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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 667 records · Page 37

Particle Scale Impacts on Deconstruction Energy of Pine Residues

The goal of this Case Study was to quantify the impacts of variable moisture and ash on hammer mill throughput and energy consumption and on generation of fines that are not able to be fed to conversion, as compared to a status quo Base Case system. Also considered was convertible carbon content (minimum carbon specification) and maximum ash content and the delivered feedstock cost impacts of not being able to feed residue not meeting both specifications to the conversion reactor. Laboratory data on the impacts of input particle size and moisture content on the exit particle size were received from FCIC Subtask 5.2: Preprocessing, High Temperature Conversion Preprocessing from their single particle impact population balance modeling study (Tiasha Bhattacharjee, INL). Additional throughput and energy consumption data were obtained from FCIC Subtask 5.2 (Jordan Klinger, INL) for the same grinder with a 6 mm screen in place. These data were utilized to develop the necessary response surface equations to perform throughput analysis using discrete event simulation. Because the ash contents in the separated fines had not been analyzed in the laboratory at the time of the model runs, we chose to assume that the ash distributed proportionally with total mass into the overs and unders in the disk screen following grinding.

energy consumption↗

Coupled Boltzmann transport equations of heavy quarks and quarkonia in quark-gluon plasma

We develop a framework of coupled transport equations for open heavy flavor and quarkonium states, in order to describe their transport inside the quark-gluon plasma. Our framework is capable of studying simultaneously both open and hidden heavy flavor observables in heavy-ion collision experiments and can account for both, uncorrelated and correlated recombination. Our recombination implementation depends on real-time open heavy quark and antiquark distributions. We carry out consistency tests to show how the interplay among open heavy flavor transport, quarkonium dissociation and recombination drives the system to equilibrium. We then apply our framework to study bottomonium production in heavy-ion collisions. We include Υ(1S), Υ(2S), Υ(3S), χb (1P) and χb (2P) in the framework and take feed-down contributions during the hadronic gas stage into account. Cold nuclear matter effects are included by using nuclear parton distribution functions for the initial primordial heavy flavor production. A calibrated 2 + 1 dimensional viscous hydrodynamics is used to describe the bulk QCD medium. We calculate both the nuclear modification factor R AA of all bottomonia states and the azimuthal angular anisotropy coefficient v 2 of the Υ(1S) state and find that our results agree reasonably with experimental measurements. Our calculations indicate that correlated cross-talk recombination is an important production mechanism of bottomonium in current heavy-ion experiments. The importance of correlated recombination can be tested experimentally by measuring the ratio of R AA ( χb (1P)) and R AA (Υ(2S)).

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Energy efficient supercritical water desalination using a high-temperature heat pump: A zero liquid discharge desalination

Supercritical water desalination (SCWD) is zero liquid discharge technology that can potentially control the solubility of different electrolytes. However, SCWD is an energy-intensive process and requires high-quality thermal heat (> 450 °C). This study proposes the integration of a high-temperature heat pump to reduce the SCWD energy requirement. The integrated system energy consumption improves by 36% for 3.5% feed concentration and 14% for 20% feed, and the distillate cost reduces by 15% and 10%. Another benefit of the proposed integration is the system can be operated using only electricity as a heat source, as is the case with commonly used high-recovery thermal desalination technology. The integrated SCWD-heat pump system shows superior performance compared to the commercially used brine concentrator and crystallizer system. It is approximately 20% more energy-efficient for 25% feed concentration and 8% cheaper. Hence, the integrated SCWD-heat pump has the potential to outperform the pre-existing high-recovery desalination technology.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Emulsion separation and fouling of electrospun polyacrylonitrile membranes for produced water applications

Produced water (PW) is a complex mixture generated during oil and gas extraction. Membrane fouling by hydrocarbon emulsions (sizes < 10 µm) challenges most PW treatment systems. Electrospinning has the possibility of creating microporous membranes that present unique performance properties, though evaluations of these characteristics are largely restricted to unrealistic dead-end configurations. Three different nanofibrous polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membranes were synthesized by electrospinning and their performances contrasted with a commercially available PAN membrane. Feed solutions included synthetic oil and solvent emulsions and a PW from an operating well-site. Two nanoparticles, polyaniline (PANI) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), were studied for enhancing the oleophobicity and fouling properties of the electrospun PAN membranes. Electrospun membranes showed higher porosities (68 to 80 %) and water permeance values (9,000 to 10,000 LMH/bar) relative to that for the commercially available PAN membrane (44 % and 8,800 LMH/bar). All electrospun membranes provided superior performance characteristics when treating the emulsions and PW relative to the commercial membrane. Furthermore, the PANI integrated membrane demonstrated the greatest resistance to oil/solvent emulsion fouling and comparable performance to the RGO and PAN membrane treating the PW.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

The Co-Firing of Pine Biomass and Waste Coal in 100 and 600 MW Power Plants: A Sustainable Approach to Reduce GHG Emissions

Climate change is a global issue that has gained much attention recently. Co-firing biomass with coal/waste coal reduces the electricity sector’s GHG emissions sustainably. This study uses commercial software to model waste coal and biomass co-firing in 100 MW and 600 MW power plants. The objective is to assess the effects of fluid types (subcritical and supercritical), plant capacities (100 MW and 600 MW), boiler types (pulverized coal and circulating fluidized bed boilers), biomass and waste coal co-firing ratios (0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20, and 100:0), and carbon capture and storage efficiencies (0%, 90%, 95%, and 97%) on performance parameters such as net plant efficiency, heat rate, net plant CO2 and SO2, and particulate matter emissions. The feedstocks selected for this investigation include anthracite waste coal and loblolly pine biomass. As the biomass fraction increases from 0% to 100%, co-fired power plants net efficiency increases by 3–8%. Supercritical plants had a 6% higher net plant efficiency than the subcritical plants. The study found that the biomass’s high heating value decreased the fuel flow rate and reduced plant CO2 emissions by 10–16%. With 100% biomass power plant feed and 90% carbon capture and storage efficiency, CO2 emissions drop by 83% and SO2 and PM emissions drop to zero.

Bhoi, Prakashbhai R. (ORCID:0000000333104888)↗

Development of a high speed parallel hybrid boost bearing

The analysis, design, and testing of the hybrid boost bearing are discussed. The hybrid boost bearing consists of a fluid film bearing coupled in parallel with a rolling element bearing. This coupling arrangement makes use of the inherent advantages of both the fluid film and rolling element bearing and at the same time minimizes their disadvantages and limitations. The analytical optimization studies that lead to the final fluid film bearing design are reported. The bearing consisted of a centrifugally-pressurized planar fluid film thrust bearing with oil feed through the shaft center. An analysis of the test ball bearing is also presented. The experimental determination of the hybrid bearing characteristics obtained on the basis of individual bearing component tests and a combined hybrid bearing assembly is discussed and compared to the analytically determined performance characteristics.

Winn, L. W.↗

Influence of stress, weightlessness, and simulated weightlessness on differentiation of preosteoblasts

The effects of 18.5 days of weightlessness aboard a satellite, stress of restricted feeding, stress of noise and vibration to simulate space flight and 21 days of head down suspension via the Morey-Holton model for simulated weightlessness was studied. Nuclear size of fibroblastlike cells in PDL on the anterior surface of maxillary first molars was classified as: (1) A-cells, self perpetuating precursors with a nuclear volume 80 micron B-cells, nonosteogenic fibroblasts with a nuclear volume of 80-119 micron 3, C-cells, preosteoblasts that are in G1 stage of the cell cycle with a nuclear size of 120-170 micro, and D-cells, preosteoblasts that are in G2 stage of the cell cycle with a nuclear size 170 micro.

Roberts, W. E.↗

Advances in Molten Oxide Electrolysis for the Production of Oxygen and Metals from Lunar Regolith

As part of an In-Situ Resource Utilization infrastructure to sustain long term-human presence on the lunar surface, the production of oxygen and metals by electrolysis of lunar regolith has been the subject of major scrutiny. There is a reasonably large body of literature characterizing the candidate solvent electrolytes, including ionic liquids, molten salts, fluxed oxides, and pure molten regolith itself. In the light of this information and in consideration of available electrolytic technologies, the authors have determined that direct molten oxide electrolysis at temperatures of approx 1600 C is the most promising avenue for further development. Results from ongoing studies as well as those of previous workers will be presented. Topics include materials selection and testing, electrode stability, gas capture and analysis, and cell operation during feeding and tapping.

Sadoway, Donald R.↗

Modeling and Scaling up of Membrane Modules Leveraging Dimensional Analysis

In the current analysis, we study the separation performance using membrane modules through dimensional analysis (DA). We formulate the main process equations to identify relevant dimensionless numbers inherent in the physics. In particular, we identify that the critical step in the separation process is mass transfer through the selective layer. Remarkably, the dimensionless feed flow (DFfeed) emerges as a crucial factor in describing this process. Not only does DFfeed directly appear in the governing equations, but it also holds a physical significance associated with the time scales for the mass transfer across the feed side and through the selective layer. Regarding the output performance variables, we consider the recovery, stage cut, productivity and purity. In this context, we profit from experimental data and CFD simulations to evaluate the separation performance of the modules when varying the input flowrate, the scale of the module, and the CO2 permeance. These datasets enable us to establish correlations between performance metrics and the dimensionless feed flow. Using simple power functions of DFfeed, we obtain R2 coefficients exceeding 0.99, indicating the accuracy of the correlations built in the present work. In the future, we wish to use DA to understand key transport mechanisms, predict and control module performance, and challenge the universality of these findings by testing various gas separations across different membrane modules beyond our case study.

Pedrozo, Hector A.↗

Effects of inoculants on the fermentation characteristics and in vitro digestibility of reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) silage on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

Abstract To effectively use local available grass resources to cover the winter feed shortage on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, direct‐cut and wilted reed canary grass (RCG) silages were prepared by using a rolled‐bale system, and their ensiling characteristics and in vitro digestibility were studied. Silages were treated without (control) or with inoculants including LP ( Lactobacillus plantarum ), LPLB ( L. plantarum , L. buchneri ), and LPLBc ( L. plantarum , L. buchneri , and cellulase), and were stored at ambient temperature (5.7–14.6°C) for 90 days. Compared with control, the inoculated silages increased ( p < .05) lactic acid and acetic acid contents, and reduced ( p < .05) final pH value and ammonia‐N ratio of total N. The highest WSC content (41.2 g/kg DM) occurred for LPLB‐inoculated silage, whereas LPLBc‐treated silage displayed the lowest contents of NDF (522.9 g/kg DM) and ADF (275.5 g/kg DM). In addition, LPLBc‐inoculated silage had the highest in vitro gas production (51.0 ml/g DM), in vitro DM digestibility (619.3 g/kg DM), and metabolic energy (9.6 kJ/kg DM). These results confirmed that treatments with inoculants at ensiling could improve silage fermentation and in vitro digestibility of RCG, and this could be a potential winter feed for animals on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau.

Chen, Liangyin↗

Processability and Material Behavior of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys Using Wire Laser-Directed Energy Deposition (WL-DED)

Utilizing additive manufacturing (AM) techniques with shape memory alloys (SMAs) like NiTi shows great promise for fabricating highly flexible and functionally superior 3D metallic structures. Compared to methods relying on powder feedstocks, wire-based additive manufacturing processes provide a viable alternative, addressing challenges such as chemical composition instability, material availability, higher feedstock costs, and limitations on part size while simplifying process development. This study presented a novel approach by thoroughly assessing the printability of Ni-rich Ni55.94Ti (Wt. %) SMA using the wire laser-directed energy deposition (WL-DED) technique, addressing the existing knowledge gap regarding the laser wire-feed metal additive manufacturing of NiTi alloys. For the first time, the impact of processing parameters—specifically laser power (400–1000 W) and transverse speed (300–900 mm/min)—on single-track fabrication using NiTi wires in the WL-DED process was examined. An optimal range of process parameters was determined to achieve high-quality prints with minimal defects, such as wire dripping, stubbing, and overfilling. Building upon these findings, we printed five distinct cubes, demonstrating the feasibility of producing nearly porosity-free specimens. Notably, this study investigated the effect of energy density on the printed part density, impurity pick-up, transformation temperature, and hardness of the manufactured NiTi cubes. The results from the cube study demonstrated that varying energy densities (46.66–70 J/mm3) significantly affected the quality of the deposits. Lower to intermediate energy densities achieved high relative densities (>99%) and favorable phase transformation temperatures. In contrast, higher energy densities led to instability in melt pool shape, increased porosity, and discrepancies in phase transformation temperatures. These findings highlighted the critical role of precise parameter control in achieving functional NiTi parts and offer valuable insights for advancing AM techniques in fabricating larger high-quality NiTi components. Additionally, our research highlighted important considerations for civil engineering applications, particularly in the development of seismic dampers for energy dissipation in structures, offering a promising solution for enhancing structural performance and energy management in critical infrastructure.

Dabbaghi, Hediyeh↗

Carbon Capture through Membranes - Leveraging Multiphysics Modeling, Dimensional Analysis and Machine Learning to Scale up and Optimize Devices and Processes for Decarbonization

We study the separation performance using membrane modules through dimensional analysis (DA). We formulate the main process equations to identify relevant dimensionless numbers inherent in the physics. In particular, we identify that the critical step in the separation process is mass transfer through the selective layer. Remarkably, the dimensionless feed flow (DFfeed) emerges as a crucial factor in describing this process. Not only does DFfeed directly appear in the governing equations, but it also holds a physical significance associated with the time scales for the mass transfer across the feed side and through the selective layer. Regarding the output performance variables, we consider the recovery, stage cut, productivity and purity. In this context, we profit from experimental data and CFD simulations to evaluate the separation performance of the modules when varying the input flowrate, the scale of the module, and the CO2 permeance. These datasets enable us to establish correlations between performance metrics and the dimensionless feed flow (DFfeed). Using simple power functions of DFfeed, we obtain R2 coefficients exceeding 0.99, indicating the accuracy of the correlations built in the present work. In the future, we wish to use DA to understand key transport mechanisms, predict and control module performance, and challenge the universality of these findings by testing various gas separations across different membrane modules beyond our case study.

Pedrozo, Hector A.↗

Study and design of a cryogenic propellant acquisition system

The development of an acquisition system for supplying subcooled liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen under in-orbit conditions is discussed. The system will be applied to the integrated cryogenic feed requirements for space systems such as a space shuttle cryogenic auxiliary propulsion system (APS) and main propulsion for an advanced spacecraft propulsion module (ASPM). Concepts that use the favorable surface tension characteristics of fine mesh screens are emphasized. The specific objectives of the program are: (1) to evolve conceptual designs for candidate acquisition systems, (2) to formulate the analytical models needed to analyze the systems, and (3) to generate parametric data on overall candidate system performance, characteristics, and operational features in sufficient depth to establish critical design problems and criteria to support a sound system design and evaluation.

Burge, G. W.↗

Membrane-based solvent extraction for the recovery of rare earths from phosphate mining process streams

This study reports on the capture of rare earth elements (REEs) from phosphate industry process streams, including phosphoric acid (PA) sludge and phosphogypsum (PG), using a membrane solvent extraction (MSX) process. While MSX has been proven effective for a relatively concentrated feed, its effectiveness for dilute REEs solutions remains unexplored. Investigated PA-sludge and PG particles contain total REEs concentrations of ∼1100 and ∼320 ppm, respectively. Acid leaching, implemented to dissolve the REEs, significantly dilutes the REEs concentration to ∼210 ppm for PA-sludge leachate and ∼60 ppm for PG leachate. These low concentrations, compounded by the higher levels of non-REE ions and radioactive species, uranium (U) and thorium (Th), poses challenges to the MSX process. Here, we demonstrated that N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl-diglycolamide (TODGA) selectively binds REEs from a >3 M nitric-acid leachate while effectively rejecting U and Th. Concentrations of light REEs in strip solution were doubled compared to the feed, while heavy REEs were preferentially extracted. Furthermore, >99% purity gypsum, free of U and Th, was precipitated during the acid leaching process, aiding separation by removing significant amounts of non-REEs species (e.g., calcium) prior to the MSX process. Molecular simulations support the experimental data, suggesting preferential separation of heavy over light REEs. Based on these results, a cost-effective integrated process including pretreatment, acid leaching, MSX, and wastewater treatment is proposed for the co-recovery of REEs, phosphoric acid, gypsum, and U. This study shows MSX as a technically and economically feasible process for the recovery of REEs from low-concentration process streams, offering advantages over conventional solvent extraction.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Flight control augmentation for AFT CG launch vehicles

The Space Shuttle was only the first step in achieving routine access to space. Recently, the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has been studying a whole spectrum of new launch vehicles (L/V's) for space transportation. Some of these could transport components of the Space Station to orbit, and some could take us to Mars and beyond to boldly expand our frontiers of knowledge. In all our future launch vehicle (L/V) designs, decreasing the structural weight will always be of great concern. This is tantamount to increased payload capability, which in turn means reduced cost-per-pound to orbit. One very significant increase in payload capability has been defined. In a L/V recently studied at MSFC it has been shown that a sizable weight savings can be realized by a rearrangement of the internal propellant tanks. Studies have been conducted both at MSFC and at Martin Marietta Corporation, maker of the Space Shuttle External Tank (ET) which show that a very substantial weight can be saved by inverting the relative positions of the liquid hydrogen (LH2) and the liquid oxygen (LOX) propellant tanks in a particular L/V studied. As the vehicle sits on the launch pad, in the conventional configuration the heavier LOX tank is located on top of the lighter LH2. This requires a heavy structural member between the two tanks to prevent the lighter LH2 tank from being crushed. This configuration also requires large, long, and even drag producing LOX feed lines running the length of the vehicle on the exterior fuselage. If the relative position of the propellant tanks is inverted, both the heavy structural separation member and the long LOX feed lines could be deleted. While the structures community at MSFC was elated with this finding, the LOX tank aft configuration gave the vehicle an aft center-of-gravity (cg) location which surfaced controllability concerns. In the conventional configuration the L/V is controlled in the ascent trajectory by the gimballing of its rocket engines. Studies have been conducted at MSFC which showed that the resulting aft cg configured L/V would not be adequately controllable with the engine gimballing alone.

Barret, Chris↗

An operando synchrotron study on the effect of wire melting state on solidification microstructures of Inconel 718 in wire-laser directed energy deposition

Directed energy deposition (DED) with a coaxial wire-laser configuration has gained significant attention in recent years for the production of large-scale metallic components because of its low directional dependence, fast deposition rate, high feedstock efficiency, and low manufacturing costs. This work studies the coaxial wire-laser DED process of Inconel 718 alloy under a stable deposition condition with a relatively low input volumetric energy density (55.5J/mm 3 ). Post characterization reveals a cluster of refined grains at the center-bottom region of the as-printed track. Operando high-energy synchrotron X-ray experiments and multi-physics modeling are applied innovatively to study the fundamental mechanism responsible for the formation of this microstructure. The X-ray diffraction experiment provides direct evidence, which is supported by the simulation, that the feeding wire can reach the melt pool bottom and release solid particles (primarily carbides) near the mushy zone owing to insufficient melting. Consequently, these sub-micron sized particles suppress the growth of large columnar grains and cause the formation of unique microstructural heterogeneity. In conclusion, this discovery offers new opportunities for tailoring the solidification microstructure by controlling the melting state of the feedstock wire in DED process, in addition to commonly known factors such as the thermal gradient and solidification velocity.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Development of metallic nuclear material purification process via simultaneous chlorination and volatilization

Here, a purification process involving simultaneous chlorination and volatilization is reported using aluminum, iron, gallium, and uranium separation from cerium metal as the demonstration system. Anhydrous Cl 2 gas was reacted with the metal after it had been converted to small particles of hydride at temperatures ranging from 523 to 973 K. Each of the impurities should form chlorides with relatively high saturated vapor pressures. The objective of the process was to volatilize these chlorides after first achieving near-complete conversion of the metals to hydride and then chlorides. Complete conversion of hydrides to chlorides could not be achieved using relatively low-grade (99.5%) Cl 2 . High decontamination factors for all of the metal impurities required near complete conversion to chloride. It was concluded that oxygen contamination of the feed gas stream likely limits the conversion to chlorides by forming oxides instead, which then limits the volatilization of contaminants. Uranium was particularly challenging to remove in experiments suspected of having high oxygen contamination in the feed gas stream. After switching to ultra-high purity (99.999%) Cl 2 , complete conversion to chlorides within the measurement error was possible for the entire temperature range studied. Decontamination factors for aluminum, iron, gallium, and uranium were found to have average values of 1.9, 9.8, 14, and 5, respectively, at 973 K. While the process was most extensively studied using a once-through gas flow, recycling unreacted Cl 2 gas succeeded at minimizing waste while still maintaining complete conversion and similar decontamination factors.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Neotropical termite microbiomes as sources of novel plant cell wall degrading enzymes

In this study, we used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to characterise the microbial metabolic potential for lignocellulose transformation in the gut of two colonies of Argentine higher termite species with different feeding habits, Cortaritermes fulviceps and Nasutitermes aquilinus. Our goal was to assess the microbial community compositions and metabolic capacity, and to identify genes involved in lignocellulose degradation. Individuals from both termite species contained the same five dominant bacterial phyla (Spirochaetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Fibrobacteres and Bacteroidetes) although with different relative abundances. However, detected functional capacity varied, with C. fulviceps (a grass-wood-feeder) gut microbiome samples containing more genes related to amino acid metabolism, whereas N. aquilinus (a wood-feeder) gut microbiome samples were enriched in genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and cellulose degradation. The C. fulviceps gut microbiome was enriched specifically in genes coding for debranching- and oligosaccharide-degrading enzymes. These findings suggest an association between the primary food source and the predicted categories of the enzymes present in the gut microbiomes of each species. To further investigate the termite microbiomes as sources of biotechnologically relevant glycosyl hydrolases, a putative GH10 endo-β-1,4-xylanase, Xyl10E, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Functional analysis of the recombinant metagenome-derived enzyme showed high specificity towards beechwood xylan (288.1 IU/mg), with the optimum activity at 50 °C and a pH-activity range from 5 to 10. These characteristics suggest that Xy110E may be a promising candidate for further development in lignocellulose deconstruction applications.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗