties in microphysical assumptions necessitated by the single-frequency PR measurement pose difficulties for detecting climate-related precipitation signals. Recent work has shown that path-integrated attenuation derived from the effects of precipitation on the radar return from the ocean surface exhibits interannual variability that agrees closely with the TMI time series, yet the PR rainfall interannual variability (and attenuation derived predominantly from reflectivity) differs even in sign. We will explore these apparent inconsistencies and examine changes in new TRMM Version 6 retrievals. To place these results in a tropical water balance perspective we also examine interannual variations in evaporation over the tropical oceans made from TRMM and SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave Imager) measurements of surface winds and humidity. Evaporation estimates from reanalysis and several global model experiments will also be compared to the TRMM findings and evaluated for consistency. The ability to detect regional shifts in freshwater flux over the oceans (equivalently, integrated moisture convergence) and moisture transport will be discussed.

Robertson, Franklin R.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Photoionization Modeling

Warm absorber spectra are characterized by the many lines from partially ionized intermediate-Z elements, and iron, detected with the grating instruments on Chandra and XMM-Newton. If these ions are formed in a gas which is in photoionization equilibrium, they correspond to a broad range of ionization parameters, although there is evidence for certain preferred values. A test for any dynamical model for these outflows is to reproduce these properties, at some level of detail. In this paper we present a statistical analysis of the ionization distribution which can be applied both the observed spectra and to theoretical models. As an example, we apply it to our dynamical models for warm absorber outflows, based on evaporation from the molecular torus.

Kallman, T.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Moist Energy Constraints on Surface Temperature Variance Under Climate Warming

Understanding the factors controlling surface temperature variance is crucial for predicting temperature extremes. Previous investigations have examined individual impacts of temperature advection and surface turbulent fluxes on temperature fluctuations. Here, we explore the constraints on temperature variance from the moist static energy (MSE) balance and introduce a new scaling relation that connects the generation of temperature variance through moist energy transport with its dissipation due to the net energetic forcing of the atmosphere. This theory is evaluated in an idealized aquaplanet model. We find that surface temperature variance is influenced by eddy (sensible) heat flux, MSE gradient, and the Clausius‐Clapeyron relation for evaporative cooling. Under global warming, the reduced temperature variance in the aquaplanet model is dominated by the weakening in eddy heat flux, but it is also affected by changes in evaporative cooling and MSE gradient, which may be more important in realistic, moisture‐limited regions over land.

Eddy heat flux↗
NASA NTRS1993

Evaporation from a meniscus within a capillary tube in microgravity

The following represents a summary of progress made on the project 'Evaporation from a Capillary Meniscus in Microgravity' being conducted at the University of Dayton during the period 1 Dec. 1992 to 30 Nov. 1993. The efforts during this first year of the grant focused upon the following specific tasks: (1) application of a 3-D scattering particle image velocimetry technique to thin film velocity field measurement; (2) modeling the thermo-fluid behavior of the evaporating meniscus in 0-g within large diameter capillaries; (3) conceptualization of the space flight test cell (loop) configuration; (4) construction of prototypes of the test loop configuration; (5) conduct of experiments in 0-g in the 2.2 second drop tower at NASA-LeRC to study evaporation from a capillary meniscus within a square cuvette; and (6) investigation of the effect of vibrations on the stability of the meniscus. An overview of the work completed within these six task areas is presented.

Hallinan, K. P.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Modeling the Drying of a Mock Used Fuel Assembly with COBRA-SFS Cycle-4 - 18597

The processing and storage of nuclear fuel is an ever increasingly pressing issue. Around 70,000 tons of used fuel are currently in either dry or wet storage on site at nuclear power plants or at specified spent fuel storage facilities. Additionally, about 2,000 tons are added to that sum each year. To promote retrievability, limit degradation in the canister, and reduce potential for hydrogen generation, spent fuel that is initially in wet storage must be dried before moving to dry cask storage. Therefore, this research seeks to use a mock used fuel storage cask to replicate the conditions in the industry during the drying process of fuel being moved from storage pools. To simulate this, a mock storage cask has been constructed to closely resemble those used in industry such that any areas that tend to retain water are replicated effectively. It is able to hold one mock used fuel assembly. The assembly used is an AREVA 10A 10 x 10 assembly with 78 rods filled with depleted uranium, 12 heater rods to simulate decay heat, a 3 x 3 BWR water channel, and one interchangeable rod position for tests such as a simulated failed fuel rod, BWR water rod, and PWR guide tube tests. The industry standard procedure is used in drying the assembly which involves stepping the system pressure down and holding for certain periods until reaching 3 torr and holding for 30 minutes. This is believed to sufficiently dry the assembly. The goal is to record data throughout these tests that can provide the industry with a greater understanding of how well the process works. This data will also be used to develop and validate a computer model of the drying process. Mechanistic models are currently under development. Reduced order models are being investigated for incorporation into current related engineering codes such as COBRA-SFS. COBRA-SFS is a member of the COBRA family of codes which is mainly used in the evaluation of thermal hydraulic systems containing spent nuclear fuel. However, it does not currently have the capability to account for processes such as evaporation encountered during drying operations. Therefore, those physical models are to be added to the source code. At present a model of the experiment has been created using the COBRA-SFS Cycle-4 code. A number of steady state models along with transient models have been developed and presented. Each of these yield valuable results for comparison with the experiments conducted. In addition to comparison with experimental results, the data collected from COBRA-SFS is compared with that which has been generated from other computer models which utilize computational fluid dynamics. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
NASA NTRS2004

Sensitivity of a Cloud-Resolving Model to the Bulk and Explicit Bin Microphysical Schemes: Validations with a PRE-STORM Case - Part 1

A cloud-resolving model is used to study sensitivities of two different microphysical schemes, one is the bulk type, and the other is an explicit bin scheme, in simulating a mid-latitude squall line case (PRE-STORM, June 10-11, 1985). Simulations using different microphysical schemes are compared with each other and also with the observations. Both the bulk and bin models reproduce the general features during the developing and mature stage of the system. The leading convective zone, the trailing stratiform region, the horizontal wind flow patterns, pressure perturbation associated with the storm dynamics, and the cool pool in front of the system all agree well with the observations. Both the observations and the bulk scheme simulation serve as validations for the newly incorporated bin scheme. However, it is also shown that, the bulk and bin simulations have distinct differences, most notably in the stratiform region. Weak convective cells exist in the stratiform region in the bulk simulation, but not in the bin simulation. These weak convective cells in the stratiform region are remnants of the previous stronger convections at the leading edge of the system. The bin simulation, on the other hand, has a horizontally homogeneous stratiform cloud structure, which agrees better with the observations. Preliminary examinations of the downdraft core strength, the potential temperature perturbation, and the evaporative cooling rate show that the differences between the bulk and bin models are due mainly to the stronger low-level evaporative cooling in convective zone simulated in the bulk model. Further quantitative analysis and sensitivity tests for this case using both the bulk and bin models will be presented in a companion paper.

Li, Xiao-Wen↗
NASA NTRS1981

Some effects of topography, soil moisture, and sea-surface temperature on continental precipitation as computed with the GISS coarse mesh climate model

The effects of terrain elevation, soil moisture, and zonal variations in sea/surface temperature on the mean daily precipitation rates over Australia, Africa, and South America in January were evaluated. It is suggested that evaporation of soil moisture may either increase or decrease the model generated precipitation, depending on the surface albedo. It was found that a flat, dry continent model best simulates the January rainfall over Australia and South America, while over Africa the simulation is improved by the inclusion of surface physics, specifically soil moisture and albedo variations.

Spar, J.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Empirical prediction of saline water atomization pressure loss and spray phase change using local flow pressure analysis

A pressure analysis technique was developed to obtain spray spatial evaporation profile in a thermal desalination process. The technique can replace temperature-based evaporation measurement methods that are challenged by liquid-phase interference. It also provides an alternative to optical methods with high cost and complexity. Fundamental analysis was developed to determine local humidity ratios from changes in local static and dynamic pressures. The analysis was applied to data obtained from an external mixing air-assist atomizer. An empirical model was developed for the pressure loss in atomization process and was used in the analysis of humidity ratio. The results were used to develop empirical correlations for local humidity ratio in spray mediums using inlet conditions. Utilizing inlet conditions to predict evaporation profiles is an important contribution as it eliminates the need to take local spray measurements. Obtaining local data is often difficult and expensive; Our method and correlation circumvent the need for that. Finally, the correlations presented in this paper apply to saline water sprays with total dissolved salt of 0-10 wt%. The salinity-specific correlations are accurate to within ±10% of experimental data. The individual models were aggregated into a unified correlation for salinities within 0-10 wt%. The unified correlation is accurate to within ±18% of experimental data.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2026

A hybrid Penman-Monteith and machine learning model for simulating evapotranspiration and its components

Integrating physical processes with machine learning has advanced evapotranspiration (ET) simulation, yet most hybrid models fail to partition total ET into its components: soil evaporation (E) and vegetation transpiration (T). This study introduces Residual Neural Network–Penman–Monteith (RNN-PM), a novel hybrid dual-source ET model designed to overcome this limitation. The model synergizes the physically-based Penman–Monteith framework with three specialized residual neural networks trained to estimate key conductance parameters (canopy conductance, soil surface conductance, and aerodynamic conductance). Furthermore this explicit parameterization allows for the direct partitioning of total ET. Validation at National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) flux sites using high-frequency partitioned E and T shows that RNN-PM reliably reproduces ET and the transpiration fraction (T/ET). For ET, the model achieves an average Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) of 0.89 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.55 mm/day; for T/ET, the KGE is 0.87 with an RMSE of 0.06. Furthermore, RNN-PM demonstrates robust generalization, accurately simulating ET and its components well beyond the initial training dataset, even under extreme climatic conditions. This study extended the analysis by comparing the RNN-PM model with seven established dual-source ET models. The results indicate that RNN-PM outperforms both conventional machine learning models and purely physical process-based models in simulating ET components in most cases. Among the purely physical process-based dual-source models, those based on surface temperature decomposition showed improved performance as the leaf area index (LAI) decreased when evaluated against high-frequency ET component datasets. In contrast, the performance of conductance-based dual-source models declined with decreasing LAI. Although purely machine learning-based models can produce relatively accurate simulations of ET components, they often exhibit limited generalization capability, an issue that the RNN-PM model effectively overcomes. Ultimately, the RNN-PM model represents a significant advance in simulating ET components, offering a novel and scalable approach for improving the representation of land–atmosphere interactions in Earth system models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗